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 18CV45
Model Question Paper-1 with effect from 2019-20 (CBCS Scheme)
USN

Fourth Semester B.E. Degree Examination

Advanced Surveying
TIME: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 100

Note: 01. Answer any FIVE full questions, choosing at least ONE question from each MODULE.

*Bloom’s
Module -1 Taxonomy Marks
Level
Q.01 a With the help of tabular column, explain the procedure of measuring horizontal L2 8
angle by (i) Repetition method (ii) Reiteration method
b List the fundamental lines of a theodolite. Summarize the desired relationship L2 6
between them.
c Define the following terms. L2 6
i) Transiting
ii) Swinging
iii) Trunnion axis
OR
Q.02 a To find the elevation of the top(P) of a hill, a flag staff of height 1.5m was L3 10
erected and the following observations were made from two stations A & B at
considerably different elevations 156m apart. The angle of elevation from A to
the top of the flag staff was 38024' and that from B to the same point 26012'. A
vane 1.2m above the foot of a staff held on A was sighted from B and the angle
of elevation was observed to be 9054'. The height of the instrument axis at A was
1.494m and the R.L. of the instrument axis at B was 45.00m. Find the horizontal
distance P from B and the R.L. of P.
b Derive the expressions for the horizontal distance, vertical distance and the L3 10
elevation of an object by double plane method, when the base is inaccessible.
Module-2
Q. 03 a Derive distance and elevation formulae for stadia tachometry, when staff held L3 10
normal to the line of sight, for both an angle of elevation and angle of depression.
b To find the gradient between two points A and B a tacheometer was set up to L3 10
another station C and the following observations were made, keeping the staff
vertical.
Staff at Vertical angle Staff readings (m)
A + 4020’00” 1.300, 1.610, 1.920
B + 0010’40” 1.100, 1.410, 1.720
If the horizontal angle ACB is 35020’, determine the average gradient between A
and B. K = 100, C = 0
OR
Q.04 a List the various factors that are to be considered in the selection of site for L2 6
baseline and station in triangulation survey.
b Write a note on classification of triangulation system. L2 6
c From a satellite station S, 5.8m from main triangulation station A, the following L3 8
directions were observed.
A 00 0’ 0”
B 132 0
18’ 30”
C 2320 24’ 6”
D 2960 6’ 11”
The lengths of AB AC and AD were computed to be 3265.5m, 4022.2m and
3086.4m respectively. Determine the directions of AB, AC and AD.

Page 01 of 02
 18CV45
Module-3
Q. 05 a List the different methods of setting out simple circular curves. Explain the linear L3 6
method of setting out simple curve by the method of offset from long chord.
b A road bend which deflects 800 is to be designed for a maximum speed of 100km L3 10
per hour, a maximum centrifugal ratio ¼ and a maximum rate to the change of
acceleration of 30cm/sec3, the curve consisting of a circular arc combined with
two spirals. Calculate i) The radius of circular arc ii) The required length of
transition iii) the total length of composite curve and iv) The chainages of the
beginning and end of transition curve, and of the junctions of the transition
curves with the circular arc, if the chainage of the point of intersection is
42862m.
c With the help of a neat sketch of a simple circular curve, explain L2 4
i) Tangent length
ii) Length of long chord
iii) Point of curve
iv) Forward tangent
OR
Q. 06 a A compound curve consisting of two arcs of radius 350m and 550m connects two L3 8
straights AB and BC, which are intersected by a line PQ. The angles APQ and
BQP are 139030’ and 36024’ respectively. Determine the chainages of the tangent
points if the chainage of the intersection point B is 5425.191m.
b The first branch of a reverse curve has a radius of 200m. Find the radius of L3 8
second branch so that the curve can connect parallel straights 18m apart. The
distance between tangent points is to be 110m. Also calculate the length of two
branches of the curve.
c With a neat sketch, list any four vertical curves. L2 4
Module-4
Q. 07 a Define vertical photograph, tilted photograph and oblique photograph. L2 6
b A vertical photograph was taken at an altitude of 1200m above the mean sea L3 8
level. Determine the scale of photograph for terrain lying at elevation of 80m and
300m, if the focal length of camera is 15cm.
c List the reasons for keeping overlap in photographs. L2 6
OR
Q. 08 a Derive the expression for relief displacement on a vertical photograph. L3 8
b Explain the procedure for aerial survey. L2 6
c Find the number of photographs (size 250 x 250mm) required to cover over a L3 6
area of 20km x 16km, the longitudinal overlap is 60% and the side overlap is
30% scale of the photograph is 1cm = 150m.
Module-5
Q. 09 a Define remote sensing. Explain the stages of idealized remote sensing system. L2 8
b With neat sketch, explain the electromagnetic spectrum. L2 6
c Explain the components of GIS. L2 6
OR
Q. 10 a Mention the advantages of total station and also discuss the working principles of L2 8
the same.
b What are the advantages of LIDAR technology? L2 4
c What is GPS? Explain the basic principles of GPS and its application in L2 8
surveying.

Page 02 of 02
 18CV45
Model Question Paper-1 with effect from 2019-20 (CBCS Scheme)
USN

Fourth Semester B.E. Degree Examination

Advanced Surveying
TIME: 03 Hours Max. Marks: 100

Note: 01. Answer any FIVE full questions, choosing at least ONE question from each MODULE.

*Bloom’s
Module -1 Taxonomy Marks
Level
Q.01 a Define the following terms with reference to the theodolite: L1 04
i) Transiting; ii) Swinging; iii) Changing of face; iv) Horizontal axis
b Describe the measurement of horizontal angle by repetition method. What are the L2, L3 10
errors eliminated by repetition method?
c What are the fundamental lines of a theodolite? State the desired relationship L1, L3 06
between them.
OR
Q.02 a Explain the adjustment of horizontal axis of a transit theodolite by the spire test. L4 06

b Derive the expression for determining the distance and elevation of an L5 06

inaccessible object by single plane method. Assume the instrument near the
object is at higher level than faraway instrument position.
c Find the elevation of top of chimney from the following data L4 08
Instrument Reading on Angle of Remarks
station BM elevation
A 0.862 18036’ RL of BM = 425.250 m
B 1.222 10012’ Distance AB = 50m
Also calculate the distance of chimney from station B.

Module-2
Q. 03 a Explain fixed hair method and movable hair method of tacheometry L2 06

b Derive the tacheometric equation for horizontal line of sight. L5 06

c A tacheometer is setup at an intermediate point on a traverse PQ. The following L4 08

observations are made on the vertically held staff.
Staff station Vertical angle Staff intercept Axial hair reading
P 8036’ 2.350 2.105
Q 6 6’
0
2.055 1.895
The instrument was fitted with an anallactic lens and having constant 100.
Compute the length of PQ and RL of Q. RL of P is 321.50m

OR
Q.04 a What are the various points to be considered while selecting triangulation L2 06
stations?

b With neat sketches briefly explain the various triangulation figures adopted in L2 08
triangulation survey.

c Write a note on Satellite station and Reduction to centre. L2 06

Page 01 of 02
 18CV45
Module-3
Q. 05 a Derive the expressions for the following elements of a simple circular curve. L5 06
i) Tangent length, ii) Long Chord, iii) Mid ordinate
b Two roads having a deviation angle of 45° at apex point V are to be joined by a L4 06
200 m radius circular curve. If the chainage of apex point is 1839.2 m, calculate
necessary data to set the curve by ordinates from long chord at 10 m interval
c Two tangents intersect at the chainage 1190 m, the deflection angle being 36°. L4 08
Calculate all the data necessary for setting out a circular curve with radius of 300
m by Rankine’s method of deflection angles method. The peg interval is 30 m.
OR
Q. 06 a Two parallel straights 12mts apart are to be connected by a reverse curve. If the L4 06
distance between the tangent points is 75mts. Find the common radius of the two
branches.

b What are the functions and requirements of a transition curve? L2 06

c A transition curve is required for a circular curve of 250metre radius. The gauge L4 08
being 1.676m and the super elevation is restricted to 15cm. the transition is to be
designed for a velocity such that no lateral pressure is imposed on rails and the
rate of gain of radial acceleration is 30m/sec3. Calculate the required length of
transition curve and the design speed.

Module-4
Q. 07 a Explain briefly the different types of aerial photograph. L2 06

b Derive the expression for scale of an aerial photograph L5 04

c A line AB measures 11.00 cm on a photograph taken with a camera having a L4 10

focal length of 21.5 cm. The same line measures 3 cm on a map drawn to scale of
1/45000. Calculate the flying height of the aircraft, if the average altitude is 350
m.

OR
Q. 08 a Briefly explain the procedure involved in aerial survey. L3 06

b Write short note on (i) Stereoscope (ii) Parallax Bar. L2 08

c The scale of an aerial photograph is 1 cm = 100 cm and photograph size is15 cm L4 06

x 15 cm. Determine the number of photographs required to cover an area of 15
km x 15 km if longitudinal lap is 60% and side lap is 30%.

Module-5
Q. 09 a What is total station? What are the advantages and disadvantages of total L1,L3 06
station?

b Explain the various stages of idealized remote sensing system. L2 08

c Explain the interaction of Electro Magnetic Waves with atmosphere. L2 06

OR
Q. 10 a What is GPS? Briefly explain the components of GPS. L1,L2 10

b Briefly explain the components of GIS. Also list the applications of GIS. L2,L3 10

*Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Indicate as L1, L2, L3, L4, etc. It is also desirable to indicate the COs and POs to be
attained by every bit of questions.

Page 02 of 02
 Advanced Surveying (18CV45) Module 1
B. E. CIVIL ENGINEERING
Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) and Outcome Based Education (OBE)
SEMESTER - IV
ADVANCED SURVEYING
BE Course Code 18CV45 CIE Marks 40
Teaching Hours/Week(L:T:P) ([Link]) SEE Marks 60
Credits 03 Exam Hours 03

Objectives : This course will enable students to

Apply geometric principles to arrive at solutions to surveying problems.
Analyze spatial data using appropriate computational and analytical techniques.
Design proper types of curves for deviating type of alignments
Use the concepts of advanced data capturing methods necessary for engineering practice

Module-1
Theodolite Survey and Instrument Adjustment: Theodolite and types, Fundamental axes and parts
of Transit theodolite, uses of theodolite, Temporary adjustments of transit theodolite, measurement
of horizontal and vertical angles, step by step procedure for obtaining permanent adjustment of
Transit theodolite.
Trigonometric Levelling: Trigonometric leveling (heights and distances-single plane and double
plane methods).
Module-2
Tacheometry: Basic principle, types of tacheometry, distance equation for horizontal and inclined
line of sight in fixed hair method, problems.
Geodetic Surveying: Principle and Classification of triangulation system, Selection of base line and
stations, Orders of triangulation, Triangulation figures, Reduction to Centre, Selection and marking
of stations.
Module-3
Curve Surveying:
Curves – Necessity – Types, Simple curves, Elements , Designation of curves, Setting out simple
curves by linear methods (numerical problems on offsets from long chord & chord produced method),
Setting out curves by Rankines deflection angle method (Numerical problems). Compound curves,
Elements, Design of compound curves, Setting out of compound curves (numerical problems).
Reverse curve between two Parallel straights (numerical problems on Equal radius and unequal
radius). Transition curves Characteristics, numerical problems on Length of Transition curve,
Vertical curves & Types – (theory).
Module-4
Aerial Photogrammetry
Introduction, Uses, Aerial photographs, Definitions, Scale of vertical and tilted photograph (simple
problem Ground Co-ordinates (simple problems), Relief Displacements (Derivation), Ground control,
Procedure of aerial survey, overlaps and mosaics, Stereoscopes, Derivation Parallax.
Module-5
Modern Surveying Instruments
Introduction, Electromagnetic spectrum, Electromagnetic distance measurement, Total
station, Lidar scanners for topographical survey.
Remote Sensing: Introduction, Principles of energy interaction in atmosphere and earth surface
features, Image interpretation techniques, visual interpretation. Digital image processing, Global
Positioning system.
Geographical Information System: Definition of GIS, Key Components of GIS, Functions of GIS,
Spatial data, spatial information system Geospatial analysis, Integration of Remote sensing and
GIS and Applications in Civil Engineering(transportation, town planning)

Raghu M E Assistant Professor Civil Engineering , BIET, Davanagere. 1

 Advanced Surveying (18CV45) Module 1

Course outcomes: After a successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
Apply the knowledge of geometric principles to arrive at surveying problems
Use modern instruments to obtain geo-spatial data and analyse the same to appropriate engineering
problems.
Capture geodetic data to process and perform analysis for survey problems with the use of
electronic instruments
Design and implement the different types of curves for deviating type of alignments
Question paper pattern:
The question paper will have ten full questions carrying equal marks.
Each full question will be for 20 marks.
There will be two full questions (with a maximum of four sub- questions) from each module.
Each full question will have sub- question covering all the topics under a module.
The students will have to answer five full questions, selecting one full question from each module.
Textbooks:
B.C. Punmia, “Surveying Vol.2”, Laxmi Publications pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Kanetkar T P and S V Kulkarni , Surveying and Leveling Part 2, Pune Vidyarthi Griha Prakashan
K.R. Arora, “Surveying Vol. 1” Standard Book House, New Delhi.
SateeshGopi, Global Positioning System, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi
Reference Books:
S.K. Duggal, “Surveying Vol. I & II”, Tata McGraw H ill Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
R Subramanian, Surveying and Leveling, Second edition, Oxford University Press, New Delhi
David Clerk, Plane and Geodetic Surveying Vol1 and Vol2, CBSpublishers
B Bhatia, Remote Sensing and GIS, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
T.M Lillesand, R.W Kiefer,. and J.W Chipman, Remote sensing and Image interpretation , 5th
edition, John Wiley and SonsIndia
James M Anderson and Adward M Mikhail, Surveying theory and practice, 7th Edition, Tata
McGraw HillPublication

Raghu M E Assistant Professor Civil Engineering , BIET, Davanagere. 2

 Advanced Surveying (18CV45) Module 1

Module-1

Theodolite Survey and Instrument Adjustment

Theodolite and types, Fundamental axes and parts of Transit theodolite, uses
of theodolite, Temporary adjustments of transit theodolite, measurement of
horizontal and vertical angles, step by step procedure for obtaining permanent
adjustment of Transit theodolite.

INTRODUCTION ON THEODOLITE
The theodolite is a precise instrument used for the measurement of horizontal and
vertical angles. It is widely used for
i) laying off horizontal angles
ii) locating points on the line
iii) prolonging survey lines
iv) establishing grades
v) determining difference in elevation
vi) setting out curves etc.
Theodolites may be classified as transit theodolite and non-transit theodolite. A
transit theodolite (or simply a transit) is the one in which the line of sight can be reversed
by revolving the telescope through 180° in the vertical plane. This feature does not exist
in non-transit theodolite. Transit theodolites are mainly used. Theodolites are also
classified as Vernier theodolite, Optic Theodolite and Electronic Theodolite. The
improvements from one another have been made to ensure ease of operation, better
accuracy and speed. Electronic theodolites display and store angles at the press of a
button. These data can also be transferred to a computer for further processing.
PARTS OF TRANSIT THEODOLITE:
1. Telescope: The telescope consisting of eye piece and objective lens, is mounted on a
spindle known as horizontal axis or trunnion axis. The telescope may be internal
focusing type or external focusing type. Most of the transits have internal focusing
type of telescope. The diaphragm carrying cross hairs is placed in front of the eye
piece.
2. Vertical Circle:The vertical circle is a graduated arc attached to the trunnion axis of
the telescope and hence the circle rotates with the telescope about the trunnion axis.
The telescope can be set accurately in any desired position in the vertical plane by
means of vertical circle clamping screw and vertical circle tangent screw. The
vertical circle is graduated 0° to 90° in four quadrants.
3. Index Frame: The index frame, also called T-frame or vernier frame consists of
vertical leg called clipping arm and a horizontal bar called index arm or vernier arm.
At the two extremities of index arm, two verniers designated as C and D are fitted to
read the vertical circle. The index arm is centred on the trunnion axis in front of
vertical circle and remains fixed. The index arm can be rotated slightly with the help
of a clip screw. Glass magnifiers are placed in front of each vernier to magnify the
reading. A bubble tube called altitude bubble is placed on the top of the index frame.

Raghu M E Assistant Professor Civil Engineering , BIET, Davanagere. 3

 Advanced Surveying (18CV45) Module 1

4. Standards: Two standards resembling letter A (hence called A – frame) are mounted
on top plate. The trunnion axis of the telescope is supported on the standards. The T-
frame and the arm of the vertical circle clamping screw are also attached to the A-
frame
5. Two Spindles: There are two spindles, one is called inner spindle and the other
outer spindle. The inner spindle is solid and conical. This fits into the outer spindle
which is hollow. The inner spindle carries vernier or upper plate with two verniers
A and B placed diametrically opposite to each other with magnifiers. The upper plate
can be fixed in any position by means of upper plate clamping screw and upper plate
tangent screw. The outer spindle is attached with lower plate carrying horizontal circle,
graduated from 0° to 360° in clockwise direction. This lower plate can be fixed in any
position by means of lower plate clamping screw and lower plate tangent screw.
6. Plate Level: A bubble tube called plate level, placed parallel to trunnion axis is fixed
on the top plate
7. Levelling Head: The levelling head consists of two parallel triangular plates known
as tribrach plates. The upper tribrach plate has three arms each carrying a levelling
screw. The lower tribrach plate or foot plate has a circular hole through which a
plumb bob may be suspended.
The functions of levelling head are
i) To support the main part of the instrument
ii) To fix the theodolite to tripod and
iii) To provide a means of levelling the theodolite
8. Tripod: Tripod helps in supporting the theodolite during its use. At the lower ends of
the legs of tripod, pointed steel shoes are provided. The tripod head carries at its
upper surface an external screw to which the lower tribrach or foot plate of the
levelling head can be screwed
9. Plumb Bob: A plumb bob is suspended from the hook fitted to the bottom of the inner
spindle, to centre the instrument over a station
10. Striding Level: Some theodolites are fitted with a striding level (a bubble tube) for
testing the horizontality of the trunnion axis.

TERMS and DEFINITIONS

1. Centring: Process of setting the theodolite exactly over the station mark using plumb
bob.
2. Transiting: Process of turning the telescope in vertical plane through 180° about
trunnion axis.
3. Swinging the telescope: Process of turning the telescope in horizontal plane about
the vertical axis.
4. Face Left: Observation taken with vertical circle to the left of the observer. This
position is also known as telescope normal.
5. Face Right: Observation taken with vertical circle to the right of the observer. This
position is also known as telescope inverted.
6. Changing Face: Process of bringing the face of the telescope from left to right and
vice versa.

Raghu M E Assistant Professor Civil Engineering , BIET, Davanagere. 4

 Advanced Surveying (18CV45) Module 1

FUNDAMENTAL AXES OR LINES

1. Vertical Axis: This is the axis about which the instrument can be rotated in horizontal
plane.
2. Horizontal Axis: This is the axis about which the telescope and the vertical circle can
be rotated in vertical plane. This is also known as Trunnion axis.
3. Line of Collimation: This is the line passing through the intersection point of cross
wires of the diaphragm and the optical centre of object glass and its continuation.
4. Axis of Telescope: This is the line passing through the optical centre of eye piece and
the optical centre of object glass and its continuation.
5. Bubble Axis: This is the straight line tangential to longitudinal curve of the level tube
at its centre.

Raghu M E Assistant Professor Civil Engineering , BIET, Davanagere. 5

 Advanced Surveying (18CV45) Module 1

TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS
The adjustments made at every instrument station are known as temporary
adjustments, whereas the adjustments made to establish the desired relationships
between various axes of the theodolite are referred to as permanent adjustments. The
temporary adjustments are made in the following stages
i) Setting Up
ii) Levelling up
iii) Elimination of Parallax
Setting Up: The operation of setting up includes centring using plumb bob or optical
plummet and approximate levelling with the help of tripod legs. Some instruments are
provided with shifting head with which accurate centring can be done easily. The
approximate levelling is done either with reference to a small circular bubble provided
or by eye judgment.
Levelling Up: Accurate levelling is achieved by means of levelling screws with reference
to longitudinal bubble. (Refer Figure)
a) Position 1: Bubble is placed parallel to a pair of levelling screws. The two levelling
screws forming the pair are turned together either inwards or outwards till the
bubble comes to centre of its run.
b) Position 2: Bubble is now placed perpendicular to the position1 and the third
levelling screw is turned clockwise or counterclockwise until the bubble comes to
centre of its run.
c) The Bubble is returned to position 1 and step a) is repeated. Step b) is then
repeated. Steps a) and b) are repeated till bubble remains central in the two
positions. Instrument is rotated through 180°. If the instrument is in correct
adjustment the bubble remains central.
Note: It is essential to keep the same quarter circle for the changes in direction and
not to swing through the remaining three quarters of a circle to the original position.

Fig: Levelling Up

Position 1 Position 2

Elimination of Parallax: The apparent movement of the object with the movement of
the eye is known as parallax. This parallax exists when the image of the object does not
lie in the plane of the cross hairs. This can be eliminated by focussing the eye piece and
by focussing the object glass.

Raghu M E Assistant Professor Civil Engineering , BIET, Davanagere. 6

 Advanced Surveying (18CV45) Module 1

a) Focussing the Eye Piece: A white sheet of paper is held in front the object glass
and eye piece is turned clockwise or anticlockwise till the cross hairs are seen
clearly and distinctly. (Sharp and black) It should be noted that the correct
position of eye piece depends only upon the eyesight of the observer.
b) Focussing the object Glass: The telescope is directed towards the object and the
focussing screw is turned till the image appears clear and sharp

LEAST COUNT OF THE THEODOLITE:

The smallest value that can be measured accurately by the measuring instrument (here
it is theodolite) is called its least count. Measured values are good only up to this value. It
is determined by the following formula
M
LC=
N
Where M = value of one (smallest) division on main scale
and N = Number of divisions on the vernier scale.

(Note:
L C = 1 MSD – 1 VSD
= 1 MSD – (N-1/N) MSD
= (1 MSD/N)
= M/N )

Raghu M E Assistant Professor Civil Engineering , BIET, Davanagere. 7

 Advanced Surveying (18CV45) Module 1

MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES USING THEODOLITE

a) Horizontal Angle by Repetition Method
Aim: To measure the horizontal angle by Repetition Method
Apparatus: Theodolite
Theory: Repetition method is used for very accurate works. In this method the angle is
mechanically added several times and the value of the angle is obtained by dividing
accumulated reading by the number of repetitions. In repeating the angle several times,
the vernier A is kept clamped each time at the previous reading when the back sight is
taken. The method of repetition consists in measuring the angle clockwise any desired
number of times (usually six), half of which are made with face left and the other half with
face right. By this, angles can be obtained to a finer degree of accuracy than that
obtainable with the least count of the theodolite.
Procedure: The horizontal angle POQ by method of repetition is measured as follows.
1. The theodolite is set up over O. (Centred over O using plumb bob and
approximately levelled by adjusting the legs of the tripod) It is levelled
accurately with respect to plate level using levelling screws. A white sheet of
paper is held in front of the object glass and the eye piece is turned till the cross
hairs are seen clearly and distinctly.
2. By rotating the upper and lower plates in opposite directions, the index of
vernier A is made to coincide exactly with 360° of the main scale using upper
plate clamping screw and its tangent screw. (Index of vernier B will coincide
exactly with 180°) In this condition and with Face Left, the instrument is
turned in the horizontal plane to sight the station P. The station P is bisected
exactly using the lower plate clamping screw and its tangent screw. (The
reading of vernier A should be checked to see that no slip has occurred)
3. Upper plate clamping screw is released. The instrument is turned clockwise
and the station Q is bisected exactly using upper plate clamping screw and its
tangent screw. Readings on both the verniers A and B are noted (Total reading
on A and Total reading on B minus 180°). The object of noting the two vernier
readings is to obtain the approximate value of the angle, which is the average
of Verniers A and B readings.
4. Lower plate clamping screw is released. The instrument is turned clockwise
and the station P is bisected exactly using Lower plate clamping screw and its
tangent screw.
5. Upper plate clamping screw is released. The instrument is turned clockwise
and the station Q is bisected exactly using upper plate clamping screw and its
tangent screw. Readings on both the verniers A and B are noted (Angle is
measured for the second time ie repetition number two)
6. Lower plate clamping screw is released. The instrument is turned clockwise
and the station P is bisected exactly using Lower plate clamping screw and its
tangent screw.
7. Upper plate clamping screw is released. The instrument is turned clockwise
and the station Q is bisected exactly using upper plate clamping screw and its
tangent screw. Readings on both the verniers A and B are noted (Angle is

Raghu M E Assistant Professor Civil Engineering , BIET, Davanagere. 8

 Advanced Surveying (18CV45) Module 1

measured for the third time ie repetition number three). The average of
Verniers A and B readings is obtained, which divided by the number of
repetitions that is 3 to get average angle with face left.
8. The face of the instrument is changed (Face right) and the above steps are
repeated to get another average value of the angle with face right The angle
POQ is the mean of two average angles obtained in the two faces.

(Refer Fig 1 for the procedure and Table 1 for the entry of readings and calculation of the
angle)
NOTE: Any number of repetitions may be made. For ordinary work three repetitions
with telescope normal (Face Left) and three with telescope inverted (Face right) are
quite sufficient. But for measuring an angle to the highest degree of precision,
several sets of repetitions are usually taken.
Errors eliminated by repetition method
1. Errors due to eccentricity of verniers are eliminated by taking both vernier
readings.
2. Errors due to improper adjustments of line of collimation and trunnion axis are
eliminated by taking both face readings.
3. Errors due to inaccurate graduations are eliminated by taking readings at
different parts of the circle.
4. Errors due to inaccurate bisections of the object and eccentric centring may be
counterbalanced in different observations.

Raghu M E Assistant Professor Civil Engineering , BIET, Davanagere. 9

 TABLE 1: METHOD OF REPETITION

Face: LEFT Swing: Right Face: RIGHT Swing: Right

Inst Station
Repetit- Mean of
at Sighted Average Average Average Repetit- Average
A B ion A B Average
Reading Angle Reading ion No Angle
No

Q 1 1

Q 2 2

Raghu M E Assistant Professor Civil Engineering , BIET, Davanagere.

Q 3 3
Advanced Surveying (18CV45) Module 1

10
 Advanced Surveying (18CV45) Module 1

Fig: Repetition method

Horizontal Angle by Reiteration Method or Direction Method

Aim: To measure the horizontal angle by Repetition Method
Apparatus: Theodolite
Theory: Reiteration method is suitable for the measurement of angles of a group
having a common vertex point. Several angles are measured successively and finally
the horizon is closed.
The horizontal angles POQ, QOR, ROS etc. by method of reiteration are measured as
follows.
1. The theodolite is set up over O. (Centred over O using plumb bob and
approximately levelled by adjusting the legs of the tripod) It is levelled
accurately with respect to plate level using levelling screws. A white sheet of
paper is held in front of the object glass and the eye piece is turned till the cross
hairs are seen clearly and distinctly.
2. By rotating the upper and lower plates in opposite directions, the index of
vernier A is made to coincide exactly with 360° of the main scale using upper
plate clamping screw and its tangent screw. (Index of vernier B will coincide
exactly with 180°) In this condition and with Face Left, the instrument is
turned in the horizontal plane to sight the station P. The station P is bisected
exactly using the lower plate clamping screw and its tangent screw. (The
reading of vernier A should be checked to see that no slip has occurred)
3. Upper plate clamping screw is released. The instrument is turned clockwise
and the station Q is bisected exactly using upper plate clamping screw and its
tangent screw. Readings on both the verniers A and B are noted (Total reading
on A and Total reading on B minus 180°). The object of noting the two vernier
readings is to obtain the approximate value of the angle, which is the average
of Verniers A and B readings.
4. Upper plate clamping screw is released. The instrument is turned clockwise
and the station R is bisected exactly using upper plate clamping screw and its
tangent screw. Readings on both the verniers A and B are noted.
5. Similarly, the points S and P are successively bisected exactly. When the point
P is bisected, the horizon is closed. Readings on both the verniers A and B are
noted after each bisection. Since the graduated circle remains in a fixed

Raghu M E Assistant Professor Civil Engineering , BIET, Davanagere. 11

 Advanced Surveying (18CV45) Module 1

position throughout the entire process, each included angle is obtained by

taking the difference between the two consecutive readings.
6. On a final sight to P, the reading on the vernier should the same as the original
setting (That is Zero on A and 180 on B). If not, the error is noted. If the error
is small, it is distributed equally to all the angles measured. But if the error is
large, the procedure is repeated to take a fresh set of readings.

Raghu M E Assistant Professor Civil Engineering , BIET, Davanagere. 12

 TABLE 2: METHOD OF REITERATION

Face: LEFT Swing: Right Face: RIGHT Swing: Right

Inst Station
Mean of
at Sighted Average Average Average Average
A B A B Average
Reading Angle Reading Angle

O R

Raghu M E Assistant Professor Civil Engineering , BIET, Davanagere.

Advanced Surveying (18CV45) Module 1

13
 Advanced Surveying (18CV45) Module 1

b) Measurement of Vertical Angle

Aim: To measure the vertical angle

Apparatus: Theodolite
Theory: Vertical angle is the angle which the inclined line of sight to an object
makes with the horizontal. It may be angle of elevation or angle of depression
depending upon whether the object is above or below the horizontal line of sight.
Angle of elevation is normally prefixed with plus sign whereas angle of depression is
prefixed with minus sign.
The vertical angle α is measured as follows.
1. The theodolite is set up over O. (Centred over O using plumb bob and
approximately levelled by adjusting the legs of the tripod) It is levelled
accurately with respect to altitude bubble using levelling screws. A white sheet
of paper is held in front of the object glass and the eye piece is turned till the
cross hairs are seen clearly and distinctly.
2. With the face of the instrument LEFT, the telescope is turned to sight the object
A, approximately and vertical circle clamping screw and horizontal plate
clamping screws are tightened. Object A is bisected exactly using vertical circle
tangent screw and any one of the horizontal plate tangent screws. The readings
on the verniers C and D are noted and the average of the two readings is
obtained. This represents the vertical angle with face left.
3. With the face of the instrument RIGHT, the telescope is turned to sight the
object A, approximately and vertical circle clamping screw and horizontal plate
clamping screws are tightened. Object A is bisected exactly using vertical circle
tangent screw and any one of the horizontal plate tangent screws. The readings
on the verniers C and D are noted and the average of the two readings is
obtained. This represents the vertical angle with face right.
4. The mean of thevalues of face left and face right gives the vertical angle α.

Table 3: Measurement of vertical angle

Face: LEFT (FL) Face: RIGHT (FR)
Mean of
Inst. Sighted Average Average FL and
at to C D Vertical C D Vertical FR
angle angle
α=
O A

β=
B

Raghu M E Assistant Professor Civil Engineering , BIET, Davanagere. 14

 Advanced Surveying (18CV45) Module 1

Trigonometric Levelling: Trigonometric leveling (heights and distances-single plane and

double plane methods).
Trigonometrically Levelling is the process of determining the differences of elevations of
stations from the observed vertical angles and known distances, which are assumed to be
either horizontal or geodetic lengths at mean sea level. The vertical angles may be
measured by means of an accurate theodolite and the horizontal distances may either be
measured (in the case of plane surveying) or computed (in the case of geodetic
observations).

Trigonometrical levelling under two heads:

1. Observations for heights and distances, and
2. Geodetical observations

Heights and Distances

The difference in elevation b/w the instrument station and object under observation,
We shall consider the following cases;
Case 1: Base of the object accessible.
Case 2: Base of the object inaccessible: Instrument stations in the same vertical plane as
the elevated object.
Case 2: Base of the object inaccessible: Instrument stations not in the same vertical
plane as the elevated object.

1. Base of the object Accessible

2.

Raghu M E Assistant Professor Civil Engineering , BIET, Davanagere. 15

 Advanced Surveying (18CV45) Module 1

Raghu M E Assistant Professor Civil Engineering , BIET, Davanagere. 16

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