MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

• Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called
manufacturing.
• People employed in the secondary activities manufacture the primary materials into finished goods.
• The workers employed in steel factories, car, breweries, textile industries, bakeries etc. fall into this category. Some
people are employed in providing services.

IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING

• Help in modernising agriculture

• Reduces dependence of ppl on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sector
• Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.
• This was the main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India. It was also aimed at
bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
• Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
• Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s
prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.

Q) Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand. EXPLAIN

• the agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
• Industries are dependent on agriculture for raw materials
• Farmers are dependent on industry for various implements like irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides,
plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools.
• Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing
their production but also made the production processes very efficient.

Q)How can Indian industries be more competitive in the modern world?

• In the present day world of globalisation, our industry needs to be more efficient and competitive.
• Self-sufficiency alone is not enough.
• Our manufactured goods must be at par in quality with those in the international market. Only then, will we be able to
compete in the international market.

CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES

On the basis of source of raw materials used:

• Agro based: cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.
• Mineral based: iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.

According to their main role:

• Basic or key industries are those which supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron
and steel and copper smelting, aluminum smelting.
• Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines,
fans etc.

On the basis of capital investment:

• A small scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit.
This limit has changed over a period of time. At present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.
• Large Scale Industry greater than 1 cr

On the basis of ownership:

• Public sector, owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.
• Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd.,
Dabur Industries.
• Joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL)
is jointly owned by public and private sector.
 • Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or
both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately. Such examples are the sugar
industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.

Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods:

• Heavy industries such as iron and steel

• Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical goods industries.

Agro-based Industries

Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc. industries are based on agricultural raw materials.

Textile Industry:

• The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy, because it contributes significantly to
o industrial production,
o employment generation and
o foreign exchange earnings.
o It is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material
to the highest value added products.
• Cotton Textiles:
o In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques.
o After the 18th century, power-looms came into use.
o Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not compete with
the mill-made cloth from England.
o The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.
o The two world wars were fought in Europe, India was a British colony.
o There was a demand for cloth in U.K. hence, they gave a boost to the development of the cotton textile
industry.
o In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and
Gujarat.
▪ Availability of raw cotton,
▪ market,
▪ transport including accessible port facilities,
▪ labour,
▪ moist climate, etc. contributed towards its localisation.
o This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers
engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.
o The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, packaging
materials and engineering works.
o While spinning continues to be centralised in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, weaving is highly
decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari,
embroidery, etc.
o India has world class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of
the high quality yarn produced in the country.
o Weaving is done by handloom, powerloom and in mills. The handspun khadi provides large scale employment
to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry.
• Jute Textiles
o India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as an exporter after
Bangladesh.
o Most of the mills are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli river, in a narrow belt.
o The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at Rishra.
o After Partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India but three-fourth of the jute producing area went to
Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).
o Factors responsible for their location in the Hugli basin are:
▪ proximity of the jute producing areas,
▪ inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to
facilitate movement of raw material to the mills,
▪ abundant water for processing raw jute,
 ▪ cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.
▪ Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.

• Sugar Industry
o India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first place in the production of gur and
khandsari.
o The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces.
o The mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,
Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.
o Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
o This industry is seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector.
o In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states,
especially in Maharashtra, This is because
▪ the cane produced here has a higher sucrose content.
▪ The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
▪ Moreover, the cooperatives are more successful in these states.

Mineral Based Industries

• Iron & Steel Industries

o The iron and steel industry is the basic industry since all the other industries — heavy, medium and light,
depend on it for their machinery.
o Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical,
telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
o Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development.
o Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky
entailing heavy transportation costs.
o Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1.
o Some quantities of manganese, are also required to harden the steel.
o The finished products also need an efficient transport network for their distribution to the markets and
consumers.
o Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries.
o It is largely, because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry. These
include,
▪ low cost of iron ore,
▪ high grade raw materials in proximity,
▪ cheap labour and
▪ vast growth potential in the home market.
• Aluminium Smelting
o Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.
o It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with
other metals.
o It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
o It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries
o Aluminium smelting plants in the country are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
o Bauxite, the raw material used in the smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.
o The flow chart given below shows the process of manufacturing aluminium.
o Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at minimum cost are the two prime factors
for location of the industry.

• Chemical Industries
o The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying.
o It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.
o Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors.
o Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives,
paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic
soda. These industries are widely spread over the country as ra material for these industries is available
everywhere
o Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic
rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries
or petrochemical plants.
o The chemical industry is its own largest consumer. Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce
other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets.
• Fertilizer Industry
o The fertilizer industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic
fertilizers and diammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which have a combination of nitrogen (N),
phosphate (P), and potash (K).
o The third, i.e. potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves of commercially usable
potash or potassium compounds in any form.
o After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to several other parts of the country.
o Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute towards half of the fertilizer production.
o Other significant producers are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal,
Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.
• Cement Industry
o Cement is essential for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams
and for other commercial establishments.
o This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum. Coal and electric power
are needed apart from rail transportation.
o The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf
countries.
o The first cement plant was set-up in Chennai in 1904. After Independence the industry expanded.
• Automobile Industry
o Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of good services and passengers.
 o Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are manufactured in India
at various centres.
o After the liberalisation, the coming in of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in
the market, which led to the healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and three-wheelers.
o The industry is located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad,
Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.
• Information Technology and Electronics Industry
o The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular
telecom, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipments required by the
telecommunication industry.
o Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India.
o Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow
and Coimbatore.
o The major industry concentration is at Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune. A major
impact of this industry has been on employment generation.
o The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

Although industries contribute significantly to India’s economic growth and development, the increase in pollution of land,
water, air, noise and resulting degradation of environment that they have caused, cannot be overlooked. Industries are
responsible for four types of pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise. The polluting industries also include thermal power
plants.

• Air pollution
o is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as SO2 & CO.
o Air borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke.
o Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of
fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
o Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects.
o Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.
• Water pollution
o is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents discharged into rivers.
o The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries
and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury
pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.
o Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.
o Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and
ponds before cooling which causes harm to aquatic life.
o Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and
miscarriages.
o Soil and water pollution are closely related.
o Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage renders
the soil useless.
o Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets
contaminated.
• Noise pollution
o results in irritation and anger,
o it can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological
effects.
o Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress.
o Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and
electric drills also make a lot of noise.
Control of Environmental Degradation

• Every litre of waste water discharged by our industry pollutes eight times the quantity of freshwater. Some suggestions
are
(i) minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages
(ii) harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
(iii) treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can
be done in three phases
a. Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
b. Secondary treatment by biological process
c. Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.
• GENERAL MEASURES TO PREVENT ENVIROMENTAL DEGRADATION BY INDUSTRIES ARE
o Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources also
needs to be regulated legally.
o Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators,
fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
o Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
o Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.
o Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
o Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.
o The challenge of sustainable development requires integration of economic development with environmental
concerns.
• NTPC
o NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment
Management System) 14001.
o The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil
and gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants.
o This has been possible through
▪ Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
▪ Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
▪ Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose
vehicles for afforestation.
▪ Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and
liquid waste management.
▪ Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database management for all its power stations.