Mahatma Gandhi, born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi on 2nd October 1869 in Porbandar,
Gujarat, is one of the most influential figures in world history. Known as the "Father of the
Nation" in India, Gandhi's life and teachings inspired movements for civil rights and freedom
across the world. Here's an overview of his jivani (life):
Early Life and Education
Gandhi was born into a Hindu family; his father, Karamchand Gandhi, was the diwan (chief
minister) of Porbandar, and his mother, Putlibai, was deeply religious. At the age of 13, he was
married to Kasturba Gandhi, a lifelong companion and supporter of his work.
In 1888, Gandhi went to London to study law at University College London. Upon his return to
India in 1891, he struggled to establish a legal practice, eventually accepting an offer to work in
South Africa.
Time in South Africa (1893–1915)
Gandhi's 21 years in South Africa were transformative. He witnessed firsthand the racial
discrimination faced by Indians and other non-white people, which deeply impacted him. It was
here that Gandhi developed the concept of Satyagraha (truth-force), a method of nonviolent
resistance against injustice.
In South Africa, Gandhi led campaigns for the rights of the Indian minority, advocating for their
dignity and equal treatment. He also initiated peaceful protests, organized community efforts,
and emphasized unity among the Indian diaspora.
Return to India and Role in the Freedom Struggle
Gandhi returned to India in 1915, by which time he had already gained recognition for his
activism. Upon his return, he traveled extensively to understand the conditions of common
Indians. He saw that the country was suffering under British colonial rule—farmers were heavily
taxed, basic freedoms were restricted, and poverty was widespread.
Gandhi soon became a prominent figure in the Indian National Congress, advocating for Swaraj
(self-rule). He adopted a nonviolent approach to protest, calling for peaceful civil disobedience
and non-cooperation with British authorities. His campaigns included:
1. Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha (1917–1918): Gandhi led successful revolts
against oppressive agricultural policies in Bihar and Gujarat.
2. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922): He called for the boycott of British goods,
schools, and institutions, encouraging self-reliance through the use of khadi (homespun
cloth).
3. Salt March (1930): One of Gandhi’s most famous acts of civil disobedience, the 240-
mile Salt March protested the British monopoly on salt production and taxation. This act
resonated globally as a symbol of peaceful defiance.
Philosophy of Nonviolence
Gandhi's belief in Ahimsa (nonviolence) became the cornerstone of his philosophy. He was
convinced that change could be brought about without bloodshed or violence, and that moral
force could overpower physical force. His ideas of nonviolent resistance inspired many global
movements, including the American Civil Rights Movement led by Martin Luther King Jr.
Role in India's Independence
Gandhi played a pivotal role in India’s independence movement, leading mass protests and
challenging British rule. His efforts culminated in India gaining independence on 15th August
1947. However, he was deeply saddened by the partition of India into two nations—India and
Pakistan—which led to widespread violence between Hindus and Muslims.
Last Years and Assassination
After independence, Gandhi continued his work for social harmony, focusing on promoting
peace between Hindus and Muslims. On 30th January 1948, he was assassinated by Nathuram
Godse, a Hindu nationalist who opposed Gandhi’s efforts to reconcile Hindus and Muslims.
Legacy
Mahatma Gandhi left behind a profound legacy of nonviolence, truth, and tolerance. His
teachings continue to inspire leaders and activists around the world. Gandhi’s birthday, 2nd
October, is celebrated as Gandhi Jayanti in India and recognized as the International Day of
Non-Violence globally.
Gandhi’s simple lifestyle, dedication to social justice, and unwavering commitment to his
principles have made him a universal symbol of peace and nonviolent resistance.
