INTRODUCTION
An operating system (OS) is a software that manages computer hardware and software resources,
and provides common services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between the
user and the computer hardware, making it easier for users to interact with the computer. The
primary functions of an operating system include managing memory, handling input and output,
and providing security. For example, when you open a program, the OS allocates memory for the
program to run, handles any input from your keyboard or mouse, and ensures that the program
does not interfere with other programs running on the computer. Essentially, the OS is the
backbone of the computer, ensuring that everything runs smoothly and efficiently.
Traditional operating systems:
Traditional operating systems started with simple batch processing systems that executed one job
at a time without user interaction. As computing evolved, single tasking operating systems
emerged, allowing users to run one application at a time. Multi-tasking and time-sharing systems
followed, enabling concurrent execution of multiple programs and user interaction. These
systems lacked graphical interfaces and relied on command-line interactions. Examples include
early versions of UNIX, MS-DOS, and CP/M. They laid the foundation for modern operating
systems by introducing concepts like process management, memory allocation, and file systems.
These traditional systems were primarily used on mainframes, minicomputers, and early personal
computers.
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACES (GUIS):
Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) have revolutionized the way we interact with computers. Prior
to their development, users had to rely on command-line interfaces which required memorizing
complex commands and syntax.
Key players in the development of GUIs include Xerox PARC, Apple, and Microsoft. The
introduction of the Macintosh by Apple in 1984 brought GUIs to the mainstream and set the
standard for future operating systems.
MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEMS
The rise of mobile operating systems has revolutionized the way we interact with technology.
With the advent of smartphones and tablets, we now have access to a wealth of information at
our fingertips. Mobile operating systems have made it easier than ever to stay connected, stay
informed, and stay entertained. Key players in this space include Apple's iOS and Google's
Android. These two operating systems dominate the mobile market, with millions of devices
running on each platform. Innovations in this space include features like voice assistants,
augmented reality, and facial recognition technology. As mobile technology continues to evolve,
we can expect even more exciting developments in the years to come.
CLOUD-BASED OPERATING SYSTEMS
The cloud OS is a browser-based operating system that works for real-time support. It is
developed for visualization in cloud computing. It provides a virtualized environment that runs
on cloud computing. It helps to manage the machines, processes of virtual servers, execution,
and infrastructure. It also manages software and back-end hardware resources. Although, the
features of the cloud OS differs depending on the virtual environment and cloud services used. It
is a lightweight OS that stores data and connects to a remote server to access web-based apps.
Cloud OS include Google Chrome operating system and Microsoft Windows Azure.
REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEM (RTOS)
A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system with two key features:
predictability and determinism. In an RTOS, repeated tasks are performed within a tight time
boundary, while in a general-purpose operating system, this is not necessarily so. Predictability
and determinism, in this case, go hand in hand: We know how long a task will take, and that it
will always produce the same result.
RTOSes are subdivided into “soft” real-time and “hard” real- time systems. Soft real-time
systems operate within a few hundred milliseconds, at the scale of a human reaction. Hard real-
time systems, however, provide responses that are predictable within tens of milliseconds or less.
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
As technology continues to evolve, so too do our operating systems. In the not-too-distant future,
we may see a world where our devices seamlessly integrate with one another, allowing for even
greater levels of productivity and efficiency. Imagine a world where your smartphone, laptop,
and tablet all work together seamlessly, sharing data and resources in real-time. Or, consider the
possibility of virtual assistants that are able to anticipate your needs and make decisions on your
behalf. These are just a few examples of the exciting possibilities that lie ahead for operating
systems.
