21CV653 – Occupational Health and Safety Solved Model Question Paper

Module 1
1.A) Explain the National Safety Policy
Answer:-
The National Policy on Safety, Health, and Environment at the Workplace was established by
the Ministry of Labor and Employment, Government of India, in February 2009 after
consultations with various stakeholders. The policy, grounded in the Constitution of India, aims
to foster a national culture of preventative safety and health practices and to enhance
workplace safety, health, and environmental conditions. It outlines a set of goals and national
objectives to achieve these aims.
The policy document includes an Action Programme that highlights eight key focus areas:
enforcement, national standards, compliance, awareness, research and development,
occupational safety and health skills development, and data collection. The policy is designed
to be reviewed at least every five years, following an initial assessment of workplace safety,
health, and environmental conditions.

Key Benefits:
1. Inclusivity: The policy is applicable not only to large and organized sectors but also
extends to medium-scale and unorganized sectors.
2. Guidance: It offers general guidance to all stakeholders, helping them fulfill their
responsibilities effectively.
3. Safety Culture: The policy promotes the development of a positive safety and health
culture across workplaces.
4. Skill and Research Development: It encourages research activities and the
development of skills among employees, employers, enforcement authorities, and the
broader society.
5. Employee Participation: The policy fosters cooperation between employers and
employees, encouraging active employee participation for effective management.
6. Compliance and Implementation: It ensures better compliance and implementation
through a system of accrediting competent professionals and institutions.
7. Data-Driven Decisions: The policy facilitates the timely collection, compilation, and
analysis of work-related injuries, diseases, and illnesses, enabling informed decision-
making at the national level.
8. OSH Systems Approach: The policy advocates for a comprehensive Occupational
Safety and Health (OSH) systems approach, including the use of computer-aided risk
assessment tools to address workplace safety, health, and environmental challenges.

1.B) Explain the supervisory role in accident investigation

Answer:-
Supervisory Role in Accident Investigation:
The supervisor in the area where the accident/incident occurred is responsible for investigating
the incident and completing the investigation report within 24 hours. The completed
Accident/Incident Investigation Report should be faxed. If personal injury is involved, the
supervisor ensures that the injured employee(s) receive immediate and appropriate first aid or
healthcare. Injuries resulting in critical injury must be reported to Occupational Health & Safety

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

(OHS) immediately. During non-business hours, the supervisor should contact Campus
Community Police Services.

In conducting the accident/incident investigation and completing the Accident/Incident

Investigation Report, the supervisor must ensure the following:
1] Assessment of the Scene:
• Inspect the site, equipment, and materials involved in the accident/incident.
• Secure the site, especially in the case of critical injury.
• Use photographs, sketches, or drawings of the accident/incident scene, indicating sizes,
distances, and weights of objects as appropriate.
2] Interviewing:
• Interview the employee(s) involved.
• Interview any eyewitnesses.
• Interview outside experts if applicable, such as suppliers or equipment designers.
• Document the interviews.
• Conduct the interviews as soon as possible, one-on-one, in a quiet place.
3] Identifying Contributing Factors:
• Consider factors such as people, equipment, materials, environment, and process.
4] Writing the Report:
• Record all findings from the accident/incident investigation on the standard
investigation reporting form, ensuring all requirements of the written investigation
procedure are met.
• Distribute copies of the completed Accident/Incident Investigation form as per the
distribution list on the form.
5] Making Recommendations for Corrective Action:
• Assign responsibilities (investigators, management, technical personnel) for completing
the Action Plan.
• Record these on the Accident/Incident Investigation Report form under the Action Plan.
• Focus recommendations on the corrective actions for all contributing factors identified.
• Specify what, why, and how the corrective actions will be completed.
6] Ensuring Recommendations Are Acted Upon:
• Assign responsibility for the follow-up of the corrective actions.
• Record the actions taken, who completed them, and when they were completed on the
Action Plan section of the Accident/Incident Investigation Report form.
7] Communication of Recommendations:
• Ensure that the recommendations are communicated to employees.
Please note that if a department fails to report the accident/incident within the required time,
any fines levied will be charged to that department.

2.A) Briefly explain the rationale for the OSH Act

Answer:-
The Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act was passed on December 29th, 1970, and
became effective in 1971. Unlike earlier laws that focused primarily on providing compensation
for occupational injuries and illnesses, the OSH Act shifted the focus to prevention. The primary
goal of the act is to ensure that “as far as possible, every working man and woman in the
nation is provided with safe and healthful working conditions” to preserve human resources.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

To achieve its fundamental aim, the OSH Act introduced several key provisions:
1. Mandatory Occupational Safety and Health Standards: Establishing standards that
employers must follow to ensure workplace safety and health.
2. Effective Enforcement: Implementing measures to ensure compliance with these
standards.
3. Uniform Record-Keeping and Reporting Procedures: Standardizing how safety and
health records are maintained and reported.
4. Responsibilities and Rights of Employees: Defining the roles and rights of employees
in achieving safe and healthful working conditions.
5. Establishment of OSHA and NIOSH: Creating the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) to oversee enforcement and the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to conduct research and provide
recommendations.

2.B) Briefly explain methods of acquiring accident facts

Answer:-
Methods of Acquiring Accident Facts:
The purpose of acquiring accident facts is to identify all contributing factors to why the
incident occurred, rather than settling for incomplete explanations like “worker was careless” or
“employee did not follow safety procedures.”
To uncover the root cause, it’s essential to ask “Why?” repeatedly, such as “Why did the
employee not follow safety procedures?” The investigation should explore various potential
contributing factors, including equipment, environment, people, and management.
Key areas to consider include:
• Hazardous Conditions: Determine if defects in equipment, tools, or materials were
contributing factors. Consider whether the condition was recognized, equipment
inspections were conducted, the correct equipment was used or available, and if
substitute equipment or design flaws played a role.
• Location Factors: Assess whether the location of the equipment, materials, or worker(s)
contributed to the incident. Consider if the employee was supposed to be there,
whether sufficient workspace was available, and if environmental conditions affected the
situation.
• Job Procedures: Evaluate if job procedures contributed to the incident. Consider
whether written or known procedures were followed, if the employee was capable of
performing the job, if difficult tasks were involved, or if any factors encouraged
deviation from procedures, such as incentives or the speed of completion.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and Emergency Equipment: Determine if the
lack or improper use of PPE or emergency equipment contributed to the incident.
Consider whether PPE was specified for the job or task, if it was adequate, used
correctly, or not used at all, and if emergency equipment was specified, available,
properly used, and functioning as intended.
• Management System Defects: Consider if a management system defect, such as a
failure of the supervisor to detect or report hazardous conditions or deviations from job
procedures, was a contributing factor. Assess whether supervisor accountability was
understood, if the supervisor or worker was adequately trained, and if there was a failure
to initiate corrective action.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

 Module 2
3.A) Explain the need for ergonomic job hazard analysis and how it can be conducted
Answer:-
Need for Ergonomic Job Hazard Analysis:
Ergonomic job hazard analysis is essential to identify and address risk factors that could lead to
cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) or other musculoskeletal issues among workers. By
analyzing workstations and job tasks, potential ergonomic risks can be identified, and control
measures can be implemented to reduce or eliminate these risks. Regular analysis helps ensure
that workers are not exposed to harmful conditions that could lead to injury or restricted
activity.
How Ergonomic Job Hazard Analysis Can Be Conducted:
1] Work Station Analysis:
• A thorough work station analysis is necessary to identify all risk factors associated with
each job or workstation.
• This includes checking tools for excessive vibration, assessing the appropriateness of
personal protective equipment (PPE), and evaluating the dimensions and adjustability of
the workstation.
• Each of these elements should be considered during the job hazard analysis to ensure a
comprehensive evaluation.
2] Lifting Hazards:
• For jobs involving manual material handling, it’s crucial to calculate the maximum safe
weight that workers can lift.
• This helps prevent overexertion injuries and ensures that lifting tasks are within safe
limits for the workers involved.
3] Videotape Method:
• Where feasible, videotaping the work process can be a valuable method for analyzing
ergonomic risks.
• By recording workers performing their routine tasks, the footage can be reviewed in
slow motion or through other visual means to assess the demands placed on the worker
by the task and to observe how each task is performed.
• This method provides detailed insights into potential ergonomic hazards that may not
be immediately obvious during a standard inspection.
By conducting ergonomic job hazard analysis, employers can identify risk factors, implement
effective control measures, and ultimately create a safer and more comfortable working
environment for their employees.

3.B) Explain in detail fault tree analysis and human error analysis
Answer:-

Fault tree analysis

A Fault tree analysis is a deductive reasoning method that focuses on one particular event and
provides a method for determining basic cause of that event. This method is used to identify
combinations of equipment failures and human errors that can result in accident or an
initiating event. FTA allows the safety analyst to focus on preventive measures on these basic
causes to reduce the probability of an accident.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

Symbols used in fault tree construction:

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

Steps in Performing Fault Tree Analysis (FTA):
1. Problem Identification:
o a) Define the Top Event: Identify the main accident event or failure that you want to
analyze.
o b) Define Analysis Boundaries: Establish the boundaries of the analysis, including the
scope of events to be considered, the physical boundaries of the system, the level of
detail required, and any assumptions made.
2. Fault Tree Construction:
o Start with the top event and work downwards, using logical symbols such as “OR” and
“AND” gates. Continue breaking down the events into their basic causes, level by level,
until all contributing factors are identified.
3. Fault Tree Solution:
o Analyze the completed fault tree to understand how different equipment failures and
other factors interact to potentially cause the top event. Use methods such as matrix
analysis to identify minimal cut sets, which represent the smallest combinations of basic
events that can cause the top event. This allows for ranking and quantification if failure
data is available.
4. Minimal Cut Set Ranking:
o Minimal Cut Set Analysis: This mathematical technique identifies all combinations of
basic events that can lead to the top event. Minimal cut sets are those combinations that
contain the smallest number of events necessary to cause the top event.
o Ranking: Rank the minimal cut sets based on their significance. Single-event minimal cut
sets are considered more critical than multi-event ones because a single event is more
likely to occur. Additionally, rank human errors as more significant than active
equipment failures, and active failures more critical than passive failures.
The figure below shows the process of fault tree analysis.
Fault tree should be completed in levels and each level should be completed before beginning
the next level.
The below examples depicts that causes B1,B2,B3,B4 and B5 are the basic events, which can
lead to top event T, which is “No light in room on demand” and the mathematical expression
for the top event is
T=G1’G2
= (B1+B2)’ (B3+B4+B5)
= B1B3+B2B3+B2B4+B1B5+B2B5 (6 minimal cut characters)
This indicates the occurrence of either of basic events B1 or B2 along with occurrence of any of
the basic events B3, B4 and B5 would lead to top event T.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

 Flow sheet showing fault tree analysis

Human Error Analysis (HEA):

Human Error Analysis is a systematic method used to predict potential errors and human
failures that might occur during task performance. Its primary goal is to identify and mitigate
hazards before they lead to accidents, rather than just analyzing past incidents. Records of past
accidents can help identify trends and predict potential issues, but HEA is proactive in nature.
Two Approaches to HEA:
1] Task Analysis Approach:
• Observe employees at work and identify hazards by analyzing the tasks they perform.
• This involves understanding the steps involved in a task and noting where errors are likely to
occur.
2] Job Performance Approach:
• Perform the job task yourself to gain firsthand experience and identify hazards.
• This approach helps in understanding the practical challenges and potential errors associated
with the task.
Integration with Other Methods:
• It is beneficial to conduct HEA in conjunction with other methods such as Failure Modes and
Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP). This integrated approach
enhances the overall effectiveness of identifying and mitigating risks.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

4.A) Explain the ergonomics program and its elements in detail
An ergonomics program aims to minimize musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and improve
overall workplace safety by addressing ergonomic risk factors.
Ergonomics program elements:
1] Management Commitment:
• Senior management must demonstrate a clear commitment to ergonomics by providing
resources, support, and leadership for the program. This includes setting goals,
allocating budget, and integrating ergonomics into the company culture.
2] Worker Involvement:
• Employees should be actively involved in the ergonomics program. Their input is
valuable in identifying issues and developing solutions. Participation can be through
ergonomics committees, surveys, or direct feedback mechanisms.
3] Organizational Structure:
• Establish an ergonomics team or committee responsible for overseeing the program.
This team should include representatives from various departments, such as safety,
health, human resources, and operations, to ensure a comprehensive approach.
4] Training and Education:
• Provide training for workers and supervisors on ergonomic principles, risk factors, and
safe work practices. Education should cover how to recognize symptoms of ergonomic
injuries and the importance of early reporting.
5] Job Evaluation:
• Conduct evaluations of job tasks to identify ergonomic risk factors. This involves
assessing workstations, tools, and procedures to pinpoint factors that could lead to
MSDs.
6] Hazard Prevention and Reduction:
• Implement measures to reduce or eliminate identified ergonomic risks. This can include
redesigning workstations, modifying tools, adjusting work procedures, or introducing
mechanical aids.
7] Early Detection and Treatment:
• Develop procedures for the early detection of ergonomic injuries and provide prompt
treatment. This includes establishing a system for reporting symptoms and ensuring
access to medical care for affected workers.
8] Reporting System:
• Create a system for workers and supervisors to report ergonomic problems, symptoms,
and injuries confidentially and without fear of retaliation. This encourages reporting and
facilitates prompt intervention.
9] Ongoing Evaluation:
• Regularly assess the effectiveness of the ergonomics program. This includes reviewing
injury and illness data, evaluating the success of interventions, and making necessary
adjustments to improve the program.
Implementing these elements helps create a proactive ergonomics program that addresses
potential issues before they lead to injuries, ultimately improving workplace safety and
productivity.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

4.B) What are the components of an emergency response plan? Discuss in brief
Answer:-
Components of an Emergency Response Plan (ERP):
1. Emergency Organization / Unit:
o Defines the structure and personnel involved in managing emergencies,
including roles and responsibilities.
2. Scenario Vulnerability Zone and Consequences:
o Identifies potential emergency scenarios, their impact, and the areas that could
be affected.
3. Emergency Control Center (ECC):
o Designates the locations of the ECC, sirens, assembly points, escape routes,
evacuation procedures, rescue operations, first aid, medical facilities, and
transport arrangements.
4. Declaration of Emergency and Communication System:
o Outlines how an emergency is officially declared and details the communication
procedures for alerting and coordinating with all relevant parties.
5. Checklist / Sequence of Emergency Shutdown:
o Provides a step-by-step procedure for safely shutting down operations and
mitigating the effects of the emergency.
6. Atmospheric Stability Condition and Wind Velocity Orientations:
o Includes information on how weather conditions, such as wind speed and
direction, affect the spread and management of emergencies.
7. Site and Areas Map:
o Offers detailed maps of the site, highlighting key areas, routes, and emergency
facilities.
8. Roles and Responsibilities of Essential Persons:
o Defines the roles and responsibilities of key personnel, such as Site Main
Controller (SMC), Incident Controller (IC), Deputy Incident Controller (DIC),
Essential Work Men (EWM), and other key persons.
An effective ERP ensures comprehensive preparation and response capabilities to manage
emergencies effectively and minimize their impact.
Module 3

5.A) What is a fire extinguisher? Classify fire extinguishers and explain in detail.

Answer:

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires,
often in emergency situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one
which has reached the ceiling, endangers the user (i.e., no escape route, smoke, explosion
hazard, etc.), or otherwise requires the expertise of a fire department. Typically, a fire
extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which can
be discharged to extinguish a fire.

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

To deal with the multitude of different fire classes, a range of fire extinguishers have been
developed. Types of fire extinguishers are as follows:

1. Water type fire extinguisher.

2. Foam type fire extinguisher.

3. Dry chemicals type fire extinguisher.

4. Carbon-di-oxide type fire extinguisher.

5. Halon type fire extinguisher.

1. WATER TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Water expelling fire extinguishers have water as an extinguishing agent which is released in the
form of a jet by means of gas pressure in the upper part of the container. The gas pressure
may be induced by chemical reaction or by mechanical means. Water expelling fire
extinguishers is as shown in figure, are used mainly in Class ‘A’ fire, water when applied to
burning material is converted to steam which reduces the percentage of available oxygen.
Water expelling type extinguishers should not be used on fires involving electrical equipment
without de- energing them.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

The various types of water expelling extinguishers are:
i. Soda acid type.
ii. Gas pressure activated type.
iii. Constant air pressure type.

SODA ACID EXTINGUISHER

The operational instructions given on the body of the extinguisher should be read carefully. It
should be ascertained whether it is of upright of turnover type. To operate the extinguisher,
remove the cap and strike the plunger, direct the jet emerging from the nozzle on the fire.

WORKING PRINCIPLE
When the plunger is struck, it breaks the acid phial (bottle). The sulphuric acid and sodium
bicarbonate solution react together to release CO2. The CO2 generated creates pressure which
forces the water out of extinguisher. The CO2 acts only as a propellant and the water
extinguishes the fire by cooling effect.

GAS PRESSURE TYPE

The gas pressure type essentially has an outer container similar to that of the soda acid type.
There is gas cartridge filled with CO2 under pressure which forms the inner compartment.
When the cartridge is priced open, CO2 under pressure is released into the body of
extinguisher driving water out through the discharge tube.

CONSTANT AIR PRESSURE TYPE

The constant air pressure type extinguisher is filled with water and dry air is introduced
through air lines till the desire pressure is built up. When air lines are removed, the container is
hermetically sealed. While activation safety pin is withdrawn and valve lever is depressed
resulting in a jet of water through the hose, duration of discharge is 90 seconds to 120
seconds, effective jet length is 6m.

2. FOAM TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Foam type fire extinguisher is as shown in figure; this type is suited for class B fires. The foam
expelled by actuating the extinguisher forms a blanket over the surface of the liquid on fire and
gets over the contact of the burning liquid with air thus extinguishing the fire.

OPERATION

• Remove the extinguisher from the socket.

• Pull the plunger, rest it on the notch and turn the extinguisher over shaking well to
ensure the mixing of the two liquids.

• Direct the foam jet above the level of turning liquid. This allows the foam to build up
over the surface of the liquid. The jet from the foam extinguisher should have a length
of at least 6 m.

• Do not direct the jet directly into the liquid because this will drive the foam beneath the
surface and render it ineffective. In addition, it may splash burning liquid on to the
surrounding and spread the fire.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

Foam solution is electrically conductive and therefore is not recommended for use on electrical
fires.

3. DRY CHEMICALS TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Dry chemicals type fire extinguisher is as shown in figure, this type is suitable for tracking gas
fire, fires is electrical equipment. The chemical powder employed is usually sodium based and
when applied to a fire undergoes chemical reaction. The free radicals which are responsible for
sustaining any fire are put out of action by the dry chemical powders and because of this, the
fire dies out very fast. Chemical dry powders containing mixtures of sodium, potassium and
barium compounds have been found useful in extinguishing fires in metals such as sodium and
magnesium.

The chemical powder is contained in the main shell and CO2 gas is held under high pressure in
a sealed cartridge. When the extinguisher is operated, the cartridge is broken allowing CO2 gas
to escape to the main shell and push out the powder in the form of fog.

OPERATION
Carry the extinguisher to the place of fire and keep it upright. Remove the safety clip and strike
the knob located in the cap to activate the piercing mechanism which in turn breaks the
sealing disc of the cartridge. Direct the stream of escaping powder at the base of the flame. For
effective result stand about 5 to 8 feet away and direct the stream near the seat of the fire,
progress forward, moving the nozzle rapidly with a side to side sweeping motion. When using
on outdoor fires always operate extinguisher from the upwind side for the fire.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

4. CARBON-DI-OXIDE TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHER.

Carbon-di-oxide type fire extinguisher is as shown in figure; CO2 is effective as an

extinguishing agent primarily because it reduces the oxygen content of air to a point where
combustion cannot continue. CO2 is non-combustible and does not react with most
substances. Being a gas, it can penetrate and spread to all areas affected by fires.

Carbon-di-oxide fire extinguishers are used for putting out fires in petroleum products,
gaseous substances under pressure and also in sophisticated electrical and electronic
apparatus. Carbon-di-oxide extinguishers are not to be used in

• Fires involving chemicals that contain their own oxygen supply.

• Fires involving reactive metals such as sodium, potassium and magnesium.

OPERATION
Carry the extinguisher to the place of fire. Remove the safety pin and operate the discharge
device or unscrew the valve depending on the design. CO2 is delivered by means of
discharging horn through a high-pressure flexible hose. Direct the jet at the base of fire,
starting at one edge and sweeping across the surface of the burning material. When used in
open air, the operator should stand on the up-wind side of the fire and should apply the gas in
a downwind direction as close as possible to the fire. On fires in electrical equipment first
switch off the current then direct the jet or horn straight at the fire.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

HALON TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Halon is the most effective extinguishing agent than any other extinguishing agent. It is ideal
for intense and rapid flammable fires. Halon is non-conductive and leaves no traces, when
applied. So, it is also suitable for electrical fires, computer rooms etc. Halon extinguishing the
fire by interrupting the chain reactions which takes place at the flame zone for continuance of
fire. Halon is twice as effective as carbon-di-oxide on a weight basis and five times as effective
as carbon-di-oxide on volume basis.

OPERATION
Carry the extinguisher to the place of fire, remove the safety pin and operate the discharge
device. Halon is discharged by means of the discharge nozzle or hose. When operated it is
discharged as a semiliquid jet at a high velocity and evaporate rapidly to cover a fire in a
blanket of mist. The halogenated extinguishing agents are known as Halons. Halogenated
extinguishing agents are hydrogen in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced
by atoms from the halogen series i.e., fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. There are many
halogenated but only two are most effective and less toxic. They are Halons 1301 and Halon
1211.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

5.B) Explain the stages of fire development and factors affecting fire severity.

Answer:

The protection of life is of primary importance in fire situation & therefore aware of the
hazards & its development, fire developed over time & the environment detritions as smoke &
heat build up to endanger life.

Initially, when fuel, Oxygen and heat combine there is little or no hazard when ignition occur,
fires develops slowly & the rate of hazard increases as the fire develops.

The figure shows the general effect of fire development on hazards to life safety; from the
figure we can say that there is a time interval between the first detection & the critical level of
fire development which represents hazards to life cycle. All actions to preserve life safety must
be undertaken in this interval to time.

Stages of fire development:

Ignition: The ignition source along with the fuel first ignited will determine the initial fire
development, the ignition source dependent on the fuel & presence of flammable vapors in
the right mixtures.

Flames spread: Flame spreads along the surface of the original fuel which was ignited
depends on the properties of the fuel & the supply of Oxygen. The moving flame heats
adjacent un-burnt fuel, adding more flammable vapors & increasing the flame sites. In general
flame spreads faster upwards than reduce little horizontally or downward due to heating by
the combustion products flowing upwards & outwards from the fire.

Decay:

• Description: The final stage where the fire’s intensity diminishes, and it eventually burns
out or is controlled. This stage can involve smoldering and the presence of residual hot
spots.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

 • Key Factors: Reduced fuel availability, changes in weather conditions, and fire
suppression efforts contribute to this stage.

Factors Affecting Fire Severity

1. Fuel:

o Description: The type, amount, and arrangement of combustible materials (e.g.,

trees, shrubs, grass) that the fire consumes.

o Influence: High fuel loads and continuous fuels (like dense forests) can increase
fire severity. Fuel moisture content also affects how easily materials ignite and
burn.

2. Weather:

o Temperature: Higher temperatures can increase the flammability of fuels.

o Humidity: Low humidity levels can dry out fuels, making them more susceptible
to ignition and increasing fire intensity.

o Wind: Wind can spread flames and embers rapidly, increasing the fire’s spread
and intensity. It can also change the direction of the fire.

3. Topography:

o Slope: Fires burn faster uphill because the flames can reach more unburned fuel
above them. Steeper slopes can lead to more intense fires.

o Aspect: The direction a slope faces can affect fuel dryness (south-facing slopes in
the Northern Hemisphere typically receive more sunlight and are drier).

4. Human Activity:

o Description: Activities such as land management practices, building

construction, and recreational activities can influence fire behavior.

o Influence: Poor land management, accumulation of flammable materials, or

human-caused ignitions can increase the likelihood and severity of fires.

5. Natural Factors:

o Lightning: A common natural ignition source, particularly in dry conditions.

o Volcanic Eruptions: Can cause fires through lava flows or pyroclastic flows.

Understanding these stages and factors helps in both predicting and managing wildfires,
aiming to reduce their severity and impact on communities and the environment.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

6.A) Explain the technical requirements of product safety.

Answer:

PRODUCT SAFETY

A quality product is one that meets or exceeds customer standards and expectations. Product
safety is intimately associated with consumers. Therefore, safety of the consumers from faulty
product is very much important, for this purpose product liability law was introduced.
According to this law one who sells any product in an effective condition and unreasonably
dangerous to the users or consumers or to his property is subjected to liability.

Technical requirement of product safety program

The product safety program is carried out in five steps:

1. Design review.

2. Documentation & change Control.

3. Purchase product control.

4. Manufacturing & quality control.

5. Packaging & Marketing.

1. Design review

Products design is rarely the effort of a single individual; rather, the process of development
involves a wide range of technical & Managerial skills. This product design process is divided
into 3 stages conceptual Stage, intermediate Stage, and the final preproduction stage.

Stage Tasks to be Considered

Function performance features, Cost to produce, Life expectancy,

Conceptual Stage
Environment for use, Special characteristics (e.g., safety, instructions)

Preparation of layouts, Electrical schematics, Specifications and

Intermediate Stage
needs of initial tooling

Final Preproduction Detailed schematics & drawings with tolerances, Materials,

Stage Manufacturing processes

The consumer product safety commission (CPSC) suggests that persons representing
production, quality control, consumer services & management personnel comprise the design
review committee. This committee addresses product design safety which also takes
preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) into account. Once PHA has been completed then the
beginning of the formal design review process takes place.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

2. Documentation & Change Control

Accounting is a financial documentation essential for effective management. Technical record

keeping is necessary for effective management. Records of product development have to be
produced in litigation matters, when specifically requested, and can be used as evidence.

Any changes in design, production, and distribution have to be controlled and incorporated
into all documentation. It is particularly important that drawing, manufacturing changes,
quality control tests, and inspections be current with the design.

3. Purchase Product Control

The control of the quality of purchased parts is equally important to the quality control of the
final product. It is necessary, therefore, that control over vendors be consistent with the
potential safety impact of the parts they supply. This control is often over the purchase
specifications, which may include dimensions and tolerances or might be related to material
properties. The CPSC has established some purchase product control actions which are
applicable as follows:

1. Purchased documents should be clear and concise with respect to design, material, and
safety specifications.

2. Select proven vendors.

3. Verify conformance of supplies to contractual requirements.

4. Attend to promote corrective action when necessary.

5. Agreement on the responsibility of suppliers for reporting hazards to the manufacturers.

4. Manufacturing & Quality Control

Concern for manufacturing safe products is not different from safely manufacturing products.
This considers the task, the machinery, and the worker. Machinery and procedures should
conform to all safety regulations, and workers should be certified for critical tasks such as
welding or brazing. Equal interest should be given to detecting any manufacturing defects to
prevent user injury. Whereas designed defects can affect the safety of all the units of a product,
in order to prevent manufacturing defects, incorporate quality control procedures. Such
procedures include various inspection and testing methods, selected depending on the nature
of the specific product and based upon random sample test procedures and statistical analysis
of results. Analyze the test results fairly with respect to user safety.

5. Packaging & Marketing

Packaging is normally thought of as the protection for products during shipment. Packaging
also includes instructions for assembly, use, and maintenance. In most cases, packaging can be
important as there are some instructions and warnings. These arise as a duty to warn of
hazards which cannot be eliminated or reduced, but the product is desirable for societal needs.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

6.B) Write a note on electrical safety.

Answer:

Electrical Safety

Electrical faults rank highly, along with careless smoking, heating, and cooking. Electrical causes
include distribution wiring, appliances, portable tools, and other electrical processes that
produce ignition sources such as welding. Fire can be ignited by overheating or by sparks
created by arcing.

Electrical equipment operates because electrical energy flows through a circuit. The potential
of energy of the circuit, which is voltage, is given by the relation:

E= IR

where EEE is voltage or potential (in volts), III is the current measured in amperes, and RRR is
resistance measured in ohms. The power PPP in any circuit is measured in watts and is given by
the relation:

P=IE

P=I2E

Heat is generated within the wires of a circuit when current flows and can be described by the
relation:

H=I2Rt

Where, t = time

All materials conduct electricity if the conditions are right. Resistance is important when
determining the effects of electricity. It is the current that injures people in contact with
electricity.

The hazards of electrical appliances are due to the resistance of our skin to the conduction of
current. Once skin resistance is overcome, current flows readily through blood and body
tissues. The effect can vary from slight sensations to painful muscle contractions, burns, and
death. Death can result from asphyxiation caused by respiratory interference either from
muscular contraction or paralysis of the central nervous system and can affect the heart.
Electrical burns are usually deep, very painful, and slow to heal.

Module 4
7.A) Discuss Environment management Plan.
Preparation of environmental management plan is required for the formulation,
implementation, and monitoring of environmental protection measures during and after
commissioning of projects. The plans indicate the details as to how various measures have
been taken or proposed to be taken including cost components as may be required. Cost of
measures for environmental safeguards is treated as an integral component of the project cost
and environmental aspects have been taken into account at various stages of the projects.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

 • Conceptualization: Preliminary environmental assessment.
• Planning: Detailed studies of environmental impacts and design of safeguards.
• Execution: Implementation of environmental safety measures.
• Operation: Monitoring of effectiveness of built-in safeguards.
The management plans should be necessarily based on considerations of resource
conservation and pollution abatement, some of which are:
1. Liquid Effluents
2. Air Pollution
3. Solid Wastes
4. Noise and Vibration
5. Occupational Safety and Health
6. Prevention, maintenance and operation of Environment Control Systems
7. House-Keeping
8. Human Settlements
9. Transport Systems
10. Recovery – reuse of waste products
11. Vegetal Cover
12. Disaster Planning
13. Environment Management Cell
1.Liquid Effluents
• Effluents from the industrial plants should be treated well to the standards as prescribed
by the Central/State Water Pollution Control Boards.
• Soil permeability studies should be made prior to effluents being discharged into
holding tanks or impoundments and steps taken to prevent percolation and ground
water contamination.
• Special precautions should be taken regarding flight patterns of birds in the area.
Effluents containing toxic compounds, oil and grease have been known to cause
extensive death of migratory birds.
• Location of plants should be prohibited in such type of sensitive areas.
• Deep well burial of toxic effluents should not be resorted to as it can result in
resurfacing and ground water contamination. Re-surfacing has been known to cause
extensive damage to crop and livestock’s.
• In all cases, efforts should be made for re-use of water and its conservation.
2. Air Pollution
• The emission levels of pollutants from the different stacks should conform to the
pollution control standards prescribed by Central or State Boards.
• Adequate control equipment should be installed for minimising the emission of
pollutants from the various stacks.
• In-plant control measures should be taken to contain the fugitive emissions.
• Infrastructural facilities should be provided for monitoring the stack emissions and
measuring the ambient air quality including micro-meteorological data (wherever
required) in the area.
• Proper stack height as prescribed by the Central/State Pollution Control Boards should
be provided for better dispersion of pollutants over a wider area to minimise the effect
of pollution.
• Community buildings and townships should be built up-wind of plant with one-half to
one kilometre greenbelt in addition to physiographical barrier.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

3. Solid Wastes
• The site for waste disposal should be checked to verify permeability so that no
contaminants percolate into the ground water or river/lake.
• Waste disposal areas should be planned down-wind of villages and townships
• Reactive materials should be disposed of by immobilising the reactive materials with
suitable additives.
• The pattern of filling disposal site should be planned to create better landscape and be
approved by appropriate agency and the appropriately pre-treated solid wastes should
be disposed according to the approved plan.
• Intensive programs of tree plantation on disposal areas should be undertaken.
4.Noise and Vibration
• Adequate measures should be taken for control of noise and vibrations in the industry.
5.Occupational Safety and Health
• Proper precautionary measures for adopting occupational safety and health standards
should be taken.
6.Prevention, Maintenance and Operation of Environment Control Systems
• Adequate safety precautions should be taken during preventive maintenance and shut
down of the control systems.
• A system of inter-locking with the production equipment should be implemented where
highly toxic compounds are involved.
7.House – Keeping
• Proper house-keeping and cleanliness should be maintained both inside and outside of
he industry.
8.Human Settlements
• Residential colonies should be located away from the solid and liquid waste dumping
areas. Meteorological and environmental conditions should be studied properly before
selecting the site for residential areas in order to avoid air pollution problems.
• Persons, who are displaced or have lost agricultural lands as a result of locating the
industries in the area, should be properly rehabilitated.
9.Transport Systems
• Proper parking places should be provided for the trucks and other vehicles by the
industries to avoid any congestion or blocking of roads.
• Siting of industries on the highways should be avoided as it may add to more road
accidents because of substantial increase in the movements of heavy vehicles and
unauthorised shops and settlements coming up around the industrial complex.
• Spillage of chemicals/substances on roads inside the plant may lead to accidents.
Proper road safety signs both inside and outside the plant should be displayed for
avoiding road accidents
10. Recovery – reuse of waste products
• Efforts should be made to recycle or recover the waste materials to the extent possible.
The treated liquid effluents can be conveniently and safely used for irrigation of lands,
plants and fields for growing non-edible crops.
11.Vegetal Cover
• Industries should plant trees and ensure vegetal cover in their premises. This is
particularly advisable for those industries having more than 10 acres of land.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

12.Disaster Planning
• Proper disaster planning should be done to meet any emergency situation arising due
to fire, explosion, sudden leakage of gas etc. Fire fighting equipment and other safety
appliances should be kept ready for use during disaster/emergency situation including
natural calamities like earthquake/flood.
13.Environment Management Cell
• Each industry should identify within its setup a Department/Section/Cell with trained
personnel to take up the model responsibility of environmental management as
required for planning and implementation of the projects

7.B) Explain in detail types and advantages of Personal protective Equipments (PPE).
Under the various provisions of the factory act and rules the management of any factory has to
their employees the required personal protective equipment. The safety equipment’s are to be
used in any working industry. It may be inconvenient initially, but one should get used to it,
here we have to remember the personal protective equipment’s are only substituting in
preventing injuries, or bad health, if the hazards of the work place cannot be controlled by
engineering method or administrative control, The appliance are the last line of defence
against any hazard, and they are only a barrier between person and the hazard. If the barrier
fails or turns in effective due to one reason or other, the person using the equipment’s will be a
victim, Hence the following are the requirement’s to be remembered while selecting
the equipment’s:
• Adequate protection against the hazards to which the worker will be exposed.
• Maximum comfort and minimum weight.
• No restriction of essential movements.
• Durability and susceptibility of maintenance at the premises, where it is used.
• Construction in accordance with the accepted standards of performance and material.
• Attractive looking.
Personal protective equipment’s may be divided into two based groups:
1. Non respiratory
2. Respiratory
1.NON RESPIRATORY
The common safety appliances are:
1. Helmet
2. Face shield
3. Goggles
4. Hand gloves
5. Ear plug/ muff
6. Aprons (leather asbestos PVC etc.,)
7. Safety boots
8. Leg guard and
9. Partisan covers etc.
All personal protective equipment provided to the workers as required under the act shall have
Indian standard bureau. The factory inspectorate having regard to the nature of the hazards
involved in work and
process carried out, order the occupier or the manager in writing to the supply to the workers
exposed to particular hazard any personal protective equipment as may be found necessary.
The various type of personal protective equipment’s is detailed here under.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

Head Protection
When workers are employed in areas where there is danger of falling objects they shall wear
safety helmets.
Eye Protection
Suitable goggles are to be worn by all workers engaged in the following processes:
• The cutting out or cutting off of cold rivets, bolts from boilers or other plant.
• Chipping, sealing or scurfing of boilers or ship plates.
• Drilling by means of portable machine tools.
• Dry grinding of metals.
• Cutting and welding.
• Handling of chemicals injuries to eyes.
Hand Protection
Adequate protection for the hands shall be available for all workers when using cutting or
welding apparatus or when engaged in machine cutting or machine riveting or in transporting
or stacking plates or in handling plates at machines or in handling chemicals.
Protection in Connection With Cutting or Welding
Suitable goggles fitted with tinned eye pieces shall be provided and maintained for all persons
employed when using cutting or welding apparatus and also when engaged in the process of
electric welding. Other appliance required when doing such works are helmets or head shields
suitable hand shields to protect the eyes and face from hot metal and from rays
likely to be injurious. Suitable gauntlets to protect the hands and force arms hot metal and
from rays likely to be injurious.
Safety Belts and Life Lines
Whenever any worker is engaged on work at a place from which he is liable to fall more than
2m. He shall be provided with safety belts equipped with life lines which are secured with a
minimum of slack, to a fixed structure unless any other effective means such as provision of
grand rails or ropes are taken to prevent his falling. All safety belts and life line shall be
examined once in six months by a competent person to ensure that no belt or life line which is
not in good condition is used. The provision of clean, uncontaminated air to workers should be
accomplished by suitable engineering technique. However, this is not possible under all
circumstances notably during shutdown, plant emergencies or non- routing work- and suitable
respiratory devices must, in these cases, be worn by workers.
2. RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
Respiratory protective devices are based on two main principles:
1.Decontamination of local air by filtration, absorption etc., using respirators.
2.Segregate external supply using “breathing apparatus” breathing apparatus. Breathing
apparatus may be subdivided into the following classes:
a) Short distance fresh air breathing apparatus.
b) Compressed air line breathing apparatus.
c) Self- contained breathing apparatus.
The selection of equipment used will depend upon the type of operation and the nature and
concentration of the contaminants.
Obviously an external breathing supply is essential in an oxygen deficient atmosphere
therefore breathing apparatus should be specified whenever oxygen level are below 20%
volume. Even perfect respiratory protection may not always prevent contaminants entering the
body and a relatively large number of substances will penetrate unbroken skin on liquid or
vapour contact.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

Since respiratory protection depends upon the proper use of the equipment (particularly under
emergency conditions) all prospective user must be carefully trained in its use. In a breathing
apparatus the overall efficiency depends largely on the face piece seal which is affected by the
shape and size of the wearer’s features e.g. whether smooth shaven or whether spectacles are
worn. For the letter, in some locations, regular users of breathing apparatus are issued with a
special type of spectacles with flexible flat side-pieces or templar to help obtained a
satisfactory seal. Numerous design of face piece e.g. full or half are available of which the
Baxter and pneu-seal safe piece fitted with an inflatable pneumatic peripheral seal and the
double face piece type are probably the most recent developments
Entry into confined spaces and atmospheres immediately hazardous to life, by personnel
wearing respiratory protection, should not be permitted unless the wearer is equipped with a
rescue harness with a life- line either attached or available and similarly equipped personnel
are standing by keeping observation.

8.A) Explain various types of occupational diseases and their spread. Also suggest
preventive measures to curb the spread.
An infectious disease sometimes referred to as “contagious” or “communicable,” spreads from
person to person by various routes and is caused by pathogens (i.e., germs or “bugs”).
Preventing the spread of infectious diseases requires basic infection-control procedures,
including appropriate hand washing technique, personal hygiene and keeping the workplace
clean. Educating employees on these basic practices and other information on transmission
and common prevention measures can have a huge impact on your ability to control infectious
diseases in the workplace. Employees can be exposed to communicable diseases at work,
home, recreational facilities, health clubs and while traveling. Business travel, and in particular
global travel, can increase workers potential exposure to infections, if they are not immunized
properly. Multiple exposures may occur as these travelers return to the workplace, possibly
exposing associates to communicable diseases. Contractors and temporary agency workers can
expose on-site employees to various communicable diseases, too. Various types of
communicable diseases at work place may spread thorough airborne and contact
Airborne Diseases
TB (Tuberculosis), SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), Meningitis, Chickenpox,
Measles, Smallpox, Influenza (flu), etc. are transmitted primarily from airborne droplets from
an infected person’s cough, sneeze, or spit, which can then be inhaled by others.
Contact Diseases
Hepatitis A virus (HAV), Dysentery, Salmonellosis, E. Coli, Typhoid Fever and Methicillin
Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) are spread primarily by person-to-person contact,
generally from an infected person’s feces, urine, nasal discharge or infected skin, directly or
indirectly from contaminated food, drinking water, someone else’s hands or objects. These
diseases are spread more easily where there are poor sanitary conditions or poor personal
hygiene is practiced.

Best practices for preventing infectious disease

Best practices for preventing infectious disease exposure include the following:
• Written policies and procedures for infection control.
• Employee screening, vaccination, and education.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

 • Communication and follow up with the physician regarding the employee’s clearance to
work.
• Absence Management program that allows sending a sick employee home, encouraging
the employee to stay at home while feeling ill, and seeking medical attention.
• Good housekeeping including cleaning/disinfecting contaminated work areas with an
EPA- approved detergent/disinfectant.
• Properly managing an occupational exposure.
These prevention techniques should minimize your workers’ compensation and liability
exposures. Aside from these prevention techniques, effective controls include early recognition
of symptoms, prompt diagnosis and adequate isolation or treatment.

8.B) Explain different types of exposure in work place and their effects.
Answer:
EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO MSW
Municipal solid waste include commercial and domestic waste generated in municipal or
notified areas or in either solid or semisolid form excluding industrial hazardous waste but
including treated Bio-medical wastes. Problems faced due to solid wastes handling and
disposal are; workers and other persons who
manually collect and process Solid waste regularly are especially at high risks. Workers are
exposed to a multitude of health hazards that result from direct handling and contact with
(wastes) workers will be experiencing health hazards in 3 ways these are
• Accidents,
• Infections and
• Chronic diseases.
1. The first type of health impact is accidental injuries such as cuts and injuries from
sharp object in the wastes, muscular and skeletal disorders resulting from the handling
heavy containers. Intoxication and injuries resulting from contact with small amounts
of hazardous chemical wastes collecting with garbage and burns and other injuries
result with garbage and burns and other injuries resulting from accidental occupation
at waste disposal site or from methane gas fires or explosions at landfill site.
2. The second type of health impacts is infections caused by exposure to humans to
Solid waste, or its products of decomposition. Blood borne infections such as tetanus
resulting from injuries caused by infected sharp items in the waste are common.
Ophthalmologic and dermatological infections from exposure to contaminated dust
are also possible. Many tropical diseases transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes
have their origins in the breeding ponds created by indiscriminate wastes disposal
garbage forms a source of food for rates, flies and various insects. Hence typhoid,
plague, dysentery, epidemics would occur many also result in zoonosis which results
from bite by wild or stray animals feeding on wastes.
3. The third type of health impact is chronic disease causes by exposure to toxic
chemicals. Incinerations operators are especially exposed to chronic respiratory
diseases resulting from exposure to dust, to toxic and carcinogenic risks resulting
from exposure to hazardous compounds, cardiovascular disorders and heat stress
resulting from exposure to excessive temperature and to loss of hearing functions due
to exposure to excessive noise
OR

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

EFFECTS OFEXPOSURE TO EPOXY PRODUCTS (Engineering Industry)
Epoxy products are used for paints and other surface coatings, moulded and reinforced
plastics, electronic components and adhesives ranging from spray foams to dental cement.
They are often used in jobs were tough durable coatings or adhesives are needed.
Health Risks Associates With Epoxy Resins
The primary risks associated with epoxy use in sensitization to the hazardous that can induce
allergic RXn, the most common effects of over exposure to the chemical used in epoxy resin
systems are eyes, nose, throat, skin irritation, skin allergies and asthma. The solvent additives
can cause other effects such as headache, dizziness and confusion.
Lungs
Vapours and spray mists of most epoxy resin system chemicals can irritate lungs. Some people
develop asthma from these agents symptoms of asthma includes chest tightness, shortness of
breath, wheezing and coughing, these symptoms may occur after work or at night. Once a
person becomes allergic to these agents even the dust from sanding or grinding causes an
asthma attack.
Skin
Epoxy resins can cause skin irritations, symptoms include redness include redness swelling,
flecking and itching on the hands, face or other areas of contact. Skin allergies may develop
often just a few days of contact or many years of exposure.
Eyes, Nose and Throat
Most epoxy resin system chemicals and their vapour can irritate our eyes, nose and throat.
Some people develop headache as a result of this irritation. If liquid are splashed into eyes
they can severely damage the eyes. In that case, immediately rinse the eyes with water
continuously for 15 to 30 min and then seek medical attention.
Nerves System
Solvents inhaled or absorbed through our skin can affect central nerves system in the same
way as alcoholics. Symptoms of our exposure include headache, nausea, dizziness, confusion
and loss of consciousness.
Reproductive Systems
From the research it has been concluded that epoxy resin systems affects reproductions in
humans as the epoxy solvents vapour inhaled by a human can reach a developing features and
may contaminate the women breasts milk. Therefore, pregnant and nursing women should
minimize an expose to these solvents

Module 4
9.A) Explain Occupational health and safety considerations in water and wastewater
treatment.
Occupational Health and Safety Considerations at Wastewater Treatment Plants
Sewage Composition:
• Wastewater includes domestic and industrial wastewater, and often stormwater runoff.
• Can carry contaminants like oils, salts, metals, asbestos, pesticides, and herbicides.
Historical Hazards:
• Previously considered highly hazardous, especially due to confined space entry deaths.
• Risks remain, with ongoing health issues and fatalities among workers.
Health Issues:
• Acute Exposures: Short-term exposure leading to eye, nose, or throat irritation.
• Chronic Exposures: Long-term exposure causing organ damage and occupational allergies.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

Airborne Exposure:
• Aerosols generated during wastewater treatment contain microbiological and chemical
substances.
• Inhalation is a primary route of exposure.
• Open tanks and basins allow for airborne dispersion of volatile organics, some of which are
carcinogenic or mutagenic.
Infectious Diseases:
• Workers are at risk of infection from waterborne pathogens.
• Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and flu-like complaints.
• New workers are more susceptible to illness compared to experienced workers with immunity.

Chemical Exposure:
• A wide range of chemicals, including solvents, pesticides, PCBs, heavy metals, and more, are
present in wastewater and sludge.
• These substances can be inhaled or absorbed through the skin.
Routes of Entry:
• Inhalation: Workers inhale chemicals or organisms near aeration tanks, dewatering processes,
or during sludge handling.
• Skin Contact: Chemicals or pathogens can be absorbed through cuts, abrasions, or direct skin
contact with wastewater or sludge.
Preventive Measures:
• Use of engineering controls, administrative procedures, and process control strategies.
• Provision of protective equipment to reduce exposure risks.
• Medical surveillance to monitor health and detect occupational diseases early.

9.B) Explain the roles and responsibility of workers and managers in occupational safety
and health hazard.

Safety policies
Safe and healthy working conditions do not happen by chance. Employers need to have a
written safety policy for their enterprise setting out the safety and health standards which it is
their objective to achieve. The policy should name the senior executive who is responsible for
seeing that the standards are achieved, and who has authority to allocate responsibilities to
management and supervisors at all levels and to see they are carried out. The safety policy
should deal with the following matters: Arrangements for training at all levels. Particular
attention needs to be given to key workers such as scaffolds and crane operators whose
mistakes can be especially dangerous to other workers;
• Safe methods or systems of work for hazardous operations: the workers carrying out these
operations should be involved in their preparation;
• The duties and responsibilities of supervisors and key workers;
• Arrangements by which information on safety and health is to be made known;
• Arrangements for setting up safety committees;
• The selection and control of subcontractors.
Workers
Every worker is under a moral, and often also a legal, duty to take the maximum care for his or
her own safety and that of fellow workers. There are various ways of involving workers directly
in site conditions, such as:

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

 • “tool-box briefing” (figure 2), a five- to ten-minute session with the supervisor just prior to
starting a task gives the workers and the supervisor a chance to talk about safety problems likely
to be encountered and potential solutions to those problems. This activity is simple to
implement and it may prevent a serious accident;
• safety check”; a check by workers that the environment is safe before starting an operation may
allow them to take remedial action to correct an unsafe situation that could later endanger them
or another worker.
Safety officer/manager
Every construction company of any size should appoint a properly qualified person (or
persons) whose special and main responsibility is the promotion of safety and health. Whoever
is appointed should have direct access to an executive director of the company. His or her
duties should include:
• The organization of information to be passed from management to workers, including those of
subcontractors;
• The organization and conduct of safety training programs, including induction training for all
workers on the site;
• The investigation and review of the circumstances and causes of accidents and occupational
diseases so as to advise on preventive measures;
• acting as consultant and technical adviser to the safety committee;
• Participation in pre-site planning. To carry out these functions the safety officer should have
experience of the industry and should be properly trained and qualified and, where such exists,
should be a member of a recognized professional safety and health body.
Supervisors
Good planning and organization at each work site and the assignment of clear responsibility to
supervisors are fundamental to safety in construction. “Supervisor” here means the first level of
supervision, which on site is variously termed as “foreman”, “charge hand”, “ganger”, and so
on. Each supervisor requires the direct support of site management and should seek to assure
within his or her field of competence that:
• Working conditions and equipment are safe;
• Workplace safety is regularly inspected;
• Workers have been adequately trained for the job they are expected to do;
• Workplace safety measures are implemented;
• The best solutions are adopted using available resources and skills;
• Necessary personal protective equipment is available and used.

10.A) Occupational Health and Safety Considerations in Ready-Mix Concrete (RMC)

Plants
An RMC plant is a facility where concrete is mixed and prepared for construction projects.
These plants handle various materials, including cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures,
and involve several mechanical operations, leading to a range of occupational health and
safety hazards. Below are key considerations for ensuring safety in such environments:
1. Exposure to Dust and Chemicals:
• Cement Dust: Workers are often exposed to cement dust, which can cause respiratory issues
such as silicosis, bronchitis, and lung irritation.
• Chemical Additives: RMC plants use various chemical admixtures that can be hazardous if
inhaled or come into contact with the skin. These chemicals may cause irritation, burns, or
allergic reactions.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

2. Physical Hazards:
• Heavy Machinery: The plant involves the use of mixers, conveyors, and loaders, which pose
risks such as crush injuries, cuts, and amputations. Proper machine guarding, regular
maintenance, and operator training are essential.
• Noise: High noise levels from machinery and vehicles can lead to hearing loss or other auditory
problems over time. Use of hearing protection is necessary in high-noise areas.
• Vibration: Workers operating vibrating machinery are at risk of hand-arm vibration syndrome
(HAVS) or whole-body vibration, which can cause long-term health issues.
3. Manual Handling and Ergonomic Issues:
• Lifting and Carrying: Workers often need to lift heavy materials like bags of cement, leading to
musculoskeletal disorders, including back injuries.
• Repetitive Movements: Continuous handling of materials or operating equipment may cause
strain injuries, making ergonomic assessments and proper training critical.
4. Heat and Temperature-Related Hazards:
• Exposure to Extreme Heat: In hot weather, outdoor RMC plants expose workers to extreme
temperatures, increasing the risk of heat stress, dehydration, or heatstroke.
• Handling of Hot Materials: During certain processes, workers may be exposed to hot surfaces
or materials, which can cause burns if proper personal protective equipment (PPE) is not used.
5. Chemical Spills and Leaks:
• Hazardous Material Leaks: Spills of chemicals, such as admixtures or diesel fuel, can create
hazards, including slips, falls, or environmental contamination. Proper storage, spill control
measures, and personal protection are necessary to mitigate these risks.
6. Slips, Trips, and Falls:
• Uneven Surfaces and Wet Floors: The presence of concrete slurry, spilled aggregates, or water
on the plant floor can increase the risk of slips and falls.
• Scaffoldings and Platforms: Workers working at heights on platforms or scaffolds are at risk of
falling, necessitating the use of guardrails, harnesses, and safety nets.
7. Confined Spaces:
• Silos and Storage Tanks: Workers may need to enter confined spaces, such as silos or cement
storage tanks, where they are at risk of asphyxiation, falls, or exposure to hazardous
atmospheres. Confined space entry protocols and proper ventilation are critical.
8. Electrical Hazards:
• Electrical Installations and Equipment: Inadequate wiring, poor maintenance, or improper use
of electrical equipment can lead to shocks, fires, or electrocution. Proper grounding, insulation,
and regular inspections are key to reducing these risks.
9. Traffic Hazards:
• Vehicle Movement: RMC plants involve the constant movement of heavy vehicles, including
trucks and forklifts, which can create collision hazards. Proper traffic management, signage, and
use of high-visibility clothing are important to prevent accidents.
10. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
• To minimize exposure to dust, noise, chemicals, and physical hazards, workers should be
provided with appropriate PPE, including:
o Respiratory protection (e.g., masks)
o Safety goggles
o Hearing protection (e.g., earplugs)
o Gloves
o Steel-toed boots
o High-visibility clothing
o Helmets

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

11. Health Monitoring and Training:
• Medical Surveillance: Regular health monitoring of workers exposed to dust, noise, and
chemicals helps in early detection of occupational illnesses such as respiratory disorders, skin
conditions, or hearing loss.
• Training and Awareness: Workers should be trained on safe handling of materials, proper use
of PPE, operating machinery, and emergency procedures to prevent accidents and health issues.

10.B) Explain OSHA consideration in i) Construction site ii) Chemical industry.

OSHA Considerations in Different Work Environments:

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sets standards for various industries to
ensure safe and healthy working conditions. Below are the key considerations OSHA enforces for both
construction sites and chemical industries:

i) OSHA Considerations in Construction Sites

Construction sites are inherently hazardous environments due to the nature of the work, tools, and
machinery involved. OSHA has outlined specific regulations to minimize accidents and ensure worker
safety.
1.Fall Protection:
• Falls are one of the leading causes of injuries and fatalities in construction. OSHA requires fall protection
for workers operating at heights of six feet or more.
• Measures: Guardrails, safety nets, harnesses, and personal fall arrest systems must be used. Training on
proper use and fall hazards is mandatory.
2.Scaffold Safety:
• Workers must be protected when working on scaffolds by ensuring proper assembly and usage.
• Measures: Scaffolds should be equipped with guardrails, midrails, and appropriate access. Daily
inspections and load capacities must be monitored.
3.Ladder Safety:
• OSHA sets strict guidelines on the correct use of ladders, ensuring they are in good condition and used
correctly.
• Measures: Ladders must be of adequate strength, properly secured, and positioned on stable surfaces.
4.Cranes and Heavy Equipment:
• Heavy equipment poses significant risks due to potential mechanical failures and operator errors.
• Measures: Cranes and hoists must be inspected regularly, and operators must be trained and certified.
Proper clearances and load management are essential.
5.Excavation and Trenching:
• Excavation sites and trenches are subject to cave-ins, making them extremely dangerous.
• Measures: OSHA mandates protective systems such as trench boxes, shoring, or sloping to prevent
collapses. Inspections by competent persons are required before work begins each day.
6.Hazard Communication:
• Construction sites may involve exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as paints, solvents, and
adhesives.
• Measures: OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard requires labeling, safety data sheets (SDS), and
training to inform workers about the chemicals they are using.
7.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
• OSHA requires the use of PPE, including helmets, steel-toed boots, eye protection, and hearing
protection, depending on the nature of the work.
• Measures: Employers must assess hazards and provide appropriate PPE, while also ensuring employees
are trained in its use.
8.Electrical Safety:
• Electrical hazards on construction sites can result from improper grounding, exposed wiring, or failure to
de-energize electrical equipment.
• Measures: Lockout/tagout procedures, use of ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), and regular
inspection of electrical equipment are mandatory.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

9.Confined Spaces:
• Some construction work occurs in confined spaces such as tanks, sewers, or pipelines, which pose risks
of asphyxiation, fire, or toxic exposure.
• Measures: OSHA requires proper ventilation, atmospheric testing, and permits for entry into confined
spaces, as well as rescue plans.
10.Health and Safety Training:
• OSHA mandates regular training programs to educate workers on site-specific hazards, safety protocols,
and emergency procedures.
ii) OSHA Considerations in Chemical Industry
The chemical industry involves handling hazardous materials, making worker protection a top priority.
OSHA enforces strict guidelines to mitigate the risks of exposure to toxic chemicals, fires, explosions,
and health hazards.
1.Process Safety Management (PSM):
• PSM is a regulatory standard aimed at preventing the release of toxic, reactive, or flammable chemicals.
• Measures: Employers must develop and implement safety programs that address hazards associated
with chemical processing, including equipment maintenance, employee training, and emergency
preparedness.
2.Hazardous Chemicals and Hazard Communication:
• Workers in chemical plants may be exposed to hazardous substances that can cause burns, respiratory
issues, or long-term health problems.
• Measures: OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard requires chemical manufacturers to label
chemicals, provide safety data sheets (SDS), and train employees on chemical risks and safe handling
practices.
3.Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout):
• Accidental release of hazardous energy during maintenance activities can result in severe injuries or
fatalities.
• Measures: OSHA mandates the use of lockout/tagout procedures to prevent the unintended release of
energy. Employees must be trained on the proper de-energization of equipment.
4.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
• Chemical exposure can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion.
• Measures: OSHA requires the use of appropriate PPE, including gloves, goggles, face shields, and
respiratory protection. Proper PPE selection is based on the chemicals being handled and their
associated risks.
5.Ventilation and Air Monitoring:
• Proper ventilation is crucial in preventing the buildup of hazardous vapors or gases in enclosed spaces.
• Measures: OSHA mandates the use of engineering controls like local exhaust ventilation, as well as
regular air monitoring to ensure that concentrations of hazardous substances do not exceed permissible
exposure limits (PELs).
6.Emergency Response and Spill Control:
• Chemical spills and accidental releases pose serious risks to workers and the environment.
• Measures: OSHA requires employers to have emergency response plans that include spill containment
procedures, the use of neutralizing agents, and proper disposal of hazardous waste. Regular drills and
emergency response training are required.
7.Fire and Explosion Protection:
• Many chemicals are flammable or explosive, making fire prevention critical.
• Measures: OSHA standards include requirements for fire-resistant equipment, explosion-proof electrical
systems, and safe storage practices for flammable liquids and gases. Fire extinguishers, sprinklers, and
emergency exits must be properly maintained.
8.Process Hazard Analysis (PHA):
• To identify potential hazards in chemical processes, OSHA requires companies to conduct a PHA.
• Measures: Employers must evaluate the risks associated with processes, materials, and equipment, and
implement corrective measures to mitigate potential dangers.
9.Respiratory Protection:
• Workers may need respiratory protection in environments with airborne contaminants.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM

 • Measures: OSHA requires the implementation of a respiratory protection program, including the
selection of appropriate respirators, fit testing, and worker training.
10.Training and Medical Surveillance:
• OSHA mandates that workers in the chemical industry undergo training on safe work practices, hazard
recognition, and emergency procedures. Medical surveillance is often required for workers exposed to
hazardous chemicals to detect health problems early.

Abhishek H V, Dept of ISE, DSATM