Lecture 7

Community Development Programme (CDP),

National Extension Service (NES),
Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP),
Intensive Agricultural Area Programme (IAAP)
Community Development Programme (CDP-1952)
Fiscal Commission (1949) and the Grow More Food Enquiry Committee (1952)
 Each block was
further divided into
groups of 5-10
villages each

Area of operation for a village-level worker

 Objectives of Community Development in India
• Fundamental objective – Destination Man
• Broad objectives
• Economic development
• Social justice
• Democratic growth
• Specific objectives
• To assist each village in having effective panchayats, cooperatives, and schools;

• Through these village institutions, plan and carry out integrated multi-phased
family, village, Block, and District
- Increasing Agricultural Production.
- Improving existing rural industries
- Health service
- Educational facilities
- Recreational facilities and housing facilities
- Rural women and youth
Administration of CDP
 National Extension Services (NES-1953)
• NES was implemented from 2.10.1953.

• This was implemented in the areas which were not covered by CDP

• The NES was less intensive in character.

• With effect from April 1958 there was no distinction between CD

blocks and NES.

• All NES blocks became CD blocks achieved by October 1963.

• NES covered almost all the villages in the country

 Administration
• At the central level Planning Commission itself headed by PM acted
for direction and coordination of development.

• At the state level, a state development committee under the chief

minister was set-up with several ministers as its members.

• At the district level, there was a district development council (DDC),

headed by the District Collector.

• Project advisory committee in the block was headed by Block

Development Officer (BDO).

• The Block was divided into a number of circles of villages and a

multi-purpose village level worker was appointed at each circle to
motivate, guide and assist rural people to improve their social and
economic conditions.
 Objectives of NES
• To change the outlook of village people;

• To make the people participate effectively in development

programmes

• To develop village leaders accepted by all; and

• To increase employment and production.

 Defects of CD/NES
• Uneven distribution of benefits

• Absence of clear-cut priorities

• Lack of self-reliance and mutual aid

• Inadequate emphasis on the development of cottage and small-

scale industries and agriculture

 Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP-1960)-
Package of Programme (Kharif -1960)
• Country imported food due to severe food shortage

• The need for increasing agricultural production was urgently felt

• agriculture development was seen as an instrument

• To achieve this, in 1959 Agricultural Production Team sponsored by the Ford

Foundation was invited

• Important recommendation: intensive efforts for production should be

undertaken with a combination of all technological improvements and
concentration of manpower and resources in selected areas
 CONTD..
• A second Team of agricultural experts, sponsored by the Ford
Foundation visited the country in October 1959,

• Made suggestions for a 10-point pilot programme to increase food

production

• Major outcome- IADP

• This programme was popularly known as a "Package Programme".

Central idea :

• Increased agricultural productivity shall lead to economic growth,

which shall bring welfare to the society
This programme was started in July 1960 in seven selected districts
in various states.

• West Godavari in AP,

• Shahabad in Bihar,

• Tanjore in Tamil Nadu,

• Raipur in MP,

• Ludhiana in Punjab;

• Pali in Rajasthan; and

• Aligarh in UP.
 Objectives
• To achieve a rapid increase in the level of agriculture production
through a concentration of financial, technical, extension, and administrative
resources;

• To achieve a self-generating breakthrough in productivity and to raise the

production potential by stimulating the human and physical process of
change; and

• To demonstrate the most effective ways of increasing production and

thus, to provide lessons for extending such intensified agricultural
production programes to other areas.
 Short coming
• Educational approach to reach farmers was lacking.

• Training programme of staff was not clear.

• Staff were not clear about the methods to reach the cultivators.

• Posting of staff was not adequate and timely

• Workshop, seed testing, and soil testing laboratories were not

functioning at the required level.

• Transport and land development programme were not progressing

satisfactorily
 Short coming
• Cultivators were not using insecticides, fungicides, and seed
treatment of their own

• There was a problem with the communication

• Cooperatives were not functioning well

• There was a lack of action research

• There was very little progress in animal husbandry, fisheries, etc.

• Stereotyped farm production plans

• Very little participation by women in the programme

 Intensive Agriculture Area Programme (IAAP)-
1964-65
• A revised version of IADP with a less intensive and therefore less
costly programme was formulated and launched in selected blocks
of 150 districts.
• The selected blocks were to have the same physical conditions as
in the case of the selection of districts for IADP
• This programme also followed the package approaches of use of
improved methods.
• The uses of interrelated factors of physical, social, and institutional
were also followed
Shortcomings

• Deficiency in Inter-agency and Inter-personal Coordination,

• Inadequate Staff Motivation,

• Malpractices,

• Non-formulation of Local Production Plans on Proper Lines

• Delay in Delivery of Inputs to Farmers.

 Lecture -8
High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP),
Watershed Development Programme (WDP),
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
 High Yielding Variety Programme
(HYVP - 1966)
• 1963 - Dr. N.E. Borlog (Director, International Maize and
Wheat Improvement Centre, Mexico) visited wheat
fields in India
• Selected 4 types of wheat seeds (dwarf)
• Tested in Delhi, Ludhiana, Kanpur, Pant Nagar, Bhuvali,
and Wellington
• Yields: 4 metric tonnes/ha
• 1965 - Larmarohi and Sonalika varieties
• 1966 - HYVP
 HYVP
• Technology development
• Introduction of high-yielding crop varieties

• Application of high analysis and balanced fertilizer, irrigation, plant

protection, and improved implements

• High-yielding technologies by themselves tend to be scale neutral

• High-yielding technologies are not resource neutral

• 1968 - “unique production” of 170 lakh tons of wheat

• spread to other areas of farm products such as animal production,

fishery, sericulture, social forestry etc
 Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP 1978-79)

• IRDP was introduced in 1978-79 in 2,300 blocks of the country

• Introduced in all the blocks of the country on 2nd October, 1980.

• Objective: to select families of target group in the rural areas to

cross the poverty line by taking up self-employment ventures.

Specific objectives

• Economic development

• Social development

• Educational and cultural development

The target group includes
• Small farmers, marginal farmers, agricultural laborers, rural
artisans, and others whose family income was below the
poverty line.

• At least 30 percent of the families are to be drawn from

SC's/STS.

• At least 30 per cent of the beneficiaries are to be women

Principle : poorest of the poor first

 Cont..
Implementation: DRDA

Funding: equally shared by the centre and the state

Programmes included
• Employment Guarantee Scheme
• Food for Work Programme (FWP)
• Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA)
• Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers (MFAL)
• Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP)
• Desert Development Programme (DDP)
• Command Area Development Programme (CADP), etc
Short comings/drawbacks of IRDP
• The resources provided were inadequate.

• Poor quality of assets provided to the beneficiaries.

• The follow-up of the beneficiaries was inadequate.

• Lack of training facilities for small and marginal farmers

 Watershed Development Programme
• Three important schemes – DPAP(1973-74), DDP (1977-
78) and IWDP (1989-90),
• Under the Department of Land Resources (DoLR),
Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD).
Pasture Development, Soil And Moisture
Conservation as Prominent Activities on
Wasteland Under Government, Community Or
IWDP Private Control

IWMP

Non-arable lands and DPAP DDP

drainage lines for in situ soil Reforestation to arrest the
and moisture conservation, growth of hot and cold desserts
agro-forestry, pasture
development, horticulture and
alternate land uses
 Components of Watershed Development Programme
• Soil and land management

• Water management

• Crop management

• Afforestation

• Pasture or fodder development

• Livestock management

• Rural energy management

• Other farm and non-farm activities

• Development of community skills and resources.

All these components are interdependent and interactive

 Achievements
• The problem of drinking water can be solved, and to some extent,

the problem of water for irrigation will also be solved.

• Increase agricultural production and create employment within

the village and make food available to them.

• Migration to urban areas can be checked and reduce the problem

of growing cities.

• By conserving soil and water, ecological balance can be restored.

 Major Activities of the Watershed project
• Soil & moisture conservation measures like terracing, trenching,
vegetative barriers etc.

• Planting & sowing of multi-purpose trees, shrubs, grasses, legumes

and land development

• Encouraging natural regeneration

• Promotion of agro-forestry and horticulture

• Wood substitution and fuel-wood conservation measures

• Measures needed to disseminate technology

• Encouraging peoples’ participation

 Outcomes of IWMP
• Reduction in Soil Erosion: Activities undertaken: Check Dam, Gully Plug,
Contour Bund, Bori Bund, and Afforestation

• Increase in Ground Water Level: moderate improvement in groundwater level

was seen

• Increase in Surface Water and Stream Flow

• Water Runoff Reduction

• Crop Diversification, Cropping Intensity, Change in Land Use Pattern, and

Agricultural Productivity

• Increase in employment and reduction in migration

• Poverty alleviation and improved standard of living