IEEE JOURNAL OF EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 2, NO.

2, JUNE 2014 341

Total-Flux Representation of Synchronous Machines

Stephen D. Umans, Fellow, IEEE

Abstract— In this paper, the total-flux representation for syn-

chronous machines is presented. This representation is intended
to supplement existing modeling tools, especially in machines
which are highly nonlinear and for which standard models such
as dq0 models are difficult if not impossible to implement.
Index Terms— Cross saturation, direct- and quadrature-axis
inductances, direct-quadrature-axis models, magnetic satura-
tion, motor control, permanent-magnet synchronous machines,
saturation in synchronous machines, synchronous machines,
synchronous-reluctance machines.

I. I NTRODUCTION
Fig. 1. Direct- and quadrature-axis equivalent circuits for a permanent-

T HE technique of modeling synchronous machines based

upon their direct- and quadrature-axis characteristics
and corresponding equivalent-circuit parameters was originally
magnet machine.

circuits, one corresponding to flux aligned with each of

proposed by [1] (referred to as the Blondel two-reaction two orthogonal rotor axes. For example, Fig. 1 shows the
method) and was further developed by [2] and [3]. It is direct- and quadrature-axis equivalent circuits, which can
frequently referred to as the dq0 or Park’s transformation. This be used to represent a permanent-magnet machine. In these
transformation has been applied with considerable success equivalent circuits, the variables i and λ are currents and
since early in the last century, especially for predicting perfor- flux linkages, respectively, and λm is the magnet produced
mance in large machines connected to systems, which can be component of the direct-axis flux linkage.
represented by a fixed frequency, constant-voltage Thevenin Practical machines deviate from this ideal to varying degrees
equivalent. In recent decades, with the advent of power- and various techniques have been developed to account for
electronic drives, it has also been used quite successfully for these deviations. Magnetic saturation is perhaps the most chal-
implementing control algorithms (referred to as field-oriented lenging of these deviations. In large synchronous machines,
or vector control) for both permanent-magnet and induction it is common to define saturated and unsaturated values of
machines. the axis parameters and also to account for saturation through
A careful examination of the dq0 modeling technique shows the use of saturation curves associated with each axis. This
that ideally a machine to be modeled should satisfy the technique has been found to work reasonably well. However,
following conditions: it does not account for cross saturation effects, which can be
1) stator-phase self-inductances, which are either constant of significance in some cases.
or have at most a second-spatial-harmonic variation Cross saturation refers to the fact that the fluxes associated
(with respect to a pole pair) with rotor angular position; with the two magnetic axes pass through much of the same
2) linear magnetic material; magnetic material. Thus, the two axes are not uncoupled;
3) stator-winding mmf distribution, which produces only a currents in the direct axis which produce significant magnetic
space-fundamental component of air-gap flux density; saturation will impact the apparent inductances associated with
4) rotor permanent-magnet distribution, which produces both the direct- and the quadrature axis and vice versa. In addi-
only a space-fundamental component of air-gap flux tion, saturation impacts the magnet-produced flux linkages in
density. permanent-magnet machines and hence they should be repre-
The use of the dq0 transformation stems from the fact sented as a function of the two axis currents. Various attempts
that under steady state operating conditions, machines can be have been made over the years to describe and incorporate this
represented both by phasor diagrams and simple equivalent effect into the dq0 modeling framework. References [4]–[8]
present evidence of its impact in large synchronous machines
Manuscript received July 3, 2013; revised August 7, 2013; accepted as well as various techniques, based typically on saturation
August 16, 2013. Date of publication August 21, 2013; date of current
version April 4, 2014. This work was supported in part by the Energy factors, to incorporate this effect into dq representations of
Cooperative Agreement ARPA-E under Award DE-AR0000191 with the these machines.
Advanced Research ProjectsAgency-Energy within the U.S. Department of Cross-saturation effects can be especially pronounced in
Energy and in part by the Baldor Electric Company. Recommended for
publication by Associate Editor L. Zarri. internal-permanent-magnet (IPM) and synchronous-reluctance
The author is an independent consultant in Belmont, MA, USA (e-mail: (SR) machines. Stumberger et al. [9] supplement tests on
umans@[Link]). a small IPM motor with finite-element analyses to demon-
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at [Link] strate the significance of this effect and introduce a modified
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JESTPE.2013.2279092 dq model, which includes current-dependent cross coupling
2168-6777 © 2013 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See [Link] for more information.

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA. Downloaded on April 27,2024 at [Link] UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
342 IEEE JOURNAL OF EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 2, NO. 2, JUNE 2014

inductances terms on each axis. Bech et al. [10] focus on

the problem of accurate torque control and suggest that the
shortcomings associated with the inability to model saturation
effects can be avoided by a large 2-D lookup table of finite-
element-calculated torque values as a function of current in
the d and q axes. The authors also suggest that a curve-fitting
routine can be used to reduce this table to an analytical expres-
sion for the torque in terms of the direct- and quadrature-axis
inductances and currents. In this expression, the parameters
are assumed to be a function of the q-axis current alone.
Guglielmi et al. [11] demonstrate that cross saturation
can significantly impact the performance of sensorless-control
algorithms and in [12], a model is proposed in which these
effects, as well as the effects of cross saturation on torque
production, can be represented by the terms involving the
product of a function of the d-axis current and a function
of the quadrature-axis current.
Because IPM machines are typically operated from drives
with the objective of achieving optimal performance, the need
for accurately representing the machine characteristics is espe-
cially critical. For example, a typical drive algorithm might
be designed to operate a motor at maximum torque/ampere, Fig. 2. Cross section of one pole of the generic IPM motor.
independent of load. In a current-source drive, this would
TABLE I
require the controller to calculate the required current mag-
D IMENSIONS OF THE G ENERIC IPM M OTOR
nitude and angle (with respect to the rotor axis) as a function
of commanded load torque.
References [9]– [12] clearly demonstrate that cross satu-
ration effects significantly increase the complexity of repre-
senting the characteristics of IPM machines (and similarly
SR machines) in the dq framework with the level of detail
required to achieve acceptable performance. Thus, although Although it is of course understood that finite-element simula-
the dq0 modeling technique remains a powerful tool in terms tions do not perfectly represent the performance of the actual
of the insight into machine performance which it provides, motor, they are perfectly adequate for the purposes of this
in these types of machines it is typically cumbersome (if not presentation.
impractical) as a tool for performance prediction and for the
development and implementation of control algorithms.
III. D IRECT- AND Q UADRATURE -A XIS PARAMETERS OF
As an example, using a somewhat generic IPM motor, this
THE G ENERIC M OTOR
paper will illustrate the difficulties associated formulating a
dq0 model and will propose an alternative, non-dq0, rep- The dq0 transformation is presented in Appendix A. Note
resentation. This representation is similar to that proposed that the axis orientations are shown in Fig. 2. Appendix B
in [10] in that it represents the machine torque directly in presents a method for calculating the d- and q-axis parameters
terms of applied current and current angle. It also includes a from measured or simulated performance data.
representation of flux linkages for the purposes of calculating Based upon a simulated 60-Hz rms open-circuit line–line
terminal voltage. voltage of 372 V, the magnet produced direct-axis flux linkage
can be calculated from (22) as follows:
  
II. A G ENERIC I NTERIOR -P ERMANENT-M AGNET M OTOR 2 372
λm = = 0.805 Wb. (1)
The cross section of one rotor pole of a generic IPM motor is 3 120π
shown in in Fig 2. This motor is assumed to be rated at 460 V, Plots of L d and L q , as calculated using the methodology
80-hp (59.7 kW) at 1800 rpm. The magnets are Nd–Fe–B of Appendix B from 270 simulations over a wide range
with a room temperature residual flux density of 1.15 T and of operating conditions, are shown in Figs. 3–6. In these
the basic dimensions of the motor are shown in Table I. The figures, the results from individual simulation operating points
three-phase winding in the 48-slot stator is Y connected, with are represented by the symbol * while the solid lines link
two parallel paths and seven-turn coils short pitched by one simulations with a fixed alignment of the stator mmf with the
slot and has a phase resistance of 112 m. rotor (i.e., constant γ , as defined in Section IV). It is important
A hardware version of this IPM motor has not been built. to emphasize that, as discussed in Appendix B, the calculated
For the purposes of this paper, the performance of this motor values of L d are based upon the highly questionable assump-
will be determined based upon finite-element simulations. tion that the magnet produced direct-axis flux linkages λm

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA. Downloaded on April 27,2024 at [Link] UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
UMANS: TOTAL-FLUX REPRESENTATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 343

These plots clearly demonstrate the modeling problem.

Given that it is clear that saturation effects must be accounted
for, one might hope, for example, to find a simple relationship
relating the direct-axis inductance and current and a similar
relationship relating the quadrature-axis inductance and cur-
rent. From Fig. 3, a plot of L d versus i d , we observe that the
relationship is anything but simple. The situation is somewhat
better in the relationship of L q and i q , as shown in Fig. 4.
However, further difficulties associated with determining the
dq0 parameters of this machine are clearly evident from Figs. 5
and 6 where we observe strong cross-saturation effects: L d
varies with i q and L q varies with i d .
Fig. 3. Plot of L d versus id . It is not the objective of this paper to claim that these
results demonstrate that it is impossible to characterize such
a machine using a dq0 representation. It is certainly possible
that all of these simulation results can be boiled down into
some sort of functional dependence of the inductances on both
i d and i q , which can do a reasonable job of predicting the
expected performance of the motor. Rather, it is the objective
of this paper to present an alternative representation which
is much simpler while simultaneously providing an accurate
representation of the machine performance over a wide variety
of operating conditions. This representation, referred to as the
Total Flux representation, is presented in the following section.

Fig. 4. Plot of L q versus iq . IV. T OTAL -F LUX R EPRESENTATION

The concept underlying the total-flux representation is quite
simple. For a synchronous machine, such as an IPM or SR
machine, it stems from a recognition of the fact that
Given a set of balanced stator currents of a
specified magnitude, both the average torque
and the rms winding flux linkages are unique
functions of the rotor angle.
Note that because of slotting effects and space harmonics in
the air-gap flux density, this statement refers to the average
torque and the flux linkages determined over one electrical
cycle. Interestingly, the frequency chosen for determining the
average torque and rms flux linkages, either by simulation or
Fig. 5. Plot of L d versus iq .
test, does not matter; it is sufficient to insure that data be
obtained over a complete electrical cycle.
Thus, the machine can be represented by a table of average
torque and flux linkage as a function of current and rotor
angle. For any given operating speed, these values can then be
used to determine the machine performance; the flux linkages
can be converted to terminal voltage by multiplying by the
corresponding electrical frequency and the torque can be
converted to shaft power by multiplying by the corresponding
mechanical speed. Hence, this representation can be used to
relate terminal voltage, current, and output power at a given
speed. As will be shown, it is a simple matter to include the
voltage drop associated with the winding resistance.
Fig. 6. Plot of L q versus id . At first glance, this sort of representation would appear to
require a huge data base; torques and flux linkages correspond-
ing to a large number of rotor positions and currents. As a
remain constant, independent of the motor operating condition, practical matter, this does not in general appear to be the case.
and that saturation does not shift some of these flux linkages It turns out that for any given stator current magnitude, both
to the quadrature axis. the torque and flux linkages are typically smoothly varying

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA. Downloaded on April 27,2024 at [Link] UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
344 IEEE JOURNAL OF EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 2, NO. 2, JUNE 2014

Fig. 7. Torque versus γ , I = 75 A, rms. Fig. 9. Simulated torque for currents in the range 10–90 A.

Fig. 10. Simulated rms phase-a flux linkage for currents in the range
10–90 A.

for currents of 10–90 A in steps of 10 A. In these plots, the

Fig. 8. Phase-a rms flux linkage versus γ , I = 75 A, rms. simulated values are represented by the symbol * while the
solid lines represent the results of a third-order polynominal
curve fits to the simulated data. For example, the solid line
functions of rotor angle and hence a curve fit (e.g., a low- corresponding to the torque at an rms current of 70 A is
level polynomial fit with very few coefficients) to a relatively calculated as follows:
few values of rotor position can be used to produce a curve
which accurately represents the complete range of positions. T (70) = a1 (70)γ 3 + a2 (70)γ 2 + a3 (70)γ + a4 (70) (2)
Similarly, behavior of the machine as a function of current
for any given position is a relatively smooth function of and the corresponding rms phase-a flux linkage is calculated
current. The net result is that the machine performance can as follows:
be represented by a small number of constant-current torque-
versus-position and flux-linkage-versus-position curves (each λa,rms (70) = b1 (70)γ 3 + b2 (70)γ 2 +b3(70)γ +b4 (70). (3)
characterized by a few coefficients), with interpolation used
to determine the machine performance at any given operating As can be observed from these figures, the polynomial fits
point. quite accurately represent the characteristics of this machine,
Figs. 7 and 8 show the simulated torque and rms flux with each curve represented by four coefficients. Thus, each set
linkages of the generic IPM motor for rms phase currents of nine curves, which cover a large range of motor operating
of 75 A (rated current) as the rotor angle γ is varied over conditions, can be represented by a table of only 36 coef-
the range −90◦ ≤ γ ≤ 50◦ , the range for which this motor ficients. Furthermore, notice that the operating points from
produces positive torque. Here, γ is the angle, expressed in which these coefficients are derived fully include saturation
electrical degrees, between the rotor quadrature axis and the effects on both the phase inductances as well as the flux
axis of the stator mmf. Thus, setting γ = −90◦ aligns the linkages produced by the rotor magnets.
stator mmf with the rotor negative direct axis. As a simple example of the use of the total-flux representa-
As a practical matter, simulations show that this motor will tion of this motor, we can calculate the motor terminal voltage
typically operate over the range of rotor positions −86◦ ≤ and power output for this motor operating at 1500 rpm (50 Hz),
γ ≤ −60◦ and further discussion will focus on that range at an rms current of 67 A and γ = −63◦ . To do this, we
of positions. Figs. 9 and 10 show plots of simulated torque must first interpolate the torque and flux-linkage coefficients
and rms phase-a flux linkage over this range of rotor angles to find the values at a current of 57 A. For example, the

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA. Downloaded on April 27,2024 at [Link] UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
UMANS: TOTAL-FLUX REPRESENTATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 345

coefficient a1 (57) is found as follows: TABLE II

  M INIMUM -C URRENT C ONTROL A LGORITHM
7  
a1 (57) = a1 (50) + a1 (60) − a1 (50) . (4)
10
Based upon such interpolation, the torque at this operating
condition is found to be T = 265 N·m and the rms phase-a
flux linkage is found to be λa,rms = 0.780 Wb. At 1500 rpm, the
rotor angular velocity of this four-pole motor is ωm = 50π
and the electrical frequency is ω = 100π. Thus, the motor
output power is Pout = ωm T = 41.7 kW (55.9 hp) and
the rms, phase-a line-neutral voltage (not including the volt-
age drop across the armature resistance) is calculated as
Va,rms = ωλa,rms = 245 V, corresponding to a line–line
voltage of 424 V.
The effects of the stator-winding resistance Ra are included
TABLE III
as follows:
C ONTROL A LGORITHM W ITH γ = −73.5◦
1) Because at this point this representation does not include
any loss in the stator-winding resistance, the calculated
motor input power Pin is equal to the output power and
thus the power factor will be
Pout
pf = √ (5)
3 Vl−l I
and the corresponding power-factor angle θ is
θ = − cos−1 (pf) (6)
where the minus sign corresponds to a lagging
power factor because for this operating condition, the
rms armature flux linkages are significantly greater
than those under open-circuit condition (for which
λa,rms = λm /(2)1/2 = 0.569 Wb) and hence the motor
is over excited at its terminals.
2) Calculate the complex amplitude V̂a of a modified line- a specified level of current at a specified value of γ . At each
neutral phase-a voltage as follows: power level, the total-flux representation will be used to find
the value of γ which will result in the minimum current,
V̂a = Va + Ra I e j θ . (7) subjected to not exceeding the motor rated terminal voltage
3) The modified line–line terminal voltage is then of 460 V and the current less than 80 A.

√  This search for the desired operating points can be easily
Vl−l = 3 |V̂a | (8) accomplished by a grid search. In this case, the current range
the input power is 10–90 A will be divided into 0.1 A increments and the γ range
−86◦ to −60◦ will be divided into 0.1◦ increments, resulting
Pin = Pout + 3 I 2 Ra (9) in a grid of 210 000 potential operating points, which can be
explored in roughly 2 s on a typical laptop computer.
and the corresponding power factor is
The results are shown in Table II, which shows that the
Pin required value of γ varies from −60.1◦ at 10 hp to −73.5◦
pf  = √  I
. (10)
3 Vl−l at 80 hp. A comparison of these results with finite-element
simulations at the individual points operating shows agreement
In this case, accounting for the armature resistance results in within a few percent. This can be seen in Table II, which
an rms motor terminal voltage of 435 V, line–line (251 V, line
compares the output power and terminal voltage as determined
neutral), an input power of 42.8 kW, and unity input power using the total-flux algorithm with the value obtained from a
factor. finite-element simulation for each set of assumed values of γ
and phase current.
V. F URTHER E XAMPLE It is interesting to further explore this control algorithm
As a further example of the use of the total-flux repre- by comparing the operating points of Table II with a control
sentation, in this section a control algorithm for operating algorithm in which γ is held constant at its 80-hp value of
the generic IPM motor at a speed of 1800 rpm and power −73.5◦. These results are shown in Table III. Also, included
levels of 10–80 hp will be examined. The motor is assumed in Table III is a column showing the percentage increase in
to be operating from a current-source drive designed to apply current produced by the constant γ controller.

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA. Downloaded on April 27,2024 at [Link] UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
346 IEEE JOURNAL OF EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 2, NO. 2, JUNE 2014

This example is intended to illustrate the use of the total- where Ra is the phase resistance, ωme is the rotor angular
flux representation in these sorts of studies. The reader should velocity in electrical radians/s (and hence the electrical fre-
recognize that the residual flux density of magnets is temper- quency of the phase voltages and currents) and, as observed
ature dependent and that a thorough examination of an IPM from Fig. 1
motor must include a set of characteristics at different magnet
λd = L d i d + λm (15)
temperatures, obtained by repeating the process described in
Section IV at each desired operating temperature. and
λq = L q i q . (16)
VI. D ISCUSSION
The objective of this paper is not to suggest that the dq0 A PPENDIX B
representation should be abandoned as a tool for examining the
B. Method for Derivation of the d- and q-Axis Parameters
performance of saturated synchronous machines. Rather, the
total-flux representation should be considered as an additional 1) Determination of the Magnet Produced Direct-Axis Flux
tool in the toolbox of machine designers as well as engineers Linkages λm : Noting that the magnet characteristics are tem-
who require models for such machines for the use in applica- perature dependent, at any given magnet temperature, the
tions such as the development and implementation of control magnet produced flux linkages λm can be determined from
algorithms. At any operating speed, based upon a small set of the rms line–line open-circuit voltage Voc,ll as follows.
polynomial coefficients, the machine torque and output power a) Under open-circuit conditions, the phase voltages, pro-
as well as the terminal voltage can be calculated as a function duced by magnet flux, which lies along the rotor direct
of stator-current magnitude and angle with respect to the rotor. axis, will produce only quadrature-axis voltage. Assum-
These coefficients can be easily derived, based either on finite- ing the rotor direct axis is aligned with the magnetic axis
element simulations or upon direct measurements of machine of phase-a at time t = 0, the rotor angular position will
performance. be given by θme = ωme t and the phase voltages will be

2
A PPENDIX A va = − Voc,ll sin (ωme t) (17)
3  
A. dq0 Transformation 2 2π
vb = − Voc,ll sin ωme t − (18)
Let S represents a stator quantity to be transformed (current, 3 3
  
voltage, or flux), we can write the transformation from phase 2 2π
variables (abc) to dq0 variables in matrix form as [13] follows: vc = − Voc,ll sin ωme t + . (19)
3 3
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ 2π ⎤
Sd cos (θme ) cos (θme − 2π3 ) cos (θme + 3 )
b) Applying the dq0 transformation (11) gives
2
⎣ Sq ⎦ = ⎣ −sin(θme ) −sin(θme − 2π ) −sin(θme + 2π ) ⎦ 
3 3 3 2
S0 1 1 1
vq = Voc,ll (20)
⎡ ⎤ 2 2 2 3
Sa
and thus from (14) with i q = 0
× ⎣ Sb ⎦ (11)
  
Sc vq 2 Voc,ll
λd = = . (21)
and the inverse transformation as follows: ωme 3 ωme
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ c) Finally, we observe from (15) with i d = 0 that λm = λd
Sa cos (θme ) − sin (θme ) 1 Sd
⎣ Sb ⎦ = ⎣ cos (θme − 2π ) − sin (θme − 2π ) 1 ⎦ ⎣ Sq ⎦ (12) and thus
3 3   
Sc cos (θme + 2π 3 ) − sin (θme + 3 ) 1
2π S0 2 Voc,ll
λm = (22)
where θme is the angular displacement of the rotor direct axis 3 ωme
from the stator phase—a magnetic axis in electrical radians 2) Determination of the Axis Inductances L d and L q :
and the subscripts d and q are the direct and quadrature axes, Under a given balanced three-phase synchronous operating
respectively. Although a third component, the zero-sequence condition, (11) can be used to find the d- and q-axis voltages
component, represented by the subscript 0, is also included, v d and v q and currents i d and i q . The d- and q-axis flux
it is not present under the balanced three-phase operating linkages can then be found from (13) and (14). Finally, L d
conditions considered in this paper. and L q can be found from (15) and (16) as follows:
Under steady state operating conditions, the d- and q-axis
λd − λm
quantities are constant and hence the d- and q-axis voltages Ld = (23)
are given by id
λs
Lq = . (24)
v d = Ra i d − ωme λq (13) iq

and Note that the derivation of L d is based on the assumption

that λm remains constant, independent of the loading condi-
v q = Ra i q + ωme λq (14) tions of the machine. Given the fact that saturation of the rotor
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA. Downloaded on April 27,2024 at [Link] UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
UMANS: TOTAL-FLUX REPRESENTATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 347

flux paths, which gives rise to the variations in the axis induc- [9] B. Stumberger, G. Stumberger, D. Dolinar, A. Hamler, and M. Trlep,
tances which are at the heart of this discussion, also affects “Evalution of saturation and cross-magnetization effects in interior
permanent-magnet synchronous motor,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39,
the magnet produced flux linkages with the stator winding, it no. 5, pp. 1264–1271, Sep./Oct. 2003.
is highly likely that this assumption is not justifiable; a further [10] M. M. Bech, T. S. Frederiksen, and P. Sandholdt, “Accurate torque
problem with the attempt to formulate a dq0 representation. control of saturated interior permanent magnet synchronous motors in
the field-weakening region,” in Proc. 40th IAS Annu. Meeting Conf. Rec.
Similarly, it is assumed that saturation does not shift the axis Ind. Appl. Conf., Oct. 2005, pp. 2526–2532.
of the magnet-produced flux such that it produces a component [11] P. Guglielmi, M. Pastorelli, and A. Vagati, “Cross-saturation effects in
along the quadrature axis. IPM motors and related impact on sensorless control,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Appl., vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1516–1522, Nov./Dec. 2006
[12] E. Armando, P. Guglielmi, G. Pellegrino, M. Pastorelli, and A. Vagati,
R EFERENCES “Accurate modeling and performance analysis of IPM-PMASR motors,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 123–130, Jan./Feb. 2009.
[1] A. Blondel, “Synchronous motors and converters,” (Transl.: C. D. [13] S. D. Umans, Fitzgerald and Kingsley’s Electric Machinery, 7th ed. New
Mailloux, 1913, Part 3). York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 2013.
[2] R. E. Doherty and C. A. Nickle, “Synchronous machines, I—An
extension of Blondel’s two-reaction theory,” Trans. AIEE, vol. 45, pp.
912–947, Jun. 1926.
[3] R. H. Park, “Two-reaction theory of synchronous machines, generalized
method of analysis—Part I,” Trans. AIEE, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 716–727,
Jul. 1929.
[4] P. Vas, K. E. Hallenius, and J. E. Brown, “Cross-saturation in smooth-
air-gap electrical machines,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. EC-1, Stephen D. Umans (S’67-M’75-SM’82-F’95) was
no. 1, pp. 103–112, Mar. 1986. born in Cleveland, OH, USA. He received the S.B.,
[5] A. M. El-Serfi, A. S. Abdallah, M. K. El-Sherbiny, and E. H. Badawy, S.M., and Sc.D. degrees in electrical engineering
“Experimetal study of the saturation and the cross-magnetizing phenom- from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
enon in saturated synchronous machines,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA, in 1972 and 1976,
vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 815–823, Dec. 1988. respectively.
[6] A. M. El-Serafi and J. Wu, “Determination of the parameters represent- He was a Principal Research Engineer with the
ing the cross-magnetizing effect in saturated synchronous machines,” Electromechanical Systems Laboratory, Electrical
IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 333–342, Sep. 1993. Engineering and Computer Science Department at
[7] X. Liang, A. M. El-Serafi, and S. O. Faried, “Application of the finite- MIT. He is currently an Independent Consultant,
element method for the determination of the parameters representing with specific focus in the areas of electromechanics
the cross-magnetizing in saturated synchronous machines,” IEEE Trans. and electric machinery. He is the author of Fitzgerald & Kingsley’s Electric
Energy Convers., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 70–79, Mar. 2010. Machinery (McGraw-Hill).
[8] B. Despalatoviic, M. Jadric, and B. Terzic, “Modeling of saturated Dr. Umans is a recipient of the Cyril Veinott Electromechanical Energy
synchronous generator based on steady-state operating data,” IEEE Conversion Award from the IEEE Power Engineering Society and a member
Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 62–69, Jan./Feb. 2012. of the National Academy of Engineering.

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA. Downloaded on April 27,2024 at [Link] UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.