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INTERNATIONAL A-LEVEL
PHYSICS
Unit 5 Physics in practice

Thursday 13 June 2024 07:00 GMT Time allowed: 2 hours

Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• a Data and Formulae Booklet as a loose insert Question Mark
• a ruler with millimetre measurements
1
• a scientific calculator, which you are expected to use where appropriate
• a protractor. 2
3
Instructions 4
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 5
• Answer all questions. 6
• You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write 7
outside the box around each page or on blank pages.
• All working must be shown. TOTAL
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s).
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked.

Information
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• The maximum mark for this paper is 80.

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Section A box

Answer all questions in this section.

0 1 Figure 1 shows a fixed mass of gas held in an insulated cylinder.

Figure 1

The volume V and the pressure P of the gas are measured as the gas is allowed
to expand.

Table 1 shows derived values of ln(P / Pa) and ln(V / cm3).

Table 1

ln(P / Pa) ln(V / cm3)

14.6 4.38

13.7 5.08

13.1 5.48

12.8 5.77

12.3 6.17

0 1 . 1 Plot, on Figure 2, a graph of ln(P / Pa) against ln(V / cm3).

Use the false origin provided.
[4 marks]

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Figure 2 box

Question 1 continues on the next page

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0 1 . 2 Determine the gradient of the graph. box

[2 marks]

gradient =

0 1 . 3 P and V are connected by the relationship:

γ
PV = k

where k and γ are constants.

Determine γ for this gas.

[2 marks]

γ= 8

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0 2 Figure 3 shows apparatus used to determine the specific heat capacity c of a liquid. box

Figure 3

A liquid flows through a glass tube at a constant rate. The liquid is heated by a
heating coil, then leaves the tube and is collected in a beaker. Before any
measurements are taken, the heating coil is turned on until the temperatures shown
by the thermometers become constant.

The initial temperature T1 of the water at the inlet as it enters the tube and the final
temperature T2 of the water at the outlet as it leaves the tube are measured.
The voltage V1 across the heating coil and the current I1 in the coil are measured.
The mass m1 of liquid collected in a time t = 60 s is measured.

The principle of conservation of energy leads to the equation:

V1I1t = m1c(T2 – T1) + Q

where Q is the energy transfer to the surroundings.

0 2 . 1 This equation does not include the energy used to change the temperature of
the apparatus.

Explain why.
[1 mark]

Question 2 continues on the next page

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The rate of flow of liquid is now changed. The experiment is repeated to eliminate Q box

from the calculation.

The voltage and current are adjusted so that T1 and T2 have the same values as they
had in the first determination.
The new value V2 of the voltage and the new value I2 of the current are now
measured.
The new mass m2 of liquid collected in a time t = 60 s is measured.

0 2 . 2 Explain why Q is the same for both determinations.

[2 marks]

0 2 . 3 Show that c is given by:

(V1 I1 – V2 I 2 )t
c=
(m1 – m2 )(T2 – T1 )
[2 marks]

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The data below are the measurements for the liquid. box

V1 I1 – V2 I2 = 37.5 (± 4%) W
T1 = 18.0 (± 0.1) °C
T2 = 23.6 (± 0.1) °C
m1 = 418 (± 1) g
m2 = 255 (± 1) g
t = 60 (± 1%) s

0 2 . 4 State the absolute uncertainty in (T2 – T1) and in (m1 – m2).

[1 mark]

absolute uncertainty in (T2 – T1) =

absolute uncertainty in (m1 – m2) =

0 2 . 5 State the percentage uncertainty in (T2 – T1) and in (m1 – m2).

[1 mark]

percentage uncertainty in (T2 – T1) =

percentage uncertainty in (m1 – m2) =

Question 2 continues on the next page

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0 2 . 6 Calculate c in J g–1 K–1. box

[1 mark]

c= J g–1 K–1

0 2 . 7 Calculate the absolute uncertainty in the value for c.

[2 marks]

absolute uncertainty = J g–1 K–1

0 2 . 8 During the experiment, some liquid leaks from the apparatus at the inlet in Figure 3.

Explain whether this leak affects the calculated value for c.

[1 mark]

11

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Turn over for the next question box

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ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

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0 3 A student investigates the relationship between the temperature θ of a thermistor and box

its resistance R. Figure 4 shows some of the apparatus that he uses.

Figure 4

The student varies θ by changing the temperature of the water.

For each temperature he measures the current I in the thermistor and the potential
difference V across the thermistor. He then calculates R.

0 3 . 1 The student wants I to be the same for each determination of R.

He needs to measure I and V.
He connects the thermistor to the battery using a potential divider that will allow him to
adjust V.

Complete Figure 4 to show how to connect the thermistor to the battery.

Include the additional components needed in your diagram.
[2 marks]

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Table 2 shows the student’s values of θ and R. box

Table 2

θ / °C R / kΩ

20 12

40 5.0

60 3.5

80 2.0

The student believes that R is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature

of the thermistor.

0 3 . 2 Suggest how to analyse these results to check whether or not the student is correct.
You are not required to analyse the data.
[2 marks]

0 3 . 3 Describe two ways in which the student could improve his data to help him decide
whether his hypothesis is valid.
[2 marks]

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0 4 A student estimates the Planck constant h using the circuit shown in Figure 5. The box

student uses a variable power supply to change the voltage V across the LED.

Figure 5

The student has six different LEDs. Each LED emits a different wavelength λ of light.

The pd across one LED is increased from zero. The student first notices that the LED
is emitting light when the pd is V1.

The pd across the LED is now decreased from a large value towards zero. The
student first notices that the LED has stopped emitting light when the pd is V2.

For each LED, the student records V1 and V2 and obtains λ from the LED
manufacturer’s data.

Table 3 shows V1 and V2 together with the manufacturer’s value of λ and

1
the value of for all six LEDs.
λ

Table 3

1
λ / nm / 106 m−1 V1 / V V2 / V
λ
460 2.17 2.30 2.18

520 1.92 2.12 1.98

570 1.75 1.94 1.81

620 1.61 1.81 1.69

810 1.23 1.42 1.28

940 1.06 1.28 1.16

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1 box
Figure 6 shows, for the first five data sets, the variation with of the values
λ
of V1 and V2.

1
V1 and V2 are shown as the ends of the error bars for each value of .
λ

Figure 6

0 4 . 1 Plot, on Figure 6, the values for the final data set in Table 3, using an error bar for V.
[1 mark]

0 4 . 2 Draw the two best-fit lines that show the maximum and minimum gradients for
the graph.
[1 mark]

Question 4 continues on the next page

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The student suggests that λ is related to V by: box

hc
λ=
eV

0 4 . 3 Calculate, using the gradients of your best-fit lines in Figure 6, a maximum value and
a minimum value for the Planck constant h.
[4 marks]

maximum value of h = Js

minimum value of h = Js

0 4 . 4 Comment on the accuracy of the determination of h in Question 04.3.

[3 marks]

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0 4 . 5 Suggest why, for each LED, V1 is always greater than V2. box

[1 mark]

0 4 . 6 Suggest one practical way in which the student could improve the measurement
of V1 and V2 in order to reduce the size of each error bar.
[1 mark]

11

END OF SECTION A

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Section B box

Answer all questions in this section.

0 5 Figure 7 shows a water-sprinkler system that distributes water to horizontal ground.

Water under pressure enters the system and is pushed out of 24 identical jets
arranged radially on the sprinkler.
The sprinkler is fixed in place with the jets at a vertical distance h above the ground.
Only one of the jets is shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7

Water is emitted from the sprinkler at the rate of 1680 kg per hour.

density of water = 1.00 × 103 kg m−3

0 5 . 1 The jets have circular cross-sections.

The radius of each jet is 8.82 × 10−4 m.

Show that the speed of the water as it emerges from a jet is approximately 8.0 m s−1.
[3 marks]

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The jet shown in Figure 7 is at an angle of 43° to the horizontal. box

The centre of the stream of water reaches the ground at a horizontal distance
of 6.70 m from the jet.

0 5 . 2 Calculate h.
Assume that air resistance is negligible.
[4 marks]

h= m

0 5 . 3 In practice, not all of the water leaving the jet has the same speed.

Explain why water from the jet travels a range of horizontal distances before reaching
the ground.
[2 marks]

Question 5 continues on the next page

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Figure 8 is a view from above of a different water-sprinkler system. Only two of the box

24 jets are shown.

Each jet is directed at an angle of 60° to the line joining the jet to the centre of the
sprinkler, as shown in Figure 8.
Each jet is horizontal.

Figure 8

The water leaving each jet exerts a force F = 0.24 N on the sprinkler.
The total torque on the sprinkler arises from the force exerted by each of the 24 jets.

0 5 . 4 The average speed of water leaving each jet is 9.0 m s−1.

Calculate the mass of water leaving the whole sprinkler in one second.
[3 marks]

mass in one second = kg

0 5 . 5 The radius r of the sprinkler is 2.6 × 10−2 m.

Calculate the total torque exerted on the sprinkler by the 24 water jets.
[2 marks]

torque = Nm 14

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0 6 Figure 9 shows a Van de Graaff generator. It stores a large positive charge on its box

metal dome.

Figure 9

A motor drives the lower roller that drives the rubber belt. The belt carries electrons
away from the metal dome.
The metal dome is left with a positive charge.

The belt does not slip on the rollers.

The motor makes the lower roller rotate at 1200 revolutions per minute.
The lower roller has a diameter of 4.2 cm.

0 6 . 1 Calculate the speed of the belt.

[2 marks]

speed = m s−1

Question 6 continues on the next page

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0 6 . 2 The upper roller has a period of rotation of 40 ms. box

Calculate the circumference of the upper roller.

[1 mark]

circumference = m

When the Van de Graaff generator is charged, the electric potential at the surface of
its dome is 120 000 V.

The dome of the Van de Graaff generator acts as a capacitor that stores energy.
Consider the dome to be a sphere of radius r.

0 6 . 3 Show that the capacitance of the dome is 4πε0r.

[2 marks]

0 6 . 4 The Van de Graaff generator is a machine that transfers energy.

Assume that the useful energy output of the Van de Graaff generator is equal to the
energy stored in this capacitor.

The dome has a diameter of 35 cm. It takes approximately 5 s for the Van de Graaff
generator to become fully charged.
The motor that drives the belt has a power rating of 48 W.

Estimate the percentage efficiency of the Van de Graaff generator as it is charging.

[3 marks]

percentage efficiency =

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0 6 . 5 When the Van de Graaff generator is placed in a vacuum and fully charged, it can be box

used to accelerate charged particles.

An ion with a specific charge of +4.82 × 107 C kg−1 is released from the dome.

Calculate the maximum possible speed of the ion.

[4 marks]

maximum speed = m s−1 12

Turn over for the next question

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0 7 The two most common uranium isotopes in uranium deposits are U-235 and U-238. box

The percentages of U-235 and U-238 in deposits of ore are approximately the same
all over the world but these percentages change with time.

Table 4 shows the percentages of atoms of U-235 and U-238 present in uranium
deposits today and 1.7 × 109 years ago.

Table 4

Percentage present Estimated percentage present

Isotope
today 1.7 × 109 years ago

U-235 0.72 3.1

U-238 99.28 96.9

0 7 . 1 Show that the estimated percentages of U-235 and U-238 present 1.7 × 109 years
ago are approximately consistent with the percentages present today.

decay constant for U-235 = 9.84 × 10−10 year−1

decay constant for U-238 = 1.55 × 10−10 year−1
[4 marks]

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The U-235 in a uranium deposit can lead to a nuclear reaction occurring naturally. box

Such a natural nuclear reactor operated in a uranium deposit about 1.7 × 109 years
ago.

Evidence of this reactor is shown by:

• the presence in the uranium deposit of nuclides that are products of U-235 fission
• this uranium deposit having a smaller proportion of U-235 than deposits in other
parts of the world.

0 7 . 2 Explain why the percentage of U-235 in a uranium deposit is an important factor in

determining whether a chain reaction can occur.
[2 marks]

Water was able to penetrate the deposit and come into close contact with the U-235.

0 7 . 3 Explain why fission chain reactions could only be sustained when water was in close
contact with the U-235.
[4 marks]

Question 7 continues on the next page

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The fission reactions occurred in start–stop cycles. box

The fission reactions heated the water and turned it into high-pressure steam at
temperatures of several hundred °C. The pressure of the steam forced the water
away from the U-235 deposit, stopping the fission. As the rock cooled and the steam
condensed, water re-entered the deposit and the fission cycle began again.

The duration of each cycle was a few hours from start to finish.

0 7 . 4 Suggest one property of the rock that would affect the duration of each
start–stop cycle.
[1 mark]

0 7 . 5 Suggest one property of the water that would affect the duration of each
start–stop cycle.
[1 mark]

0 7 . 6 The mean energy released from the fission of a U-235 nucleus is 211 MeV.

Show that an energy release of 211 MeV is equivalent to a change in mass defect
of approximately 4 × 10−28 kg.
[2 marks]

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0 7 . 7 It is estimated that the total mass defect from all of the U-235 fissions was 4.6 kg box

during the lifetime of the natural reactor.

Calculate, in kg, the total mass of U-235 nuclei that underwent fission during the
lifetime of the reactor.

molar mass of U-235 = 0.235 kg

[3 marks]

total mass of U-235 = kg

0 7 . 8 One reason why the natural nuclear reactor stopped operating was because the
percentage of U-235 in the deposit decreased.

Suggest one other reason why the reactor stopped operating.

[1 mark]

18

END OF QUESTIONS

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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