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User Inputs
C++ supports “cout” and “cin” for displaying outputs
and for taking inputs from users, respectively. The
cout uses the iteration operator (<<), and cin uses
(>>).
For example:
int x; // declaring a variable
cout << "Type a number: "; // Type any num
ber and hit enter
cin >> x; // Get user input from the keybo
ard
cout << "Your number is: " << x; // Displa
y the value
Strings
A string is a collection or sequence of characters
enclosed within double-quotes.
For example:
string str= "Hello";
To use string within your code, you must include the
string library using this code line:
#include <string>
C++ will then allow you to perform various functions
to manipulate strings. The following table describes
the function names and their descriptions:
Function Description
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int compare(const Compare two string
string& str) objects
Finds the length of the
int length()
string
Swaps the values of two
void swap(string& str)
string objects
string substr(int pos, int Creates a new string
n) object of n characters
Return the length of the
int size()
string in terms of bytes
Resizes the length of the
void resize(int n)
string up to n characters
Replaces the portion of
string& replace(int pos, the string beginning at
int len, string& str) character position pos
and spans len characters
Adds a new character
Login at
string& append(const
the end of another string
string& str)
object
Accesses an individual
char& at(int pos) character at specified
position pos
int find(string& str, int Finds a string specified
pos, int n) in the parameter
Find the first occurrence
int find_first_of(string&
of the specified
str, int pos, int n)
sequence
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Searches for the string
int for the first character
find_first_not_of(string& that does not match with
str, int pos, int n ) any of the characters
specified in the string
Searches for the string
int find_last_of(string&
for the last character of
str, int pos, int n)
a specified sequence
Searches for the last
int
character that does not
find_last_not_of(string&
match with the specified
str, int pos)
sequence
Inserts a new character
before the character
string& insert()
indicated by the position
pos
Finds the maximum
int max_size()
length of the string
Adds a new character ch
void push_back(char ch)
at the end of the string
Removes the last
void pop_back()
character of the string
Assigns new value to the
string& assign()
string
Copies the contents of
int copy(string& str)
string into another
Removes all the
void clear()
elements from the string
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const_reverse_iterator Points to the last
crbegin() character of the string
Copies the characters of
const_char* data()
string into an array
Checks whether the
bool empty()
string is empty or not
Removes the characters
string& erase()
as specified
Returns a reference of
char& front()
the first character
Appends a new
string& operator+=() character at the end of
the string
Assigns a new value to
string& operator=()
the string
Retrieves a character at
char operator[](pos)
specified position pos
Searches for the last
int rfind()
occurrence of the string
Refers to the last
iterator end()
character of the string
Points to the first
reverse_iterator rend()
character of the string
Reduces the capacity
void shrink_to_fit() and makes it equal to the
size of the string
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Returns pointer to an
array containing a null
char* c_str()
terminated sequence of
characters
Requests a change in
void reserve(inr len)
capacity
Returns the allocated
allocator_type
object associated with
get_allocator();
the string
Operators
C++ supports different types of operators to add
logic to your code and perform operations on
variables and their respective values. Here are the
C++ operator types:
1. Arithmetic Operators
You can perform common mathematical operations
with arithmetic operators.
Operator Name Example
+ Addition x+y
- Subtraction x-y
* Multiplication x*y
/ Division x/y
% Modulus x%y
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