water and electrolyte balance
water content of body
they’re real…
> ½ of body weight
and spectacular!
function of
age
weight
sex
amount of fat
fluid compartments in the body
2 fluid compartments:
intracellular fluid (ICF)
⅔ of body fluid
extracellular fluid (ECF)
⅓ is in ECF
3
extracellular fluids
3 groups:
1. plasma
2. interstitial fluid
3. everything else
composition of body fluids
solutes
electrolytes non-electrolytes
charged ions no charge
glucose
lipids
urea
6
distribution of solutes in body
fluids
electrolytes proteins and lipids
most abundant majority of the bulk in
solutes in body fluids body fluids b/c of size
responsible for most 90% of mass of
chemical and physical dissolved solutes in
reactions plasma
distribution of solutes in body
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fluid movements
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plasma IF movement
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water balance
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intake loss
water
balance
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fluid homeostasis
must be maintained at
285-300 mOsm/L
rise in plasma
osmolarity:
increases thirst
triggers ADH release
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thirst mechanisms
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thirst
occurs when
1. plasma volume drops
by 10% or more
2. plasma osmolarity
rises by 1–2%
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thirst
mechanism
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thirst is quenched...
when water moistens
mouth + throat
mucosa
inhibition continues as
stretch receptors
activated in
stomach + intestine
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electrolyte balance
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electrolyte balance
provides proper
functioning of
1. membrane potentials
2. neuromuscular
excitability
3. secretions
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electrolyte balance
gains: losses:
ingested foods + perspiration, feces,
fluids urine
metabolic activity GI disorders:
liberation of PO43- diarrhea, vomit
from catabolism of
nucleic acids/bone
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Na+ balance
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dominant cation
90-95% exists as so alterations in body
sodium salts fluid osmolarity
NaCl, NaHCO3 reflects changes in
[Na+]
contributes 280 mOsm
of total 300 mOsm in
ECF!
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primary role: control ECF volume
by controlling H2O [Na+] will remain
distribution relatively constant
if Na+ content should by adjustments in
change H2O volume
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importance of Na+
despite importance of
Na+, no receptors
exist in body!
inseparable from water
balance and therefore
blood pressure
blood volume
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absorption of Na+
90% of Na+ is
reabsorbed in
PCT
loop of Henle
* regardless of
presence of
aldosterone
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aldosterone levels
high: all remaining Na+ low: last 10% of Na+
reabsorbed not reabsorbed
if ADH: water follows
if no ADH: excrete
large volumes of Na+-
free dilute urine
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release of
aldosterone is
stimulate by
1. low Na+ levels in ECF
2. high K+ levels in ECF
3. activation of renin-
angiotensin mechanism
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effects of
aldosterone
works slowly
acts over several hours-
days
but will have a big effect
on
↓ urinary output
↑ in blood volume
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baroreceptors and Na+
balance
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recall: baroreceptors
monitors
BP + BV
located in
1. heart
2. carotid arteries
3. aorta
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influence of baroreceptor
causes pressure also causes SNS to
diuresis send impulses to
kidney
from an ↑ BP
afferent arterioles dilate
which signals
hypothalamus ↑ GFR
large amount of Na+
and H2O lost to urine
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ADH and Na+
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ADH influences
low ADH: dilute urine
high ADH: conc. [urine]
helps body adjust
body fluid levels
[Na+]
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triggers for
ADH release
↓ blood volume
prolonged fever
excessive sweating,
vomiting, diarrhea
hemorrhaging
severe burns
presence of angiotensin
II
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inhibitors for
ADH release
↓ solute concentration
↑ blood volume
↑ BP
alcohol
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other factor affecting Na+
balance
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1. ANP
potent diuretic + does so by inhibiting
natriuetic release of
↓ BP + BV by inhibiting renin
vasoconstriction ADH
Na+ retention aldosterone
H2O retention
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2. estrogen
↑ Na+ reabsorption
explains edema/
bloating during
menstrual cycle
pregnancy
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3. progesterone
blocks aldosterone
diuretic effect on
Na+
water
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4. glucocorticoids
↑ reabsorption of Na+
↑ GFR
when plasma levels of
Na+ are high
exhibits aldosterone-
like effects + promotes
edema
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potassium balance
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K+ balance
most abundant vital role in
intracellular cation
1. resting membrane
98% found in ICF potential
too high/too low
2. repolarization
3. buffer system
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ECF K+ values and pH buffering
acidosis: alkalosis
H+ moves into cells H+ moves out of cells
↑ [K+] in ECF ↓ [K+] in ECF
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renal control of K+
90% of filtered K+ 10% of K+ lost in
reabsorbed urine regardless
of body’s need
PCT
loop of Henle
as a rule K+ values
in the ECF are in
excess
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regulations of K+
occurs at cortical CD
by controlling K+ secretion into filtrate
if ECF values fall
K+ from ICF will leave cell for ECF
tubular cells will then limit secretion
45
factors affecting potassium
secretion
46
1. plasma [K+]
if high (from diet)
↑ K+ secretion
if low
↓ K+ secretion (but
not completely)
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2. aldosterone
causes reabsorption of
Na+
reciprocal loss of K+
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calcium balance
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calcium
99% of Ca2+ in bones
important for
blood clotting
mem. permeability
cellular secretions
neuromuscular
excitability
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ECF states of calcium
hypocalcemia
too little blood Ca2+
hypercalcemia
too much blood Ca2+
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regulating Ca2+ balance
skeleton is a reservoir
remove or deposit
Ca2+ as needed
interaction of
1. calcitonin
2. parathyroid hormone
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PTH
most important when
[Ca2+] in blood ↓
↑ Ca2+ in 3 ways:
1. at bones
2. at small intestines
3. at kidneys
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1. PTH control
of Ca2+ at bone
activates osteoclasts
releases Ca2+ and PO43-
into blood
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2. PTH control
of Ca2+: at
intestines
activates osteoclasts
releases Ca2+ and PO43-
into blood
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3. PTH Ca2+
control: at
kidney
↑ Ca2+ reabsorption by
renal tubules
↓ (PO43-) reabsorption
occur together
preventing calcium salt
formation
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calcitonin
released from
parafollicular cells
when Ca2+ levels ↑
↓ plasma Ca2+ by:
inhibiting osteoclasts
depositing calcium
salts into bone
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magnesium balance
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Mg
2nd most abundant
intracellular cation
54% in skeleton as
magnesium salts
cofactor in many
enzymatic reactions
59
role of Mg in body
CHO and protein
metabolism
neurotransmission
neuromuscular activity
relaxes mm
proper heart function
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Mg balance
reabsorption occurs in excretion ↑ in response
PCT
↑ plasma Ca2+
only 3-5% of filtered
Mg2+ is lost in urine ↑ plasma Mg2+
↑ ECF volume
↓ PTH levels
acidosis
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