CARPENTRY

WOODEN POST
TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION METHODS HAVE BEEN REPLACED BY
REINFORCED CONCRETE AND LAD-BEARING MASONRY BLOCKS, LEADING TO
LIMITED USE OF LUMBER IN FLOOR FRAMING, STAIRS, AND JOINTS. DESPITE ITS
INFERIOR QUALITY, LUMBER IS BECOMING RARE AND EXPENSIVE. FOR BRIEF
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS WITH WOODEN
POST IS BRIEFLY DISCUSSED AS FOLLOWS:
1. WOODEN POST TO REST ON A CONCRETE FOOTING IS DRESSED IN ITS
BOTTOM END SQUARED AND TRIMMED PERPENDICULAR AT ITS SIDE.
2. A CHARCOAL OR CHALK MARK IS ESTABLISHED ALONG THE FACE LENGTH
OF THE POST CONNECTING BOTH ENDS. THIS MARKING WILL SERVE AS
THE REFERENCE LINE FOR CHECKING ITS VERTICAL POSITION WITH THE
AID OF PLUMB BOB.
3. FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE POST, MEASURE AND INDICATE THE HEIGHT
OF THE GIRDER AND THE GIRTS, MAKE THE NECESSARY DAP BEFORE
ERECTION TO ASSURE THAT THE GIRDER AND GIRTS ARE IN THE
HORIZONTA! LEVEL. HOWEVER, IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE CONCRETE
FOOTING IS HORIZONTALLY LEVELED WITH THE FLOOR LINE.
4. THE POST COULD BE ERECTED MANUALLY USING 2 X 3 LUMBER BRACES
AND MANPOWER OR BY THE USE OF ROPE AND PULLEY MOUNTED ON
JUMP-POLE.
5. CHECK THE VERTICAL POSITION OF THE POST ON TWO SIDES WITH THE
AID OF PLUMB BOB, THEN HAVE IT SECURELY BRACED AND NAIL THE
WOODEN POST STRAP.

DRILLING A HOLE ACROSS A WOODEN

POST
6. WITH BORING TOOLS, DRILL A HOLE ACROSS THE OPPOSITE POST STRAP
AND HAVE IT BOLTED TO ITS PERMANENT POSITION. THE DIAMETER SIZE
OF THE DRILL SHOULD BE THE SAME AS THAT OF THE MACHINE BOLTS.
POST STRUCTURES MAY NOT BE STRAIGHT, WITH SOME BEING BENT OR
CURVATED. CORRECTING POST OPERATION IS CRUCIAL AFTER MOUNTING THE
FLOOR AND GUTTER. PROPER ANCHORAGE AND APPROPRIATE BRACING CAN
PREVENT THE COMMON FAILURE OF THE FEEDING PEDESTAL CAUSED BY
TWISTING OF THE IRON POST STRAP.
 ERECTING AND CORRECTING BENT POST
WOOD FLOOR SYSTEM
 THE WOOD FLOOR SYSTEM INCLUDES:
A. GIRDERS
B. FLOOR JOIST
C. JOIST BRIDGING
D. SILL OR WOOD PLATE
E. HEADER FOOD
F. FRIMMER
G. TAIL BEAM
H. TONGUE AND GROOVE FLOORING
I. DRAFT STOP PLATE
J. LEDGER STRIP
GIRDER - IS A PRINCIPAL BEAM EXTENDING FROM WALL TO WALL. THE
STRUCTURAL MEMBER THAT SUPPORTS THE FLOOR JOISTS OR FLOOR BEAMS.
OTHERS DEFINE GIRDER AS THE MAJOR HORIZONTAL SUPPORT MEMBER UPON
WHICH THE FLOOR SYSTEM IS LAID. GIRDER MAY BE EITHER:
A. SOLID

B. BUILD UP

o FLOOR JOISTS - ARE THOSE PARTS OF THE FLOOR SYSTEM PLACED

ON THE GIRDERS WHERE THE FLOORBOARDS ARE FASTENED.
FLOOR JOISTS ARE USUALLY FASTENED ON THE GIRDER AT A
DISTANCE FROM 30 TO 40 CENTIMETERS RIGIDLY SECURED BY
BRIDGING TO PREVENT FROM WAGGING SIDEWAYS. BELOWESSING
SIDEWAY
 o SILL - IS THAT PART OF THE SIDE OF A HOUSE THAT REST
HORIZONTALLY UPON THE FOUNDATION. SILL IS FURTHER DEFINED
AS THOSE WOOD MEMBER FASTENED WITH ANCHOR BELTS TO THE
FOUNDATION WALL. OTHERS CALL IT WOOD PLATE.

 HEADER - IS A SHORT TRANSVERSE JOIST THAT SUPPORTS THE END

OF THE CUT-OFF JOIST AT A STAIRWELL HOLE.
 TRIMMER - IS A SUPPORTING JOIST WHICH CARRIES AN END
PORTION OF A HEADER.

HEADER AND TRIMMER

LEDGER STRIP AND DRAFT STOP

 FLOORING - REFERS TO THE TONGUE AND GROOVE BOARD WHICH IS

THE MOST COMMON OF WOOD FLOORING MATERIALS. FLOORING
COULD ALSO MEAN OTHER MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR FLOORING
OTHER THAN THE T & G. THE THICKNESS OF THIS WOOD BOARD IS
FROM 3/4" TO 1 INCH WITH VARYING WIDTH THAT RANGES FROM 3 1/2"
TO 6 INCHES.

THE ROOF SYSTEM

 ROOF SYSTEM HAS SEVERAL FORMS AND NUMEROUS VARIETY OF
SHAPES SUCH AS.
1. SHED OR LEAN-TO TYPE
2. GABLE OR PITCH ROOF
 3. SAW TOOTH ROOF
4. DOUBLE GABLE
5. HIP ROOF
6. HIP AND VALLEY ROOF
7. PYRAMID ROOF
8. GAMBREL ROOF
9. OGEE ROOF
10.MANSARD ROOF
11.FRENCH OR CONCAVE MANSARD ROOF
12.CONICAL ROOF OR SPIRE
13.DOME
14.BUTTERFLY
 SHED OR LEAN-TO ROOF - IS CONSIDERED THE SIMPLEST FORM OF
ROOF CONSISTING OF ONE SINGLE SLOPE.
 GABLE OR PITCH ROOF - IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE AND ECONOMICAL
FORM OF ROOF MADE OF TRIANGULAR SECTIONS CONSISTING OF TWO
SLOPES MEETING AT THE CENTER OF THE RIDGE FORMING A GABLE.

 SAW TOOTH ROOF - IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHED MADE INTO A

SERIES OF LEAN-TO ROOF COVERING ONE BUILDING. THIS IS COMMONLY
USED ON FACTORIES WHERE EXTRA LIGHTING IS REQUIRED THROUGH THE
WINDOW ON THE VERTICAL SIDE.
 DOUBLE GABLE ROOF - IS A MODIFICATION OF A GABLE OR A HIP AND
VALLEY ROOF.
 HIP ROOF - IS ALSO A COMMON FORM USED IN MODERN HOUSES HAVING
STRAIGHT SIDES ALL SLOPING TOWARD THE CENTER OF THE BUILDING
TERMINATING AT THE RIDGE.
 HIP AND VALLEY ROOF - IS A COMBINATION OF HIP ROOF AND AN
INTERSECTING GABLE ROOF FORMING A T OR L SHAPED BUILDING. THIS
TYPE OF ROOF FORM, HOWEVER, HAS A VARIETY OF MODIFICATION WHICH
ARE NOT ILLUSTRATED.

 PYRAMID ROOF - IS A MODIFICATION OF THE HIP ROOF WHEREIN THE

FOUR STRAIGHT SIDES ARE SLOPING TOWARDS THE CENTER TERMINATING
AT A POINT.
 GAMBREL ROOF - IS A MODIFICATION OF THE GABLE ROOF WITH EACH
SIDE HAVING TWO SLOPES.
  OGEE ROOF - IS A PYRAMID FORM HAVING STEEP SIDES SLOPING TO THE
CENTER.
 MANSARD ROOF - WHERE THE SIDES OF THE ROOF SLOPE STEEPLY
FROM EACH SIDE OF THE BUILDING TOWARDS THE CENTER FORMING A
FLAT DECK ON TOP.

 FRENCH OR CONCAVE MANSARD ROOF - IS A MODIFICATION OF THE

MANSARD ROOF WHERE THE SIDES ARE CONCAVE.
 DOME - IS A HEMISPHERICAL FORM OF ROOF USUALLY USED ON
OBSERVATORY BUILDINGS.

 CONICAL ROOF OR SPIRE - IS A STEEP ROOF OF CIRCULAR SECTION

THAT TAPERS UNIFORMLY FROM THE CIRCULAR BASE TO A CENTRAL
POINT.
 BUTTERFLY ROOF - IS A TWO SHED ROOF WHERE THE SLOPE MEET AT
THE CENTER OF THE BUILDING.

TYPES OF ROOF FRAME

 THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF ROOF FRAME COMMONLY USED:
1. RAFTERS TYPE
2. TRUSS TYPE
3. LAMINATED
 THE VARIOUS KIND OF RAFTERS FOR ROOF CONSTRUCTION ARE:
1. COMMON RAFTERS
2. HIP RAFTERS
3. VALLEY RAFTERS
4. OCTAGONAL RAFTERS 5. JACK RAFTERS
 COMMON RAFTERS - ARE RAFTERS EXTENDED AT RIGHT ANGLE FROM
THE PLATE OR GIRTS TO THE RIDGE
 HIP RAFTERS - ARE RAFTERS LAID DIAGONALLY FROM THE CORNER OF A
PLATE OR GIRTS TO THE RIDGE,
 VALLEY RAFTERS - IS ANY RAFTER WHICH DOES NOT EXTEND FROM THE
PLATE OR GIRTS TO THE RIDGE. JACK RAFTERS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO:
A. HIP JACK
B. VALLEY JACK
C. CRIPPLE JACK

HIP AND VALLEY RAFTERS

 JACK RAFTERS - THE FRAME BETWEEN HIP RAFTERS AND GIRTS ARE
CALLED HIP JACK. THE FRAME BETWEEN THE RIDGE AND THE VALLEY
RAFTERS ARE CALLED VALLEY JACK. THOSE FRAMES BETWEEN THE HIP
AND THE VALLEY RAFTERS ARE CALLED CRIPPLE JACK.
 OCTAGONAL RAFTERS - ARE RAFTERS PLACED ON AN OCTAGONAL
SHAPED PLATE AT THE CENTRAL APEX OR RIDGE POLE.

 TRUSS -IS A BUILT-UP FRAME COMMONLY EMPLOYED ON A LONG SPAN

ROOF UNSUPPORTED BY INTERMEDIATE COLUMNS OR PARTITIONS. TRUSS
IS A DESIGN OF
 LIGHT TRUSSES
A SERIES OF TRIANGLES USED TO DISTRIBUTE LOAD AND STIFFEN THE
STRUCTURE SPACING WHICH OFFERS FLEXIBILITY FOR THE INTERIOR AS WELL AS
STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY.
 THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUSSES ARE:
1. LIGHT TRUSSES
2. HEAVY TRUSSES
 LIGHT TRUSSES INCLUDES:
A. PITCHED TRUSS
B. HOWE TRUSS
C. SCISSORS TRUSS
D. RAISED CHORD TRUSS
E. SAWTOOTH TRUSS
F. 1 1/2 STOREY FRAME
G. UTILITY
H. FLAT
I. BOWSTRING

HEAVY DUTY TRUSSES

 HEAVY TRUSSES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
A. HOWE TRUSS
B. BELGIAN TRUSS
C. FINK TRUSS
D. PRATT TRUSS
E. SCISSORS TRUSS GIRTS
F. CAMBERED FINK TRUSS SAWTOOTH TRUSS
G. SAWTOOTH TRUSS
H. FLAT PRATT TRUSS
I. FLAT HOWE TRUSS
J. WARREN TRUSS
 GIRTS - IS THAT STRUCTURAL MEMBER THAT SUPPORTS THE RAFTERS OR
TRUSSES OF A BUILDING.
 COLLAR BEAM - IS THE TIES BETWEEN RAFTERS ON OPPOSITE SIDES OF
THE ROOF.
 PURLINS - IS THE STRUCTURAL MEMBER PLACED ON TOP OF THE
RAFTERS OR TOP CHORD OF A TRUSS THAT SUPPORT THE ROOFING
MATERIALS.
INTERMEDIATE JOINTS
TIMBER JOINTS SHOULD BE WITHIN THE CENTER LINES OF THE MEMBER
MEETING TO PREVENT ROTATION AND AVOID TENSION FORCES. STEEL STRAPS
AND BOLTED BASES ARE RECOMMENDED FOR SMALLER STRUCTURES. FOR
LARGER STRUCTURES, METAL BEARING PLATES, BOLTED CONNECTIONS, OR
BEARING BLOCKS ARE RECOMMENDED. AVOID POCKET JOINTS THAT COLLECT
MOISTURE.

NOTCHING OR DAPPING
WHEN A STRUT IS AT RIGHT ANGLE WITH THE TOP CHORD, A 20 MM DOWEL
OR 16 MM LAG SCREW SHOULD BE USED TO HOLD THE STRUT SECURELY IN
PLACE. WHEN THE STRUT CARRIES LARGE STRESSES, THE FOLLOWING JOINTS
MAY BE EMPLOYED:
1. BUTT BLOCK OR ANGLE BLOCK
2. STEEL S-SHAPED BEARING PLATE
3. CAST IRON SOLID ANGLE BEAR BLOCK
4. CAST IRON ANGLE BEARING BLOCK WITH WEB.
 BUTT BLOCK - IS MADE OF HARD WOOD WITH THE SAME THICKNESS AS
THE TOP CHORD. THE LENGTH OF THE BLOCK SHOULD BE ADJUSTED TO
FIT ALL POSSIBLE CONDITIONS AND INTERFERENCE WITH OTHER
CONNECTIONS.
 STEEL S-SHAPED BEARING PLATE - SHOULD BE THE SAME WIDTH AS
THE TOP CHORD.
 CAST IRON SOLID BEARING BLOCK - IS A SOLID BLOCK COVERING THE
WHOLE WIDTH OF THE TOP CHORD CASTED AT HOLES NOT LESS THAN 16
MM THICK PROVIDED WITH A LUG INTO THE TOP CHORD.

CENTER JOINT OF HOWE TRUSS

 CAST IRON BEARING BLOCK - WITH WEB SHOULD HAVE A MINIMUM

THICKNESS OF 20 MM.
 CENTER JOINT OR HOWE TRUSS - THIS TYPE OF JOINT IS PROVIDED
WITH A BUTT OR ANGLE BLOCK AT THE CENTER INTERMEDIATE JOINT.
 PEAK JOINT - HAS VARIOUS TYPES DEPENDING UPON THE DESIGN AS
SHOWN ON THE FOLLOWING ILLUSTRATION.
PEAK JOINTS
  THERE ARE FIVE TYPES OF RAFTERS AND TRUSSES END JOINTS:
1. PINNING THE TOP CHORD INTO THE BOTTOM CHORD.
2. NOTCHING THE TOP CHORD INTO THE LOWER CHORD WITH BOLTS.
3. USING BENT STRAP OR SHOE PLATE WITH LUGS OR FLATS.
4. USING THE SIDE PLATES WITH FLATS OR TABLES.
5. USING MALLEABLE CAST IRON SHOE.
 NOTCHING THE TOP CHORD INTO THE LOWER CHORD WITH BOLTS
ARE OF FIVE DIFFERENT TYPES.
1. NOTCHING WITH BOLTS.
2. NOTCHING WITH BOLTS AND WOOD KEY.
3. USING BENT STRAP WITH LUGS OR FLATS.
4. USING STEEL SIDE PLATE WITH FLATS OR TABLES RIVETED TO THE
PLATES.
5. USING MALLEABLE CAST IRON SHOE.

NOTCHING WITH BOLTS

NOTCHING WITH BOLTS AND WOOD KEY

USING BENT STRAP WITH LUGS OR FLATS

 USING STEEL SIDE PLATE WITH FLATS

USING MALLEABLE CAST IRON SHOE

SPLICING
 SPLICING - IS THE PROCESS OF JOINING TWO PIECES OF TIMBER IN THEIR
LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION IN ORDER TO TRANSMIT STRESSES FROM ONE
MEMBER TO THE OTHER. SPLICING ARE OF THREE DIFFERENT WAYS:
1. BY LAPPING
2. BY FISHING SPLICING
3. BY SCARFING
 LAPPING - IS SIMPLY JOINING ONE MEMBER TO THE OTHER.
 FISHING - IS JOINING TWO ENDS WITH THE USE OF TWO SIDE BLOCK
WHICH IS SOMETIMES CALLED SPLICE PADS.
 SCARFING - IS CUTTING AWAY THE OPPOSITE SIDES OF TWO MEMBERS
THEN LAP-JOINTING TO OBTAIN A CONTINUOUS PIECE OF UNIFORM
THICKNESS.

TYPES OF SPLICING
 THE COMMON TYPES OF SPLICING TENSION MEMBERS ARE:
1. BOLTED WOODEN FISH PLATE SPLICE
2. BOLTED STEEL FISH PLATE
3. WOODEN TABLED FISH PLATE SPLICE
4. SHEAR PIN SPLICE
5. STEEL TABLED FISH PLATE
6. TENSION BAR SPLICE
7. TIMBER CONNECTOR SPLICE
GLUED LAMINATED LUMBER
GLUED LAMINATED WOOD IS A STRESS-RATED PRODUCT MADE FROM
SELECTED WOOD, SECURELY LAMINATED WITH GOOD ADHESIVE. THE GRAIN IS
LONGITUDINALLY PARALLEL, BENT SLOWLY TO A CURVE, AND SHAPED DURING
THE LAMINATION PROCESS.

VARIOUS FORM OF LAMINATED STRUCTURES

 THE VARIOUS FORM OF LAMINATED STRUCTURES ARE:

1. A-FRAME
2. GOTHIC
3. PARABOLIC
4. RADIAL
5. THREE CENTERED
6. STRAIGHT
7. TUDOR THREE HINGED ARCH.
8. SINGLE TAPERED STRAIGHT
9. DOUBLE TAPERED STRAIGHT
10.DOUBLE TAPERED CURVE 11. PITCHED
11.DOUBLE TAPERED PITCHED
12.CURVED
TIMBER FRAMING FASTENERS
 THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TIMBER FASTENERS ARE:
1. NAILS
2. BOLTS
3. LAG SCREW
4. WOOD SCREW
5. DRIFT BOLTS AND DOWELS

 NAILS - THERE ARE NUMEROUS KINDS OF NAIL AVAILABLE TO MEET THE

NEEDS OF ALL TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION. THEY ARE EITHER
RECTANGULAR IN SHAPE DIRECTLY CUT FROM A METAL STRIP OR WITH
CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION WHICH WERE CUT DIRECTLY FROM WIRE
CALLED COMMON WIRE NAILS.
VARIOUS TIMBER FRAMING FASTENERS