Cardiovascular system
- A. Gross Anatomy of the Blood Major Arteries of the Systemic
Vessels
- The only branches of the ascending aorta are the→right and
left Coronary arteries, which supply the myocardium.
- b. Arterial branches arising from the aortic arch
- There are three branches arising from the aortic arch:
- 1. Brachiocephalic trunk←the first branch
- and gives off two branches→right common carotid artery
and right subclavian artery
- 2. Left common carotid artery←the second branch and
gives off left internal carotid artery and left external carotid artery
- 3. Left subclavian artery: the third branch and gives off
- Vertebra artery←serves part of the brain
- axillary artery←supplying the axilla;
- branchial artery←the continuation of axially artery
supplying the arm; radial and
- ulnar arteries←are branches of brachial artery supplying
the forearm
-
- C. Arterial branches arising from the thoracic aorta:
- Intercostal arteries←10 pairs and Supplying the muscles of
the thorax wall
- Bronchial arteries←supply the lungs
- Esophageal arteries←supply the esophagus
- Phrenic arteries←supply the diaphragm
- d. Branches arising from the abdominal aorta:
- 1. Celiac trunk←the first branch of the abdominal aorta and
it is a single vessel that has 3 branches:
- left gastric artery←supplying the stomach;
- splenic artery←supplying the spleen;
- and common hepatic artery←supplies the liver
- 2. Superior mesenteric artery←supplies most of the small
intestine and the first half of the large intestine or the colon
- 3. Inferior mesenteric artery←Supplying the second half of
the large intestine
- 4. Renal arteries←serve the kidneys from blood
- 5. Gonadal arteries: supply the gonads←ovarian arteries:
serving the ovaries and testicular arteries: serving the testes
- 6. Lumbar arteries←serving the heavy muscles of the
abdomen and trunk walls
- 7. Common iliac arteries←are the final branches of the
abdominal aorta which give off several branches:
- 8. Internal iliac arteries←supplies the pelvic organs
(bladder, rectum, etc.)
- Small External iliac artery←become the femoral artery as it
enter the thigh and together with the deep femoral artery they
serve the muscles of the thigh
- 10. Popliteal artery←is the continuation of the femoral
artery at the knee where it splits into anterior and posterior tibial
arteries supplying the leg and foot
- 11. Dorsalis pedis artery←1 terminal branch of the
anterior tibial artery to serve the dorsum of the foot
-
-
- A. Gross Anatomy of the Blood Vessels - Major Veins of the
Systemic circulation
- a. Veins Draining Blood to the Superior Vena Cava:
- 1. The radial and ulnar veins←are deep veins draining the
forearm.
- They unite to form the→deep brachial vein
- Deep brachial vein←which drains the arm and empties into
the axillary vein in the axillary region
- 2. The cephalic vein←provides for the superficial drainage of
the lateral aspect of the arm and empties into the axillary vein.
- 3. The basilic vein←is a Superficial vein that drains the medial
aspect of the arm and empties in the brachial vein proximally.
- 4. The basilic and cephalic veins are joined at the anterior
aspect of the elbow by the→median cubital vein.
- Median Cubital Vein←This is often chosen as the site for blood
removal for the purpose of blood testing
- 5. The subclavian vein←receives venous blood from the arm
through the axillary vein and from the skin and muscles of the
head through the external jugular vein.
- 6. The vertebral vein←drains the posterior part of the Head.
- 7. The internal jugular vein←drains the Dural sinuses of the
brain.
- 8. The brachiocephalic (R and L) veins←are large veins that
receive venous drainage from the subclavian, vertebral, and
internal jugular veins on their respective sides.
- 9. The brachiocephalic veins join to form the→superior vena
cava which enters the heart.
-
- b. Veins Draining Blood to the Inferior Vena Cava
- 1. The anterior and posterior tibial veins veins and the fibular
vein drain←the leg (calf and foot).
- 2. The posterior tibial vein becomes the popliteal vein at the
knee and then the femoral vein in the thigh.
- 3. The femoral vein becomes the→external iliac vein as it
enters the pelvis.
- 4. The great saphenous←veins are the longest veins in the
body. They receive the superficial drainage of the leg. They begin
at the dorsal venous arch in the foot and travel up the medial
aspect of the leg to empty into the femoral vein in the thigh.
- 5. Each common iliac (R and L) vein is formed by the union of
the→external iliac vein and the internal iliac vein (drains the
pelvis) on each side.
- 6. The common iliac veins join to form the inferior vena cava,
which then ascends superiorly in the abdominal cavity.
- 7. The renal (R and L)←veins drain the kidneys.
- 8. The hepatic portal vein←is a single vein that drains the
digestive tract organs and carries this blood through the liver
before it enters the systemic circulation.
- 9. The hepatic (R and L) veins←drain the liver.
- 10. Hepatic portal circulation←includes veins that drain the
digestive organs, spleen, and pancreas and deliver this blood to
the liver through the hepatic portal vein.
- The inferior mesenteric vein←drains the terminal part of the
large intestine and drains into the splenic vein
- The splenic vein drains←the spleen, pancreas, and the left
side of the stomach.
- The splenic and superior mesenteric vein←drain the small
intestine and the first part of the colon) join to form the hepatic
portal vein.
- The L gastric vein←which drain the right side of the stomach,
drains directly into the hepatic portal vein.
-
- HUMAN HEART
-
- OBJECTIVES: At the end of the activity, the students shall be able
to:
-
- 1. Identify the parts and functions of the human heart;
- 2. Describe the impulse-conducting system of the heart;
- 3. Trace the circulation of the blood through the heart; and
- 4. Understand the importance of the great blood vessels that
open into the heart.
-
- INTRODUCTION:
- Heart in General
- 1. Shape and Size: The heart is shaped like a blunt cone. It is
about the size of the clenched fist of its owner. It averages about
12 cm long and about 9 cm wide. The heart of an adult male
weighs about 250 to 390 grams, and the heart of an adult female
usually weighs between 200 to 275 grams.
- 2. Location of the Heart:.
- The heart is located in the→center of the chest.
- It is slanted diagonally, with about two-thirds of its bulk to the
left of the body's midline.
- The right ventricle is in front of the left, directly behind the
sternum.
- The left ventricle faces the left side and the back of the
thorax.
- The heart lies closer to the front of the thorax than the back.
- The pointed end of the blunt cone is the apex, located
between the fifth and sixth ribs on the mid-clavicular line.
- The uppermost part of the heart, called the base, extends
upward, backward, and to the right.
- Anteriorly, it lies just below the→second rib.
-
- 3. Coverings of the Heart (Pericardium): The heart doesn't hang
freely in the chest; it hangs by the great blood vessels inside a
protective sac called the→pericardium (around the heart) or
pericardial sac.
- The sac is divided into layers:
- Fibrous pericardium←This is the outer, fibrous layer of
connective tissue.
- Serous Pericardium←This is the inner layer of serous tissue.
It surrounds the pericardial cavity, which contains a small amount
of serous pericardial fluid. This layer is divided into two layers:
- 1. Parietal Layer←This is the outer layer that lines the
inner surface of the pericardial cavity.
- 2. Visceral Layer←This is the inner layer that covers the
outer surface of the heart and the adjoining portions of the large
blood vessels. This layer is usually referred to as the pericardium
because it forms the outer layer of the heart wall.
-
- Wall of the Heart: The wall of the heart is made up of three
layers:
- 1. Epicardium←This is a reddish, shiny membrane that is
continuous with the parietal pericardium. Inside the epicardium,
often surrounded by fat, are coronary blood vessels that supply
and drain blood to and from the heart.
- 2. Myocardium←This is the middle, thick layer of cardiac
muscle that gives the heart its special pumping ability. It has
three spiral layers of cardiac muscles that are attached to a
fibrous ring (fibrous trigone) that forms the cardiac skeleton. The
spiral arrangement is the most effective way to squeeze blood out
of the heart's chambers.
- 3. Endocardium←This is the inner, thin, fibrous layer lined
with simple squamous epithelial tissue (endothelium), which is
continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels and some
connective tissues. This layer covers the inside cavities of the
heart and all of the associated valves and muscles.
-
- Chambers of the Heart: The heart is a hollow organ containing
four cavities or chambers.
- The septum←is a wall of muscle that divides the heart
vertically down the middle into a right heart and a left heart.
- The interatrial septum←divides the upper part of the heart
into right and left chambers called the atria,
- The interventricular septum←divides the lower part of the
heart into right and left chambers called the ventricles.
- The atria (right and left)←are the upper chambers,
- The ventricles (right and left)←are the lower chambers.
- The atria lead to the ventricles by way of openings
called→atrioventricular openings (right and left).
-
- Wall of the Heart:
- Left Ventricular Wall:
- The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right to push
blood to the entire body.
- Left ventricular blood pressure is higher (120 mmHg) during
contraction.
- Right Ventricular Wall:
- The right ventricle supplies blood only to the lungs.
- Right ventricular blood pressure is lower (20 mmHg)
compared to the left ventricle.
- Ventricular Wall Design:
- Thicker left ventricular wall←accommodates higher
pressure to pump blood against vessel resistance.
- Thinner atrial wall←accommodates lower pressure to pump
blood a short distance into the ventricles.
-
- Valves of the Heart:
- The valves←are structures that direct the flow of blood
through the heart in the proper direction by maintaining a
pressure gradient, thus preventing the backflow of blood (one
direction of blood flow).
- There are four valves in the heart, which are grouped into two
categories:
- 1. Atrioventricular Valves←These are the valves that guard
the atrioventricular openings and direct the flow of blood from the
atria to the ventricles.
- 1.1 Right Atrioventricular Valve (Tricuspid Valve)←This
valve consists of three cusps or flaps and directs the flow of blood
from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
- 1.2 Left Atrioventricular Valve (Bicuspid Valve or Mitral
Valve)←This valve consists of two cusps and directs the flow of
blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
- 2. Semilunar Valves←These are the valves that prevent
blood in the pulmonary artery and aorta from flowing back into
the ventricles.
- 2.1 Left Semilunar Valve (Aortic Semilunar Valve)←This
valve is larger than the right and allows freshly oxygenated blood
to enter the aorta from the left ventricle. It also prevents the
backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle.
- 2.2 Right Semilunar Valve (Pulmonary Semilunar
Valve)←This valve is located in the opening between the right
ventricle and the pulmonary artery. It allows oxygen-poor blood to
enter the pulmonary artery on its way to the lungs from the right
ventricle.
-
- Great Vessels of the Heart
- The largest arteries and veins that open into the heart
function in pulmonary and systemic circulation.
- Pulmonary Arteries←These vessels carry oxygen-poor blood
from the heart to the lungs
- Pulmonary Veins←These vessels return oxygen-rich blood
from the lungs to the heart
- Aorta←This is the artery that carries highly oxygenated blood
away from the heart to the body organs
- Superior and Inferior Vena Cavae←These veins drain venous
blood from the upper and lower parts of the body to the heart.
They carry oxygen-poor blood from the body organs
-
- Blood Supply to the Heart
- The right and left coronary arteries←are the first branches of the
aorta which supply blood to the heart muscles. These vessels
supply the heart with oxygen. The heart muscle needs more
oxygen than any organ of the body except the brain. Hence, a
generous supply of blood must be supplied to the heart.
