CHEMISTRY PROJEC

INTRODUCTION
What is aspirin?
Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It was
the first of this class of drug to be discovered.
Aspirin contains salicylate, a compound found in plants such as
the willow tree and myrtle. Its use was first recorded
around 4,000 years
Hippocrates used willow bark for relieving pain and fevers, and
some people still use willow bark as a natural remedy for
headaches and minor pain.
NSAIDs are a class of drug with the following effects:
 relieving pain
 reducing fever
 lowering inflammation, in higher doses
These drugs are not steroids. Steroids often have similar
benefits to NSAIDs, but they are not appropriate for everyone
and can have unwanted side effects. As analgesics, NSAIDs
tend to be non-narcotic. This means that they do not cause
insensibility or a stupor. Aspirin is a trademark owned by the
German pharmaceutical company Bayer. The generic term for
aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid.

Uses
Aspirin has many uses, including relieving pain and swelling,
managing various conditions, and reducing the risk of
cardiovascular events in people with a high risk. Below, we
describe these uses in more details.
Pain and swelling
Aspirin can relieve mild to moderate pain, swelling, or both
associated with many health issues, such as:
  headaches
 a cold or flu
 sprains and strains
 menstrual cramps
 long-term conditions, such as arthritis and migraine
For severe pain, a doctor may recommend using aspirin
alongside another drug, such as an opioid pain reliever or
another NSAID.
Preventing cardiovascular events
In people with a high risk of cardiovascular events, low-dose
aspirin can reduce the risk by preventing blood clots from
forming.
A doctor may recommend daily low-dose aspirin for people who
:
 have a heart or blood vessel disease
 have evidence of poor blood flow to the brain
 have high blood cholesterol
 have high blood pressure, or hypertension
 have diabetes
 smoke
However, for people without these issues, the risks of long-term
aspirin use can outweigh the benefits.

Treating coronary events

Doctors may administer aspirin immediately after a heart
attack, stroke, or another cardiovascular event to prevent
further clot formation and cardiac tissue death.

Other uses
Aspirin can also help treat pain and swelling associated with
the following chronic health conditions:
  rheumatic conditions, including rheumatn
arthritis, osteoarthritis and other inflammatory joint
conditions
 systemic lupus erythematosus
 inflammation around the heart, known as pericarditis
Doctors may recommend low-dose aspirin to people:
 with retinal damage, also called retinopathy
 who have had diabetes for more than 10 years
 who are taking antihypertensive medications
 with a risk of colorectal cancer

How is aspirin prepared?

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is made through a chemical
reaction between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride, with an
acid like sulfuric acid acting as a catalyst. The purity of aspirin
can be tested by determining its melting point and using
spectrophotometry

OBJECTIVE-
To synthesize some common pain relievers: aspirin
and acetaminophen and to determine the purity of the aspirin
or acetaminophen.

THEORY-
Aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, was first synthesized in 1893 by
Felix Hofmann, a chemist for the German firm of Bayer. This
compound had the medicinal properties of salicylic acid, an
extract of willow bark, without the unpleasant taste or the high
degree of irritation of the mucous membranes lining the
mouth, gullet, and stomach. Aspirin is both an organic ester
and an organic acid. It is used extensively in medicine as a pain
killer (analgesic)and as a fever-reducing drug
(antipyretic). When ingested, acetylsalicylic acid remains intact
in the acidic stomach, but in the basic medium of the upper
intestinal tract, it hydrolyzes forming the salicylate and acetate
ions. However, its additional physiological effects and
biochemical reactions are still not thoroughly understood.
Aspirin (molar mass of 180.2 g/mol) is prepared by reacting
salicylic acid (molar mass of 138.1 g/mol) with acetie
atmospheric pressure, but it is always lowered by
the presence of impurities (a colligative property of pure substa
nces). The degree of lowering of the melting pointdepends on
the nature and the concentration of the impurities.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS-
Wear safety glasses or goggles at all times in the laboratory.
Acetic anhydride is corrosive and its vapor is irritating to the
respiratory system. Avoid skin contact and inhalation of the
vapors. In the event of skin contact, rinse well with cold
water. If the vapors are inhaled, move to an area where fresh
air is available. Sulfuric acid is corrosive. Avoid skin contact. In
the event of skin contact, rinse well with cold water. p-
aminophenol is harmful by inhalation and by contact with
the skin. In the event of skin contact, rinse well with cold
water. If the vapors are inhaled, move to an area where fresh
air is available

Material Required-
Salicylic acid , Acetic anhydride, Sulfuric acid, concentrated,
Ethanol, Dropper, Erlenmeyer flask, 125-mLBeakers, 2 400-mL,
100-mL, 10 or 20-mLGraduated cylinders, 10-mL, 25-mLWatch
glass, Stirring rod, Vial to hold aspirin sample, Ring stand,
Clamp (to hold 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask)Buchner funnel Filter
paper to fit Buchner funnel Vaccuum filtration flask, Rubber
tubing for vacuum flask Ice, Thermometer, 110°CMelting point
capillary tube, Melting point apparatus, dropper, Disposable IR
card, (Optional: rubber gloves)
Procedure-
1. Weigh out 2.0 g of salicylic acid and place it in a 125-
mL Erlenmeyer flask.
2. Add 5 mL of acetic anhydride. Swirl the flask to
wet the salicylic acid crystals.
3. Add 5 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4 , to
the mixture and gently heat the flask in a boiling
water bath for about 10 minutes.
4. Remove the flask from the hot water bath and add 10
mL of deionized ice water to decompose any excess
acetic anhydride.
5. Chill the solution in an ice bath until crystals of aspirin
no longer form, stirring occasionally to decompose
residual acetic anhydride. If an "oil" appears instead of
a solid, reheat the flask in the hot water bath until the
oil disappears and again cool.
6. Set up a vacuum filtration apparatus. Wet the filter
paper in the Buchner funnel with 1-2 mL of distilled
water.
7. Turn on the water aspirator. Decant the liquid onto the
filter paper, minimizing any transfer of the solid
aspirin. Ifsome aspirin is inadvertently transferred to
the filter, that will not cause any difficulty.
8. Add 15 mL of cold water to the flask, swirl, and chill
again. Pour the liquid and the crystals of aspirin onto
the filter paper.
9. Repeat until the transfer of the crystals to
the vacuum filter is complete.
10. Wash the aspirin crystals on thefilter paper with
10 mL of ice water.Maintain the vacuum to dry the
crystals as best possible.
11. If aspirin forms in the filtrate in the vacuum flask,
transfer the filtrate and aspirin to a beaker, chill in an
ice bath,and vacuum filter as before, using a new
piece of filter paper.
12. Dispose of the filtrate in the sink.
13. Determine the mass of the crude aspirin crystals.
 Recrystallization of aspirin-
The major impurity in aspirin is salicylic acid. It can be
removed by a recrystallization.
1. Place the aspirin crystals in a 100-mL beaker. Add
8 mL of ethanol and 25 mL of water. Warm the
mixture in a 60°C water bath (no flame, use a hot
plate or a hot water bath).
2. Warm the mixture until the aspirin dissolves. (If the
solid does not dissolve after heating, consult with
your instructor.)
3. Cover the beaker with a watch glass, remove it
from the heat, and set it aside to cool slowly.
4. Set the beaker in an ice bath. Beautiful needle-like
crystals of acetylsalicylic acid form.
5. Collect the aspirin by vacuum filtration. Wash the
crystals with two 10-mL volumes of ice water.
6. Maintain the vacuum to air dry the aspirin. If time
does not permit, place the filter paper and aspirin
sample on a watch glass and allow them to air-dry.
7. Transfer the dry aspirin crystals to a pre-weighed
sample container or vial.
Chemical reaction-

 The synthesis of aspirin involves an esterification reaction

between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride, with sulfuric acid acting as
a catalyst:
 C7H6O3 + (CH3CO)2O C9H8O4 + CH₃COOH
 7 6 3 3 2

Observation Table
Mass of salicylic acid ____________ g
Mass of crude aspirin ____________ g
Mass of purified aspirin ____________ g
Theoretical yield of aspirin (show calculation belo
w) _______g
Percent yield of aspirin (show calculation below) _
________ %
Melting point of aspirin ____________

Conclusion-
In this project, we successfully synthesized
aspirin from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride.
We observed the effect of different reaction
conditions on the yield and purity of aspirin. Our
hypothesis was supported by the data, showing
that careful control of the reaction conditions can
optimize the synthesis process.
Bibliography-

1. Chemistry NCERT Class 12

2. Khan Academy.
https://www.khanacademy.org
3. ThoughtCo.
https://www.thoughtco.com
4. Wikipedia.
https://www.wikipedia.org
5-Byjus-
https://byjus.com
6. Chemistry LibreTexts.
https://chem.libretexts.org
NAME DEETYA KHANNA

CLASS & SECTION XII B

ROLL NO 4

TOPIC PREPARATION OF
ASPRIN

TEACHER’S NAME MS. ARCHANA

SHARMA

TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

TEACHER’S REMARKS
 CERTIFICATE OF
COMPLETION

This is to certify that Deetya

khanna of class 12th – B has
successfully completed the
investigatory project under the
guidance of Mrs. Archana
Sharma (Chemistry Teacher)
as prescribed by the CBSE
during the academic year
2024-2025.

External examiner Mrs.

Archana Sharma mam
(Signature of external examiner) (signature of
teacher)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to sincerely thank my

chemistry teacher Mrs. Archana
Sharma for providing a helping hand
and completing this project titled
“Preparation Of Aspirin”.
I would also like to extend my gratitude
to our Lab Assistant Mr. Arvind Sir for
providing me with all the facility,
equipment and resources that was
required in the completion of my
project.