apter

C h

5 Canada

Socia l Stu die s

To learn more about Canada’s people Chapter Overview Visit The World and Its
and places, view The World and Its People Web site at twip.glencoe.com and
People Chapter 5 video. click on Chapter 5—Chapter Overviews to
preview information about Canada.

156
 Compare-Contrast Make this foldable to help you analyze the
similarities and differences between the landforms, climate, and cultures
of northern and southern Canada.

Step 1 Mark the midpoint of the side Step 2 Turn the paper and fold the
edge of a sheet of paper. outside edges in to touch at the midpoint.

Draw a mark
at the midpoint.

Step 3 Turn and label your foldable as shown.

Northern
Canada

Southern
Canada

Reading and Writing As you read the chapter, collect

and write information under the appropriate tab that will help
you compare and contrast northern and southern Canada.

Sharing a Border
The boundary line between
Canada and the United States forms
the longest unprotected border in
the world. Citizens of these
countries have been allowed to
travel freely across the border,
which is symbolic of the free trade
between these nations.
▼

Vancouver, British Columbia

▼
Guide to Reading

Main Idea
1 A Resource-Rich
Canada is a vast
country with many
landforms and
resources. Country
Terms to Know
• province
• glacier
• tundra
• prairie
• cordillera
Have you ever seen a lumbering,
• newsprint
snarling grizzly bear up close
Reading Strategy and personal? Many tourists
Create a chart like this come to Banff National
one and list Canada’s
Park in western Canada
provinces in the left
column. In the right hoping to spot such a
column, list the main creature. Located in
economic activities in the Rocky Mountains,
each province. Banff is Canada’s old-
Economic est, best-loved, and
Province
Activities busiest national park.
More than 4 million
visitors a year are drawn
to its spectacular moun-
tain scenery.

V ikings landed their boats on its eastern coast around A.D. 1000.
Niagara Falls thunders in the southeast. Grizzly bears roam its western
regions. What country are we describing? It is Canada.

Canada’s Landscape
Canada, located north of the contiguous United States, is the
world’s second-largest country in land area. Only Russia is larger.
Between Canada and the United States lies the world’s longest unde-
fended border. The friendship between the two countries has allowed
thousands of people to cross this 5,522-mile (8,887-km) border every
day. Like the United States, Canada has the Atlantic Ocean on its east-
ern coast and the Pacific Ocean on its western coast. The Arctic Ocean
lies to the far north.
Unlike the United States, Canada does not have states. Instead, it has
10 provinces, or regional political divisions. It also includes three

158 CHAPTER 5
territories. Look at the map on page 119 to find the eastern province
of Newfoundland and Labrador. Now locate the Maritime Provinces of
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Heading west,
you see Quebec and Ontario, followed by the Prairie Provinces of
Manitoba, Saskatchewan (suh•SKA•chuh•wuhn), and Alberta. On the
far western coast lies British Columbia. Now find the Yukon Territory
and the Northwest Territories. In 1999 a third territory—Nunavut
(NOO•nuh•vuht)—was carved out of part of the Northwest Terri-
tories. This area is the homeland of the Inuit.
The Effect of Glaciers Thousands of years ago, huge glaciers, or
giant sheets of ice, covered most of Canada. The weight of these gla-
ciers pushed much of the land down and created a large, low basin.
Highlands rose on the western, eastern, and northern edges of this
basin. Water filled the land that was pushed very low. As a result,
Canada today has many lakes and inland waterways—more than any
other country in the world.
Look at the map on page 118 to see the horseshoe-shaped region
known as the Canadian Shield that is wrapped around Hudson Bay.
Rocky hills worn down by erosion along with thousands of lakes dot
much of this wilderness region. Deep within the Canadian Shield are
iron ore, copper, nickel, gold, and uranium deposits. Because of the Analyzing
region’s location and cold climate, few people live here. the Diagram
To the north lie the Arctic Islands. Much of the landscape here con-
The St. Lawrence
sists of tundra—vast rolling, treeless plains in which only the top few Seaway provides a
inches of ground thaw in summer. Glaciers blanket the islands that are water link between the
farthest north. Great Lakes and the
Atlantic Ocean.
Southern Canada From Atlantic to Pacific Many of southern
Canada’s physical features extend into the United States. Along Geography Which lake
Canada’s southeastern Atlantic coast stretch the Appalachian Highlands is completely above sea
level?

St. Lawrence Seaway

Iroquois Lock
St. Mary’s St. Clair Detroit
River Soo Locks River Eisenhower
Duluth River
Lock
Welland
Canal Snell Lock
Detroit Lake Erie
St. Lawrence St. Lambert
600 ft. 579 ft. 570 ft. River Lock
(183 m) (176 m) (174 m)
245 ft.
Lake (75 m)
Huron
Sea level
Lake Montreal
Lake Ontario Melocheville Côte-Ste.-
Superior Canada Lock Catherine Lock
Duluth Montreal Beauharnois
St. Lawrence Lock
L. Superior
River
L
.H

Atlantic
n
L. Michiga

uro

o
n tari Ocean
L. O
n

ri e
L. E
Detroit United States
Canada 159
 and the Laurentian Highlands. Traveling through this area of Canada,
you see rolling hills. The valleys between them are dotted with farms.
Forests also blanket much of the landscape. Many deepwater harbors
nestle along the jagged, rocky coasts.
Cutting through these highland areas are the fertile lowlands of the
St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes region. This area experiences a
humid continental climate—long, cold winters and short, warm sum-
mers. Because of its rich soil and warm summers, this region holds
most of Canada’s urban centers, industries, and farms. Canada’s largest
city, Toronto, is located in this region. The St. Lawrence River and the
Great Lakes form the major waterway linking central Canada with the
Atlantic coast. A diagram on page 159 shows the St. Lawrence Seaway’s
system of locks and canals. Huge, slow-moving barges carry grain, ore,
coal, and more through this waterway, which Canada shares with the
United States.
Canada also shares the Great Plains with its southern neighbor.
Look at the physical map on page 118 to locate this region. It is a huge
prairie—a rolling, inland grassy area with fertile soil. Herds of buffalo
once roamed here. Today large cattle ranches and farms occupy most
of the land.
Another landform shared by Canada and the United States is
the Rocky Mountains, part of an area called the cordillera
(KAWR•duhl•YEHR•uh). A cordillera is a group of mountain ranges that
run side by side. The Canadian Rockies are known for their scenic
beauty and rich mineral resources. Tourists are drawn to this area, par-
ticularly to Banff and Jasper National Parks.
West of the Rockies you cross high plateaus until you reach the
Coast Mountains. These mountains skirt Canada’s Pacific shore and

On Location
•

Toronto
Toronto and its sub-
urbs have well over
4 million people, mak-
ing the area Canada’s
largest urban center.
Place In which
province is Toronto
located?
 Canada: Economic Activity

°W
70°
14

40
0°

N
ARCTIC W
°W
120 60
OCEAN °W
0 mi. 500 100°W 80°W
Resources
0 km 500
Azimuthal Equidistant projection Coal Gold Silver
Baffin
Bay Copper Iron ore Uranium
ALASKA
Fishing Petroleum Zinc

ARC T
IC CIRCLE
Whitehorse °N
Iqaluit 60
Yellowknife Labrador
Sea
°N
50
Hudson
C A N A D A Bay
Edmonton Corner
Brook St. John's
Vancouver Calgary °N
Wheat Grand 40
Victoria Regina Banks
Winnipeg Sydney
PACIFIC
Quebec Saint
John Halifax
OCEAN
Montreal
Ottawa N
Toronto
Hamilton E
Windsor W
Land Use S
Commercial farming
Subsistence farming UNITED STATES
Ranching
Nomadic herding
ATLANTIC
Hunting and gathering Applying Map Skills
OCEAN
Forests
Manufacturing area
Little or no activity
1. In which part of Canada
does ranching take place?
2. In which cities might you
form another part of the cordillera. A string of islands off Canada’s expect to find places
west coast are actually peaks of underwater mountains. The highest where fish are canned?
peak in Canada—Mount Logan—soars 19,551 feet (5,959 m) near Find NGS online map resources @
the border with Alaska. www.nationalgeographic.com/maps
British Columbia’s southwestern Pacific coastline is similar to
the coastlines of Washington and Oregon. With its marine west
coast climate, this is the only area in Canada that has wet, mild win-
ters. In fact, British Columbia’s capital—Victoria—is known for its
well-kept gardens that bloom year-round.
What are three landforms that Canada shares with the
United States?

Canada’s Economic Regions

Canada is known for fertile farmland, rich natural resources, and
skilled workers. Manufacturing, farming, and service industries are the
country’s major economic activities. Like the United States, Canada has
a free market economy in which people start and run businesses with
limited government involvement. Canada’s government, however,

Canada 161
 plays a more direct role in the
On Location Canadian economy. For example,
Canada’s national and provincial
governments provide health care for
citizens. Broadcasting, transporta-
tion, and electric power companies
are heavily regulated. These public
services might not have been avail-
able in Canada’s remote areas with-
out government support.
As you would expect, geography
plays a major role in where industries
are located. Factors such as nearness
to the ocean, location along the
Nighttime • U.S.–Canadian border, and oil and
coal deposits determine where indus-
Harvest tries, jobs, and people can be found.

At harvest time in Eastern Canada Fishing traditionally has been the major industry
southern Saskatch- in Newfoundland and Labrador and the Maritime Provinces. The
ewan, the work goes Grand Banks, off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador, is one of
on around the clock. the best fishing grounds in the world. These waters have been over-
The farms in the fished, however. The government now regulates how many fish may be
Prairie Provinces are
caught in these waters. As a result, fewer Canadians make a living from
large and depend on
machinery. the sea. Instead, most people in the Maritime Provinces today hold jobs
in manufacturing, mining, and tourism. Halifax is a major shipping
Economics What
center in this region. Its harbor remains open in winter when ice
other economic activi-
ties take place in the closes many other eastern Canadian ports.
Prairie Provinces? Quebec and Ontario Manufacturing and service industries are
dominant in Canada’s largest province, Quebec. Almost one-fourth of
Canadians live in Quebec, where agriculture and fishing are also
important. Montreal, an important port on the St. Lawrence River, is
Canada’s second-largest city. It is also a major financial and industrial
center. The city of Quebec, founded by the French in 1608, is the cap-
ital of the province of Quebec. Many historic sites and a European
charm make it popular with tourists.
Canada’s second-largest province is Ontario. It has the most people
and greatest wealth, however. It produces more than half of Canada’s
manufactured goods. Southern Ontario also has fertile land and a grow-
ing season long enough for farming. Farmers here grow grains, fruits,
and vegetables and raise beef and dairy cattle.
As you know, Toronto is Canada’s largest city. It is also the capital
of Ontario and the country’s chief manufacturing, financial, and com-
munications center. Ottawa, the national capital, lies in Ontario near
the border with Quebec. Many Canadians work in government offices
in Ottawa.
The Prairie Provinces and British Columbia Farming and ranch-
ing are major economic activities in the Prairie Provinces of Manitoba,

162 CHAPTER 5
Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Canada produces large amounts of wheat,
most of which is exported to Europe and Asia. Some of the world’s
largest reserves of oil and natural gas are found in Alberta and
Saskatchewan. Huge pipelines carry the oil and gas to other parts of
Canada and the United States. Canada is the fifth-largest energy pro-
ducer in the world.
Thick forests blanket much of British Columbia. The province
helps make Canada the world’s leading producer of newsprint, the
type of paper used for printing newspapers. Timber and mining indus-
tries add to British Columbia’s wealth. Fishing and tourism are also
strong economic activities. Fishing fleets sail out into the Pacific
Ocean to catch salmon and other kinds of fish. Vancouver is a
bustling trade center and Canada’s main Pacific port.
NAFTA About $1 billion worth of trade passes between Canada and
the United States each day. In 1994 Canada, the United States, and
Mexico entered into the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) to remove trade barriers among the three countries. Some
Canadians fear that their economy is too dependent on the United
States. They worry that the American economy is so large that it will
dominate the partnership.
Which city is Canada’s chief manufacturing and communi-
cations center?

1 Assessment

Defining Terms Graphic Organizer

1. Define province, glacier, tundra, prairie, 7. Organizing Information Create a chart like
cordillera, newsprint. this one. Then list each province, the resources
found in it, and major cities located there, if
Recalling Facts
any.
2. History What is unusual about the border
between Canada and the United States? Province Resources Cities
3. Place Name four of the mineral resources
found in the Canadian Shield.
4. Economics Which province is the world’s
leading producer of newsprint?
Critical Thinking
5. Making Inferences Why is Vancouver a Applying Social Studies Skills
useful port for Canadian trade with Asian
countries?
8. Analyzing Maps Look at the economic activ-
6. Drawing Conclusions Explain why
ity map on page 161. Name the resources and
some Canadians worry about NAFTA.
types of economic activity that can be found
near the city of Edmonton.

Canada 163
 Developing
Multimedia Presentations
Your homework is to make a presentation Practicing the Skill
about a Canadian province. You want to
Use the following questions as a guide
make your presentation informative but also
when planning your presentation:
interesting and fun. One way to do this is
to combine several types of media into a 1. Which forms of media do I want to
multimedia presentation. include? Video? Sound? Animation?
Photographs? Graphics?
2. Which of the media forms does my
computer support?
Learning the Skill 3. Which kinds of media equipment are
available at my school or local library?
A multimedia presentation involves using 4. What types of media can I create to
several types of media, including photo- enhance my presentation?
graphs, videos, or sound recordings. The
equipment can range from cassette players
to overhead projectors to VCRs to comput- Applying the Skill
ers. In your presentation on the Canadian
province of Ontario, for example, you might Plan and create a multimedia presentation
show photographs of Niagara Falls. You on a province in Canada. List three ideas you
could also find a video of people working in would like to cover. Use as many multimedia
a large corporation in Toronto. You can then materials as possible and share your presen-
combine these items on a computer. tation with the class.
Computer multimedia programs allow you
to combine text, video, audio, graphics, and
animation. The tools you need include com-
puter graphic and drawing programs, anima- m Various equipment is needed to make multimedia
tion programs that make certain images move, presentations. For example, a photograph of the
and systems that tie everything together. Ice Palace (left) will make your report on the
province of Quebec more interesting.

164
Guide to Reading

Main Idea
2
Canadians of many
different backgrounds
live in towns and cities
close to the United
States border.
Terms to Know
• dominion Arrêt or Stop? People living
• parliamentary in Quebec need to
democracy
know both words
• prime minister
• bilingual when they cross the
• autonomy street. Canada has
Reading Strategy two official languages—
English and French.
Create a chart like this
one and give at least All government docu-
two facts about ments are printed in
Canada for each topic. both languages. In
Quebec, even the
History
school system is
Population
divided into French
Culture
and English.

A bout 32 million people live in Canada. Like the United States,

Canada’s population is made up of many different cultures. The largest
group of Canadians has a European heritage, but the country is home
to people from all countries. Unlike the United States, Canada has had
difficulty achieving a strong sense of being one nation. The country’s
vast distances and separate cultures cause some Canadians to feel
more closely attached to their own region than to Canada as a whole.

Canada’s History
Inuit and other Native North Americans lived for thousands of years
in Canada before European settlers arrived. Some lived in coastal fish-
ing villages.Others were hunters and gatherers constantly on the move.
Still others founded permanent settlements. The first Europeans in
Canada were Viking explorers who landed in about A.D. 1000. They
lived for a while on the Newfoundland coast but eventually left.
In the 1500s and 1600s, both Britain and France claimed areas of
Canada. French explorers, settlers, and missionaries founded several
cities. The most important were Quebec and Montreal. For almost 230

165
 Clothing
The Inuit of the Canadian Arctic designed their
clothes for protection from the harsh climate.
Traditional clothing was made up of a caribou or
sealskin parka, pants, mittens, and boots. In winter
the Inuit wore their furs facing toward the skin. This
created air pockets that trapped warm air close to
the body. On top they wore another layer with the
fur facing outward. The clothing flapped as the
wearer moved, creating a breeze that kept the per-
son from overheating while running or working.
Looking Closer How does traditional clothing pro-
tect the Inuit from the harsh climate?

years, France ruled the area around the St. Lawrence River and the
Great Lakes. This region was called New France.
During the 1600s and 1700s, England and France fought each other
for territory around the globe. Eventually, by 1763, the British gained
control of all of Canada. Tragically, European warfare and diseases were
destroying the Native American cultures during this time.
From Colony to Nation For about 100 years, Great Britain held
Canada as a colony. As you recall from Chapter 4, a colony is an over-
seas territory with ties to the parent country. While Canada was ruled
by Great Britain, English and French areas were kept separate. Each
region had its own colonial government. In 1867 the different colonies
of Canada became one nation known as the Dominion of Canada. As a
dominion, Canada had its own government to run local affairs. Great
Britain, however, still controlled Canada’s relations with other countries.
The new Canadian government promised continued protection for
the French language and culture in Quebec. Yet many English-speaking
Canadians did not always keep this promise. French speakers often
claimed that they were treated unfairly because of their heritage.Canada
was often torn apart by disputes between the two ethnic groups.
During the 1900s, Canadians fought side by side with the British
and Americans in the two World Wars. Canada’s loyal support in these
conflicts gradually led to the nation’s full independence. In 1982
Canadians peacefully won the right to change their constitution with-
out British approval. Today only one major link between Canada and
Great Britain remains. The British king or queen still reigns as king or
queen of Canada, but this is a ceremonial position with no real power.
Canada’s Government The Canadians have a British-style parlia-
mentary democracy. In a parliamentary democracy, voters elect

166 CHAPTER 5
representatives to a lawmaking body called Parliament. These repre-
sentatives then choose an official called the prime minister to head
the government. The British king or queen visits Canada only once in
a while, so a Canadian official called the governor-general carries out
most of the government’s ceremonial duties.
What was the result of Great Britain keeping the French
and British areas separate?

A Bilingual Country
Canada’s history of being colonized by both France and Great Britain
means that two European languages and cultures exist together today.
About one-fourth of the Canadians are descended from French-speaking
settlers. (By comparison, in the United States, only 1 person out of 20
claims French ancestry.) Most of these people live in Quebec. There,
the French, not the British, are the majority ethnic group.
The people of Quebec have long refused to give up their French
language and customs. They did not want to “become English.” As a
result, Canada today is a bilingual country, with two official languages.

A DECLARATION OF FIRST NATIONS

“TheWeCreator
the Original Peoples of this land know the Creator put us here.
gave us laws that govern all our relationships to live
in harmony with nature and mankind.
The Laws of the Creator defined our rights and responsibilities.
The Creator gave us our spiritual beliefs, our languages, our
culture, and a place on Mother Earth, which provided us with all our needs.
We have maintained our Freedom, our Languages, and our Traditions from
time immemorial.
We continue to exercise the rights and fulfill the responsibilities and
obligations given to us by the Creator for the land upon which we
were placed.
The Creator has given us the right to govern ourselves and the right to
self-determination.
The rights and responsibilities given to us by the Creator cannot be altered
or taken away by any other Nation.
”
Copyright © Assembly of First Nations National Indian Brotherhood 2001

Analyzing Primary Sources

The U.S. Declaration of Independence states that “. . . all men
are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with
certain unalienable Rights. . .” Look up the meaning of
unalienable. Then, identify the line in the Declaration of First
Nations that expresses the same idea.
 An official language is one that is recognized by the government as
being a legal language for conducting government business. Govern-
ment documents and publications in Canada are printed in English and
French. Traffic signs are also printed in both languages. School stu-
Time to Play dents learn to speak both languages. Of course, some areas of the
Fifteen-year-old Natalie country favor one language over the other. What language do you
Menard has been playing think is more popular in Quebec?
ice hockey since she For many years, many French-speaking people have wanted
was five years old. Winters Quebec to secede, or withdraw, from Canada. They would like Quebec
are long in Quebec, so
Natalie enjoys plenty of
to become an independent country, apart from the rest of the
time on the ice. Natalie Canadian provinces. They do not believe that French culture can be
also enjoys visiting her protected in a largely English-speaking country. So far, they have been
cousin Angela, who lives defeated in two very important votes on this issue. However, Canada’s
in Toronto, Ontario. More future as a united country is still uncertain.
than 6 miles (10 km) of
covered walkways and What are Canada’s two official languages?
underground tunnels in
downtown Toronto con-
nect subways with shops,
Nunavut, A New Territory
offices, hotels, and restau- As you have already learned, the first peoples of Canada were Inuit
rants. Natalie and Angela and other Native Americans. In recent years, the Canadian government
walk from place to place has given these peoples more control over their land. In 1999 the new
without even thinking of territory of Nunavut was created for the Inuit. Nunavut is an Inuit
the weather. word that means “our land.” The Inuit now control the government and
mineral rights in this new territory. In this way, most of the Inuit living
in Canada have autonomy, or the right to govern themselves. When
issues involve other nations, however, the national government of
Canada still makes the decisions.
Nunavut is almost three times the size of the state of Texas. Part of
it lies on the North American continent, but more than half of Nunavut
is made up of hundreds of islands in the Arctic Ocean. As large as it is,
Nunavut does not include all of Canada’s Inuit people. Many live in
Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the Northwest Territories.
The population of Nunavut is also different from the rest of Canada
because of its age. More than 60 percent of the population is under the
age of 25. Finding jobs to take care of the young population is difficult
because there is not much industry in this region. The government is
the largest employer, but there are not enough jobs. People often must
hunt and fish to make sure they have enough food and warm clothes
to stay alive. Nunavut must develop an economy that will grow along
with its population so that its citizens will not have to depend on gov-
ernment welfare.
For whom was Nunavut created?

A Growing Ethnic Diversity

Like the United States, Canada has opened its doors to a great many
immigrants.Ukrainians,for example,first settled in the Prairie Provinces
about 100 years ago. Many other settlers came from Italy, Hungary, and
other European countries.

168 CHAPTER 5
 In the 1960s, Canada welcomed refugees and other people who
lost their homes due to war or natural disasters. Many of these people Soci al Stu dies
came from Asia, especially China, Southeast Asia, and India. Cities such
as Vancouver on the west coast have sizeable Asian populations. Many Web Activity Visit
The World and Its
Africans have also migrated to Canada. People Web site at
Canada has a long history of religious diversity as well. Most twip.glencoe.com and
click on Chapter 5—
Canadians are Roman Catholic or Protestant. Many also follow Judaism, Student Web
Buddhism, Hinduism, or Islam. Activities to learn
more about Quebec’s
Food, Sports, and Recreation Since Canada has such ethnic diver- French culture.
sity, people here enjoy a variety of tasty foods. People from many dif-
ferent groups have settled in cities such as Toronto. You can walk down
the street and sample the foods of Ukraine, Greece, Italy, the Caribbean,
and Asia all in the same day.
Canadians enjoy a variety of activities, especially outdoor sports.
You will find local parks and national parks crowded with people
exercising and having fun. Many young Canadians enjoy playing ice
hockey. They also take part in other winter sports, including skiing,
skating, curling, and snowboarding. During the summer, they might go
sailing on Lake Ontario. Professional football and hockey are popular
spectator sports. Many Canadian sports fans also flock to see the
major league baseball games played in Toronto’s and Montreal’s large
indoor stadiums.
What groups make up Canada’s diverse population?

2 Assessment

Defining Terms Graphic Organizer

1. Define dominion, parliamentary democracy, 7. Organizing Information Create a diagram
prime minister, bilingual, autonomy. like this one. List two examples under each
heading in the outer ovals.
Recalling Facts
2. History Who were the first peoples to live in
Food Religion
Canada?
3. Government What is the new territory that Canada's
Diversity
was created in 1999, and what does its name
mean? Sports Language

4. Culture Name four activities enjoyed by

Canadians.
Critical Thinking Applying Social Studies Skills
5. Analyzing Information What is the link
between Canada and Great Britain? 8. Analyzing Graphs Look at the bottom circle
6. Summarizing Information What are two graph on page 121. What percentage of
reasons for Canada’s ethnic diversity? Canada’s people are French? British? Other
European?

Canada 169
 ART SCIENCE CULTURE TECHNOLOGY

Matthew Coon Come: Man With a Mission

Ne-Ha-Ba-Nus—“the one who wakes up
with the sun”—is also known as Matthew
Coon Come. A leader of his Cree people and
the National Chief of the Assembly of First
Nations, Matthew has worked to preserve the
rights of Canada’s native peoples.

A Proud Chief
In 1990 Matthew Coon Come led a fight
against a proposed hydroelectric project, which
would have flooded Cree lands in Quebec. He
helped organize a canoe trip to get publicity
for Cree leaders. The trip was from James Bay,
across Lake Erie, down the Hudson River, and
finally to New York City. The strategy was bril-
liantly effective. Coon Come gained much-needed
worldwide attention and made his plea directly
to New Yorkers, who cancelled their plans to buy
power from the proposed project.
As Grand Chief of the Cree of northern
Quebec, Coon Come became a foe of industry
and politicians who want to separate Quebec
from Canada. He stated that even if Quebec
secedes from Canada, the Native Americans
living there want to stay part of Canada. h Matthew Coon Come
Coon Come spoke for only 12,000 Cree, Inuit,
Nadkapi, and Innu people, but they live on
two-thirds of the land area of Quebec.
What if these Native American peoples, who
control two-thirds Quebec’s land, would elect to
rejoin Canada if Quebec seceded? Would this
1. Why was Matthew Coon Come so opposed to the
mean a problem for the newly formed Quebec proposed hydroelectric project?
nation? No one is really sure what would happen
2. How will the Native Americans be affected if
in that case.
Quebec is successful in seceding from Canada?
For recognition of his leadership in environ-
mental, human rights, and tribal communities, 3. Synthesizing Information Matthew Coon Come
Matthew Coon Come has received numerous has his Christian name and his Cree name. They
represent the two worlds he lives in. Develop a new
awards. name for yourself and explain what it represents.

170 CHAPTER 5
 apter
Ch

5 Reading Review
Section
Section 1 A Resource-Rich Country
Terms to Know Main Idea
province Canada is a vast country with many landforms and resources.
glacier ✓Region Canada, the second-largest country in the world, is rich in natural
tundra resources.
prairie ✓Economics Canada’s economy is rich in fertile farmland, mineral resources,
cordillera and skilled workers.
newsprint ✓Economics One of the best fishing grounds in the world is found in the
Grand Banks off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador.
✓Place Quebec is the largest province.
✓Culture Quebec and Ontario have Canada’s largest cities and most of its
people.

Section
Section 2 The Canadians
Terms to Know Main Idea
dominion Canadians of many different backgrounds live in towns and cities close
parliamentary to the United States border.
democracy ✓History Inuit and other Native Americans were the first Canadians. French
prime minister and British settlers later built homes in Canada. Large numbers of immigrants
bilingual have recently come from Asia and eastern Europe.
autonomy ✓Government Canada’s
government is a parlia-
mentary democracy
headed by a prime
minister.
✓Culture Some people in
French-speaking Quebec
want to separate from
the rest of Canada.
✓Culture Canada’s
native peoples have
recently been given
more autonomy to
govern themselves.

Horseshoe Falls, Canada—

one of the two waterfalls
that makes up Niagara Falls #

Canada 171
Ch
a
Assessment
pter

5 and Activities
Using Key Terms Reviewing the Main Ideas
Match the terms in Part A with their Section 1 A Resource-Rich Country
definitions in Part B. 11. Economics What kind of economy does
Canada have?
A. 12. Region Which three provinces are good
1. province 6. dominion agricultural areas?
2. glacier 7. autonomy 13. Location Which province is the most
3. prairie 8. bilingual heavily populated?
4. cordillera 9. prime minister 14. Government Describe two ways in
which Canada’s government plays a role
5. newsprint 10. parliamentary in the nation’s economy.
democracy 15. Geography Which of Canada’s landforms
B. are shared with the United States?
16. Economics What are three economic
a. having or speaking two languages activities of British Columbia?
b. giant sheet of ice 17. Human/Environment Interaction
c. right of self-government Explain why Canada’s government must
d. voters elect representatives to a lawmaking regulate how many fish can be caught in
body called Parliament the Grand Banks.
e. government leader chosen by Parliament
f. inland grassy area with fertile soil Section 2 The Canadians
g. type of paper used for newspapers 18. Culture Why do some of Quebec’s peo-
ple want independence from Canada?
h. regional political division
19. Place What is Canada’s national capital,
i. group of mountain ranges that run side by side and in which province is it located?
j. nation that has its own government to run 20. History Who were the first people of
local affairs Canada?

Canada

Place Location Activity

On a separate sheet of paper, match
the letters on the map with the
numbered places listed below. C
N
1. Hudson Bay 6. St. Lawrence E
River
2. Nunavut W
S
7. Rocky F
3. British E
Mountains
Columbia J
8. Winnipeg B
4. Ottawa H
9. Ontario G
5. Quebec I
(province) 10. Nova Scotia 0 mi. 500
D
0 km 500 A
Azimuthal Equidistant projection
 Socia l Stu die s
Self-Check Quiz Visit The World and Its
People Web site at twip.glencoe.com and
click on Chapter 5—Self-Check Quizzes
Standardized Test Practice
to prepare for the Chapter Test.
Directions: Study the graph below, and then
answer the questions that follow.

Native North American Populations by

Critical Thinking Canadian Province in 2001
21. Making Comparisons Compare the cli- 140,000 North American
mates of western and eastern Canada. Indian
120,000
22. Analyzing Information Why do most Métis
100,000 Inuit

Population
Canadians live in southern Canada?
23. Categorizing Information Choose one of 80,000
Canada’s provinces or territories. Complete 60,000
a chart like the one below with at least two 40,000
facts or examples under each heading.
20,000

Landforms Resources 0

rio
a

ba
s
lu ish

ec
to t
Province or Territory

t
rie
rri es
No mbi

vu

eb

ito
ta
CoBrit

Te hw

na
Major Cities Products

On
Qu

an
Nu
rt

M
Source: Statistics Canada, 2003.

H Comparing Regions Activity

24. Culture As you learned in this chapter,
1. Which of the following provinces has the
largest North American Indian population?
Canada is a bilingual country. India and
A Northwest Territories
Belgium are also bilingual nations. Make
a chart to list these three countries and B Manitoba
research to find the languages spoken there. C Ontario
Then research the histories of these nations
D British Columbia
to determine why each is bilingual. Compare
your findings among nations. 2. In what part of Canada does most of the
Métis population live?
Mental Mapping Activity F The northern part of the country
25. Focusing on the Region Create a simple G The center of Canada
outline map of Canada. Refer to the map on H Near the Atlantic coast
page 119, and then label the following:
J In cities such as Toronto and Ontario
• Arctic Ocean • British Columbia
• Quebec (province) • Rocky Mountains
• Pacific Ocean • Nunavut Test-Taking Tip: Sometimes you cannot
• Ontario • Hudson Bay answer a question directly from the infor-
• Atlantic Ocean • Ottawa mation in a map or a graph. In these cases,
you have to make an inference, or draw a
Technology Skills Activity conclusion, that is supported by informa-
26. Using the Internet Access the Internet and tion in the map or graph. The clues may
search for information on the Inuit and the also help you get rid of wrong choices.
new territory of Nunavut. Create an illus-
trated time line that shows the steps leading
to the creation of the new territory.

173