Commercial Pilot ORAL G1] >) 5 Commercial Pilot ORAL EXAM GUIDECommercial Oral Exam Guide Eighth Edition by Michael D. Hayes Aviation Supplies & Academies, Inc. 7005 13and Place SE Newcastle, Washington 98059-3153 Go to www.asaafly.com/reader/oege for further resources associated with this book. Also, visit the ASA website often at wwwasaafly.com/testupdates to find updates posted there due to FAA regulation revisions that may affect this book. © 1992-2013 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. Allrights reserved. Bighth Edition published 2013, No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in any re- trieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, xerographic, audio/visual record, or other ‘wise, without the written permission from the publisher. ‘While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and Michael D. Hayes assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting fiom the use of the information contained herein, None of the material in this guide supersedes any documents, procedures, or reg- ulations issued by the Federal Aviation Administration. ASA-OEG-C8-EB ePub ebook ISBN 978:-61954-0958 Kindle ebook ISBN 978-1.61954-096-5 Print Book ISBN 978--61954-0941 LC# 9236217‘This guide is dedicated to the many talented student, pilots, cond fig istrictors ave Wiad the opportanty to work with cover the years, Also, special thanks to Mark Hayes and many others who supplied the patience, encouragement, and under- standing necessary to complete the project. —M.D.H, INTRODUCTION ‘The Commercial Oral Exam Guide is a comprehensive guide designed for pilots who ate involved in training for the Commercial Pilot Certificate. It was originally designed for use in a Part x41 flight school but quickly became pop- ular with those training under 14 CFR Part 61 who are not affiliated with an approved school. The guide will also prove beneficial to pilots who wish to reftesh their knowl edge or who are preparing for a flight review. ‘The Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards book (FAA-H.808r-12) specifies the areas in which knowledge ‘must be demonstrated by the applicant before issuance of a pilot certificate or rating. The Commercial Oral Exam Guide is designed to evaluate a pilot's knowledge of those areas, Commercial pilots are professionals engaged in various flight activities for compensation or hire. Because of theirprofessional status, they should exhibit a significantly higher level of knowledge than a private pilot. This guide assumes that the pilot has the prerequisite knowledge necessary for Private Pilot Certification and attempts to cover only those advanced areas of Imowledge necessary for Commercial Pilot Certification. In this guide, questions and answers are organized into nine chapters which represent those areas of knowledge required for the practical test. At any time during the prac- tical test, an examiner may ask questions pertaining to any of the subject areas within these divisions. Through inten- sive post-commercial-checkride debriefings, we have pro- vided you with the most consistent questions asked, along, with the information necessary for a knowledgeable re sponse, The guide may be supplemented with other compre- hensive study materials as noted in parentheses after each question. For example: {FAA-H-8083-25). The abbreviations for these materials and their titles are listed on the next page. Be sure that you ‘use the latest revision of these references when reviewing for the test. Also, check the ASA website at www.asaafly com to see if any updates are posted within our Product, ‘Support pages: all the latest changes in FAA procedures and regulations that affect these questions will be listed there. In addition to the regular question-and-answer ses sions in each chapter, questions for further review have been included at the end of sections. These additional questions are designed to be good study aids for the refer: ences below, upon which they are based. [Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes 14 CFR Part 23[Maintenance, Preventive 14 CFR Past 43 |Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration 4 CFR Past 47 [Ararat Registration Certification: Plots, Fight 14 CFR Part Or Instructors, and Ground Instructors 14 CFR Past 91 |General Operating ond Flight Rules 4 CFR Past 93 |Special Air Traffic Rules [Notification and Reporting of NTSB Part 830 Aircraft Accidents and Incidents [Aircraft Operator Security: Air 49 CFR PAI 544 | Carvers and Commercial Operators ircraft Wek FARA boty, (AVA Welt and Balance Handbook FAA H 8083-2 Risk Management Hondbook FAAH-80833 [Airplane Flying Handbook FAAH-80836 | Advanced Avionics Handbook FAAH-80839 [Aviation Instructor's Handbook FAAH-808335 [Instrument Flying Handbook Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical FAAH 808325 ig [Aviation Maintenance Technician FAAH 808330 [1 vl [Aviation Maintenance Technician FAAH-808351 | Handbook—Airframe [Aviation Maintenance Technician FAA H 8085+ 808332 | Handbook —Poverplant FAAH82611 instrument Procedures HandbookFAAP 8740-2 Density Alitude [AC Go-22 [Aeronautical Decision Making FAA-P-874013 Engine Operation for Pilots Ac on6s Certification: Plots and Fight FAA-P-8740-41 [Medical Facts for Pilots Instructors ranean Commercial Pilor Practical Tew AC 6-67, Stall and Spin Awareness Training PS SoBe 12 Standards for Airplane cous [General Aviation Controlled Flight AC 00-6 [Aviation Weather into Terrain ren laviaiion Weather Se AC 67-2 [Medical Handbook for Pilots AC 00-54 Pilot Windshear Guide AC 9143 [Cold Weather Operation of Aircraft 5 Us of Alternate Grades of Aviation [Carbon Monoaide (CO) JAC 9133 AC 20-3 line tal | Contamination in Aircraft Casoli 5 5 Effect of Ieing on Aircraft Control AC 2514 High Lit and Drag Devices - AC or5t land Airplane Deice and Anti-oe [Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM), Systems AC 60-6 LApproved Manual Materials, AC 91.63 Temporary Flight Restrictions Markings, and Placards—Airplanes[Minimum Equipment [Management System AC 91-6 Requirements for General Aviation Operations under 14 CPR Part o1 Part 91 Part 155 Single-Pilot AC 9073 Procedures during Taxi Operations Pilot Guide: Fight in Teng AC 91: ot [Condition AC nos Private Camvoge vs. Common Carriage of Persons or Property AC 120 80 in- light Fines atoo increased Surveillance and Testing 9 of Surface Movement Operations Order 7530.2 Notices to Airmen Handbook (Order B00 Flight Standards Information AFM [Airplane Flight Manuals AIM [Aeronautical Information Manual AjED | Airport/Facilty Directory Flight School Security Awareness FSSAT ight Schoat Security Training INOTAMs Notices to Airmen pice Pilot/Controller Glossary (from |AIM) Pertinent Pilot Operating Pou | Handbooks SAFO [FAA Safety Alert for Operators Transportation Secu tsa nsportation Security| | Administration[FAA Aeronautical Chart User's USRGD Guise ‘Note: Be sure that you use the latest revision of these vefer- ences when reviewing for the checkride. A review of the information presented within this guide along with a general review of the Private Oral Exam Guide {ASA-OEG-P) should provide the necessary preparation for the oral section of an FAA Commercial Pilot checkride or recertification check. 1 Certificates and Documents A. Privileges and Limitations 1, What privileges apply to a commercial pilot? (14 CFR 61.133) A person who holds a commercial pilot certificate may act as pilot-in-command of an aircraft: 4. Carrying persons or property for compensation or hire , For compensation or hire Note: 14 CFR 961.133 also states that a commercial pilot ‘must be qualified and comply with the applicable parts of the regulations that apply to the particular operation being conducted, for example Part gr or 135.2, Discuss commercial pilot operations. A commercial pilot intending to conduct operations as a pilot-in-commiand of an aircraft carrying persons or prop- erty for compensation or hire should look cautiously at any proposal for revenue operating flights. ‘The following facts should be considered: a. Part 61 states that you may be paid for acting as PIC of an aircraft engaged in carrying persons or property for ‘compensation or hite, Part 6r does not mention, that if acting totally by yourself, you could be considered a.com. mercial operator, and as such, be subject to an entirely Aifferent set of regulations. b. A commercial pilot certificate by itself does not allow you to act as a commercial operator. It only allows you to work for a commercial operator and be paid for your ser vice, with certain exceptions. ¢. As a commercial pilot certain commercial operations are allowed without being in possession of an “Operating Certificate.” Examples of such operations are: student in- struction, certain nonstop sightseeing flights, ferry or ‘training flights, aerial work operations including crop dusting, banner towing, aerial photography, powerline or pipeline patrol, etc. These operations are listed in 14 CFR fur9.1. 3. What does the term “commercial operator” refer to? (14 CER Part 1) Commercial operator means a person who, for compen: sation or hire, engages in the cartiage by aircraft in air commerce of persons or property, other than as an air car rier or foreign air cartier or under the authority of Part 375 of this title (Title rq). Where itis doubtful that an operation, is for “compensation or hire,” the test applied is whether the carriage by air is merely incidental to the person’sother business or is, in itself,a major enterprise for profit. 4. Define the term “CORTRTOHTERTHABE® (AC 120-12) Common carriage refers to the carriage of passengers or cargo as a result of advertising the availability of the car- riage to the public. A carrier becomes a common cartier when it “holds itself out” to the public, ora segment of the public, as willing to furnish transportation within the lim its of its facilities to any person who wants it, There are four elements in defining a “common carrier": «a. Aholding out ora willingness to +>. Transport persons or property «. From place to place 4. For compensation. 5. Define “holding out.” (AC 120-12) Holding out implies offering to the public the carriage of persons and property for hire either intrastate or interstate. ‘This holding out which makes a person a common carrier can be done in many ways, and it does not matter how it is done. a. Signs and advertising are the most direct means of hold- ing out but are not the only ones. b. A holding out may be accomplished through the actions of agents, agencies, or salesmen who may obtain pas- senger traffic from the general public and collect them into groups to be carried by the operator. ¢. Physically holding out without advertising, yet gaining a reputation to ‘serve all,” is sufficient to constitute an offer to carry all customers. For example, the expression of willingness to all customers with whom contact is made that the operator can and will perform the re- quested service is sufficient. It makes no difference if the holding out generates litle success; the issue is thenature and character of the operation. 4. A cartier holding itself out as generally willing to cary only certain kinds of traffic is nevertheless a common 6. Define the term “pHivalGIESFHSHES (AC 120-12) Carriage for hire that doesamotsinvolvesholdingsout is “pri vate carriage.” Private carriage for hire is carriage for one or several selected customers, generally on a long-term basis. The number of contracts must not be too great, otherwise it implies a willingness to make a contract with anybody. A carrier operating with 18 to 24 contracts has ‘been labeled a common carrier because it has held itself out to serve the general public to the extent of its facilities. Private carriage has been found in cases where three con- tracts have been the sole basis of the operator's business. when assessing whether a particular operation is common carriage or private carriage; any proposal for revenue. generating flights that would most likely require certifi- cation as an air cartier should be examined closely if you intend to practice private carriage. 7. What are some examplestofenon:commontearriage) operations that involve the transportation of persons or property and may involve compensation, but are con- ducted under part 91? (14 CFR 91.501) Part or subpart F applies to large and turbine-powered ‘multi-engine airplanes and fractional ownership program. aircraft. 14 CFR 91501 sets conditions on the amount and types of compensation for these operations. Examples in- clude: a, Flights conducted by the operator of an airplane for the operator's. own personal transportation, or thetransportation of guests. ’, Cartiage of company officals, employees, and guests on ‘an airplane operated under a time sharing, interchange, ‘or joint ownership agreement. ¢. Camiagerof property: (except mail) MHET@EntAD tO BUSHES! (limited compensation for expenses). 4. CarRagSTORANGOUP (with common purpose) wHenithers ‘smo charge, assessment or fee. ¢. Fractional Ownership 8. Determine if either of the following two scenarios are ‘common carriage operations and, ifso, why? Scenario: Lam a local businessman and require a pack- age to be flown to a distant destination ASAP. I will pay ‘you to fly my airplane to deliver this package, Scenario 2: 1 am a local businessman and require a pack- age to be flown to a distant destination ASAP. You reply that you can do the job for a fee. You promplly line up a local rental aircraft you're checked out in and deliver the package. Scenario 2 would be considered a common carriage oper ation because you are holding out by indicating a general willingness to all customers with whom contact is made to ‘transport persons or property from place to place for com- pensation, 9. Briefly describe 14 CFR Parts 119, 121, 125,135, and 137. Part 119—Certification: Air Carriers and Commercial Operators Part 121—Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and ‘Supplemental Operations Part 125—Certification and Operations: Airplanes having a seating capacity of 20 or more passengers or a maximum payload capacity of 6,000 pounds or morePart 135—Operating Requirements: Commuter and On- Demand Operations art 137—Agricuttural Aircraft Operations 10. What limitation is imposed on a newly certificated ‘commercial airplane pilot if that person does not hold an instrument rating? (14 CFR 61.133) ‘The pilot must hold an instrument rating in the same cate- gory and class, or the Commercial Pilot Certificate that is issued is endorsed with a limitation prohibiting the fol: lowing: a. The carriage of passengers for hire in airplanes on cross- country flights in excess of 50 nautical miles; b. The carriage of passengers for hire in airplanes at night. 11, To act as a required pilot flight crewmember of a civil aircraft, what must a pilot have in his/her physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft? (14 CFR 613) a. A pilot certificate (or special purpose pilot authorization) b. A photo identification ¢. A medical certificate (with certain exceptions as provided in 14 CER 613) 12, If a certificated pilot changes his/her permanent mail- ing address and fails to notify the FAA Airman Certifi- cation branch of the new address, the pilot is entitled to exercise the privileges of the pilot certificate for what pe- riod of time? (14 CFR 61.60) 30 days after the date of the move. 13. Ifa pilot certificate were accidentally lost or destroyed, a pilot could continue to exercise privileges of that certificate provided he/she follows what specific procedure? (14 CFR6129) a. An application for the replacement of a lost or destroyed airman certificate issued under Part 6r is made by letter to the Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration; and . A person who has lost a certificate may obtain a fac- simile from the FAA confirming that it was issued. The facsimile may be carried as a certificate for up to 60 days pending receipt of a duplicate certificate. 14, To act as pilot-in-command of a high-performance air- ‘craft, what flight experience requirements must be met? (14 CER 6131) A high-performance airplane is an airplane with an engine of more than 200 horsepower, To act as pilot in-command ofa high-performance airplane a person must have: a, Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a high-performance airplane, or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is rep- resentative of a high-performance airplane; and . Been found proficient in the operation and systems of the airplane; and ¢. Received a one-time endorsement in the pilot’s logbook from an authorized instructor who certifies the person is proficient to operate a high-performance airplane. 15, What is the definition of a complex airplane, and what is required to act as pilotin-command of a complex air- plane? (14 CFR 61.32) A complex airplane is defined as an airplane that has re~ tractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch pro- pellet. To act as pilot in-command a person must have: a. Received and logged ground training from an autho- rized flight instructor in a complex airplane, or in a flightsimulator or flight training device that is representative ‘of a complex airplane; and , Been found proficient in the operation and systems of that airplane; and €. Received a one-time endorsement in the person's log- ‘book from an authorized instructor who certifies the per son is proficient to operate a complex airplane. 16. To act as pilotin-command of a pressurized aircraft, ‘what flight experience requirements must be met? (14 CER 6131) To act as pilotin-command of a pressurized aircraft (an aircraft that has a service ceiling or maximum operating, altitude, whichever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL), a person must have received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor and obtained an endorsement in the person’s logbook or training record from an authorized instructor who certifies the person has: a. satisfactorily accomplished the ground training which ‘includes high-altitude aerodynamics, meteorology, respi: ration, hypoxia, ete.; and b. received and logged training in a pressurized aircraft, or in a flight simulator or flight training device represen: tative of a pressurized aircraft, and obtained an endorse- ‘ment in the person's logbook or training record from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient in the operation of pressurized aircraft (must include nor- mal cruise flight above 25,000 feet MSL, emergency procedures for rapid decompression, emergency descent procedures). 17. To act as pilotin-command of a tailwheel airplane, what flight experience requirements must be met? (r4CER 61.31) No person may act as pilot-in-command of a tailwheel air plane unless that person has received and logged flight ‘training from an authorized instructor in a tailwheel air- plane and received an endorsement in the person's log- book from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient in the operation of a tailwheel airplane. The flight training must include at least the following maneu- ‘vers and procedures: normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings, wheel landings and go-around procedures. 18, When would a commercial pilot be required to hold a type rating? (14 CFR 61.31) According to 14 CFR §61.31, a person who acts as a pilotin- command of any of the following aircraft, must hold a type rating for that aircraft: a. Large aircraft (gross weight over 12,500 pounds, except lighter than-air) b, Turbojet-powered airplanes ©. Other aircraft specified by the Administrator through aircraft type certificate procedures. 19. With respect to certification, privileges, and limitations of airmen, define the terms “Category,” “Class” and “Type.” (14 CFR Part 1) Category—a broad classification of aircraft; Le., airplane, rotorcraft, glider, ete. Class—a classification of aircraft within a category having, similar operating characteristics; ic., singleengine land, multi-engine land, etc. ‘Type—a specific make and basic model of aircraft includ- ing modifications that do not change its handling or flight, characteristies; ie., DC-9, B-737, etc.20. Can a pilot with a commercial certificate and multi- ‘engine land rating carry passengers in a single-engine air- plane? (14 CFR 6131) No. Unless the pilot holds a category, class and type rating (ia class and type rating is required) that applies to that aircraft, he or she may not act as pilot in-command in this situation. 21, Can a commercial pilot carry a passenger in an aircraft ‘operated in formation flight? (14 CER g1.111) No person may operate an aircraft, carrying passengers for hire, in formation flight. 22, Can a commercial pilot carry passengers in a restricted, limited or experimental category aircraft? (14 CFR 91.313, 91315, 91.317, and 91.319) No person may operate a restricted, limited, or experimental category aircraft carrying persons or property for hire. 23. When may a commercial pilot log flight time as sec- ond-in-command time? (14 CFR 61.51) According to 14 CFR §61.51, a pilot may log second in command time only for that flight time during which that person: a. Is qualified according to the second-in-command re- quirements of 14 CER §6155, and occupies a crewmem: ber station in an aircraft that requires more than one pilot by the aircraft's type certificate; or b. Holds the appropriate category, class, and instrument rating (if an instrument rating is required for the flight) for the aircraft being flown, and more than one pilot is required under the type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is being conducted.24. You are currently en route to your destination and the sun has set. When can you begin logging flight time as “night” flight time? (14 CFR Part 1) “Night” is defined as the time between the end of evening, civil twilight and the begimiing of moming civil twilight, as published in the Air Almanac and converted to local time. All flight time that occurs during this period of time is considered “night” flight time. B. Currency Requirements 1, What are the requirements to remain current as a com- ‘mercial pilot? (14 CFR 6156 and 61.57) a. To remain current, a commercial pilot must have accom- plished a flight review given in an aircraft for which that pilot is rated by an authorized instructor within the preceding 24 calendar months. . To camry passengers, a pilot must have made within the preceding 90 days: + Three takeoffs and three landings as the sole manip. ulator of the flight controls of an aircraft of the same category and class and, if a type rating is required, of the same type. + If the aircraft is a tailwheel airplane, the landings must hhave been made to a full stop. + If operations are to be conducted during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset or r hour before sunrise, with passengers on board, the pilotin-command must have made at least three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop during that period in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if type rating is required), Note: A person may act as pilot:in-command of a flight under day VER or day IFR if no persons or property arecarried if the flight review is current, 2, What class of medical certificate is required for com ‘mercial pilots? (14 CFR 61.23) A second-class medical certificate is required in order to exercise commercial pilot privileges. 3. What is the duration of a second-class medical certificate for operations requiring a commercial pilot certificate? (r4 CER 61.23) A second-class medical certificate expires at the end of the last day of the 12th month after the month of the date of the examination shown on the certificate for operations re- quiring a commercial certificate. 4-18 a commercial pilot required to log all flight time? (14 CER 6151) Each person must document and record, in a manner ac- ceptable to the Administrator, the training and aeronau- tical experience used to meet the requirements for a certifi- cate, rating or flight review of this part. They must also document and record the aeronautical experience required for meeting the recent flight experience requirements of this part C. Aircraft Certificates and Documents 1, What documents are required on board an aircraft prior to flight? (14 CER 91.9 and 91.203) Airworthiness Certificate Registration Certificate Operating limitations—may take the form of an FAA approved AFM/POH, placards, instrument markings, orany combination of the above. Weight and balance data 2. Which documents, required on board an aircraft, must bbe displayed in such a way so as to be visible by both passengers and crew? (14 CFR 91.203) No person may operate a civil aircraft unless the Airwor thiness Certificate required or a special flight autho- rization issued is displayed at the cabin entrance or cockpit entrance so that it is legible to passengers and crew. 3. Are the aircraft and engine logbooks required to be car- ried on board an aircraft? No. Generally, it is more advisable to keep the logbooks in a safe, secure place such as the office, home, etc. The reg ulations do not specifically state where the logbooks are to be kept, but they do say that they should be made available ‘upon request. 4 How can a pilot determine if hisfher aircraft is equipped with a Mode C altitude encoding transponder? By referencing the current weight and balance equipment list for that aircraft, a pilot could positively determine if a Mode C transponder is installed. 5. If the Airworthiness Certificate of a particular aircraft indicated one of the following categories, what significance would this have? (14 CFR Part 23) a. Normal Category b, Utility Category a. Nornal category—Aircraft structure capable of with- standing a load factor of 3.8 Gs without structural failure. Applicable to aircraft intended for non-aerobatic‘operation. b. Utility category—Aincraft structure must be capable of withstanding a load factor of 4.4 Gs. This would usually permit limited aerobatics, including spins (if approved for the aircraft) 6. Are airplane flight manuals (AFM) required to be on board all aircraft? (AC 60-6) 14 CFR §or.g requires that all U.S-registered aircraft have available in the aircraft a current, approved AFM, or if applicable, any combination of approved manual mate- rials, markings, and placards. Generally, all aireraft man. uufactured after March 1, 1979 must have an AFM, For air planes type-certificated at gross weights of 6,000 pounds or under which were not required to have an AFM, the re quired information may be an AFM or any combination of approved manual material, markings, and placards. These materials must be current and available in the airplane during operation. 7. What are Special Flight Permits, and when are they necessary? (FAA-H-8083-25, 14 CFR 21.197) It is an authorization that may be issued for an aircraft that may not currently meet applicable airworthiness re- quirements but is safe for a specific flight. These permits (possibly, following an inspection by an inspector) are typi cally issued for the following purposes: a. Flying an aircraft to a base where repairs, alterations or ‘maintenance are to be performed. b, Delivering or exporting an aircraft. c. Production flight testing new production aircraft. 4. Bvacuating aircraft from areas of impending danger. e. Conducting customer demonstration flights in new pro- duction aircraft that have satisfactorily completed‘production flight tests. £.To allow the operation of an overweight aircraft for flight ‘beyond its normal range over water or land areas where adequate landing facilities or fuel is not available. 8, What is the procedure for obtaining a special flight per- mit? (FAA-H-8083-25) If a special flight permit is needed, assistance and the necessary forms may be obtained from the local FSDO or Designated Airworthiness Representative (DAR). 9. What instruments and equipment are required for VFR. day flight? (14 CFR 91.205) Required for VER flight during the day: a. Airspeed indicator ». Altimeter ¢. Magnetic direction indicator (compass) 4. Tachometer for each engine ¢€. Oil pressure gauge for each engine £. Temperature gauge for each liquid-cooled engine g: Oil temperature gauge for each air-cooled engine hh, Manifold pressure gauge for each altitude engine i, Fuel gauge indicating the quantity in each tank j, Landing gear position indicator k, Approved aviation red or aviation white anti-collision light system for small civil airplanes certificated after March 11, 1996 1, Flotation gear (if operated for hire over water beyond. power-off gliding distance fiom shore} 'm, Safety belts (approved metal-tometal latching device for each occupant over 2 years old) n, Shoulder hamesses (for each front seat if aircraft man- ufactured after 1978) o. Emergency locator transmitter10, What instruments and equipment are required for VER night flight? (14 CFR 91.205) Required for VER flight at night: a. Instruments and equipment required for VFR day flight. ». Approved position lights (navigation lights). ©. An approved aviation red or aviation white anticollision light system. 4. If the aitcraft is operated for hire, one electric landing. light. €. An adequate source of electrical energy for all installed electrical and radio equipment. £. One spare set of fuses, or three spare fuses of each kind required that are accessible to the pilot inflight. D. Aircraft Maintenance Requirements 1, Who is responsible for ensuring that an aircraft is ‘maintained in an airworthy condition? (14 CFR 91.403) ‘The owner ot operator of an aircraft is primarily respon- sible for maintaining an aircraft in an airworthy condition. 2, After aircraft inspections have been made and defects have been repaired, who is responsible for determining that the aireraft is in an airworthy condition? (14 CFR 91.7) ‘The pilot in-commiand of a civil aircraft is responsible for determining whether that aircraft is in condition for safe flight. The pilotin-command shall discontinue the flight when unainworthy mechanical, electrical, or structural conditions occur. 3. Can you legally fly an aircraft that has an inoperative flap position indicator? Unless operations are conducted under 14 CFR §gr.213,the regulations require that all equipment installed on an. aircraft in compliance with either the Airworthiness Stan- dards or the Operating Rules must be operative. If equip- ‘ment originally installed in the aircraft is no longer oper: ative, the Airworthiness Certificate is not valid until such equipment is either repaired or removed from that air craft, However, the rules also permit the publication of a Minimum Equipment List (MEL) where compliance with these equipment requirements is not necessary in the interest of safety under all conditions. 4. Can an aircraft operator allow flight operations to be ‘conducted in an aircraft with known inoperative equip- ment? (AC 91-67, 14 CFR 91.213) Part or describes acceptable methods for the operation of an aircraft with certain inoperative instruments and equip. ment which are not essential for safe flight. These acceptable methods of operation are: 1. Operation of aircraft with a Minimum Equipment List (MEL), as authorized by 14 CFR f9r.213(a). 2, Operation of aircraft without 2 MEL under 14 CFR for2r3(¢). 5. What are Minimum Equipment Lists? (AC 91-67) ‘The Minimum Equipment List (MEL) is a precise listing of instruments, equipment, and procedures that allows an aircraft to be operated under specific conditions with in- operative equipment. The MEL is the specific inoperative equipment document for a particular make and model air craft by serial and registration numbers; e.g, BE-200, 1N12345. The FAA-approved MEL includes only those items of equipment which the administrator finds may be in- operative and yet maintain an acceptable level of safety by appropriate conditions and limitations.6. If an aircraft is not being operated under a MEL, how ‘can you determine which instruments and equipment on. ‘board can be inoperative and the aircraft still be legal for fligh (14 CFR 91.213) A person may takeoff an aircraft in operations conducted under Part 91 with inoperative instruments and equip ‘ment without an approved Minimum Equipment List pro- vided the inoperative instruments and equipment are not— a. Part of the VER-day type certification instruments and equipment prescribed in the applicable airworthiness regulations under which the aircraft was type certifi- cated: b. Indicated as required on the aircraft's equipment list, or on the Kinds of Operations Equipment List, for the kind of flight operation being conducted; €. Required by {1.205 or any other rule of this part for the specific kind of flight operation being conducted 4. Required to be operational by an airworthiness direc tive, 7. What is an aircraft equipment list, and where is it found? (FAA-H-8083-1) Fumished with the aircraft is an equipment list that spec iffes all the required equipment, and all equipment ap proved for installation in the aircraft, The weight and arm, of each item is included on the list, and all equipment in- stalled when the aircraft left the factory is checked. It is usually found with the weight and balance data. 8, What must happen if an AMT removes or installs a piece of equipment that is on the aircraft equipment list? (FAA-H.8083-1) ‘The AMT must change the weight and balance record toindicate the new empty weight and EWCG, and the equip- ‘ment list is revised to show which equipment is actually installed. The AFM/POH for each individual aircraft in- cludes an aircraft specific equipment list of the items from. this master list. When any item is added to or removed from the aircraft, its weight and arm are determined in the equipment list and used to update the weight and balance record. 9. What length of time can an aircraft be flown with in- ‘operative equipment on board? (AC 91-67) ‘An operator may defer maintenance on inoperative equip- ‘ment that has been deactivated or removed and placarded inoperative. When the aircraft is due for inspection in accordance with the regulation, the operator should have all inoperative items repaired or replaced. If an owner does not want specific inoperative equipment repaired, then the ‘maintenance person must check each item to see if it con: forms to the requirements of 14 CFR §g1.213. The mainte- nance person must ensure that each item of inoperative equipment that is to remain inoperative is placarded appropriately. 10. What regulations apply concerning the operation of an aircraft that has had alterations or repairs which may have substantially affected its operation in flight? (14 CFR 91407) No person may operate or camry passengers in any aircraft that has undergone maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, or alteration that may have appreciably changed its flight characteristics or substantially affected its operation in flight until an appropriately-rated pilot with at least a private pilot certificate a. flies the aircraft,, makes an operational check of the maintenance per- formed or alteration made, and - logs the flight in the aircraft records. 11, How long does the Airworthiness Certificate of an air- ‘craft remain valid? (14 CFR Part 21) Standard Airworthiness Certificates are effective as long as the maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations are performed in accordance with Parts 43 and gt and the aircraft is registered in the United States. 12, Does an aircraft's registration certificate have an expi- ration date? (14 CFR 47.40) Yes; As of October 1, 2010, specific registration expiration dates have been established for all aircraft registered be- fore October 1, 2010. Those aircraft require re-registration according to a specific schedule. All initial aircraft registrations issued on or after October 1, 2010, will expire three years after the last day of the month in which they were issued. The expiration date is clearly shown on the certificate and should be checked prior to departure. 13. What are the required maintenance inspections for air- craft? (14 CFR 91.409) a. Annual inspection—within the preceding 12 calendar months. b. 10-hour inspection—if carrying any person (other than a crewmember) for hite or giving flight instruction for hire. Note: If an aircraft is operated for hire, it must have a 100- hour inspection as well as an annual inspection when due, If not operated for hire, it must have an annual inspection only.