AIRPORT

ENGINEERING

By-Jaspal Singh
(Ex-IES)
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iii Engine failure

 In this case basic runway length
consider clearway or stopway
may
Orboth
Stopway is the area beyond the
runway
It is mainly used to decelerate the
aircraft and bring it to stop during
aborted take off
The strength of stopway should
be sufficient to carry weight of
aircraft without structural damage
to aircraft
If the engine has failed at speed less
than than the designated engine failure
with the
p ffaooooooanderated
 BRL

anger
 Length of runway under
standard conditions is 1620 m
The airport site has an elevation

of 230m If the required temperature

is 32.94C and runway is to be
constructed with effective gradient

of 0.2 Then determine the

corrected
runway length

Solution i
correction elevation 7.1100 1 300
for
230 1620 86.94 M
corrected
runway length
1620 86.94 1706.94m

ii STE 15 0.0065 230 13.5 C

Increase of ART Over STE 32.94 13.5
19.44C

correction for temperature

1706.94 19.44 100 331.82 m
correction for length 1706.94
331.82 2038.76 m

check combined correction

2038.78 1620 X 100 25.85 35
1620

iii Correction for gradient

 48 012 2038.76 81.54 M

corrected length 2038.76 81.54

2120.22 m

Q The data of a hotest month

of year is analysed as mean
of maximum daily temperature
is 43.72 mean
of average daily
temperature 20.32 C find ART

Solution ART Tat Tm Ta 3 20.32

43.72 20.32 1 3 28.12 C

Apart from runway length several

other parameters also forms the
part of geometric design ofrunway
a RUNWAY WIDTH

ICAO recommends the

runway width
in range of 10 45m
It is on the basis of fact that
outer engine should not damage
by dust of the shoulders of runway

00
 b width and length of safety
area
in

width ofsafety is
area
runway
plus shoulder on either side of
runway plus the area that is cleared
graded and drained

It is used for emergency during

aircraft operations

For non instrument

runway width
ofsafety area is minimum 150m for
A B C type of aircraft and 78m for
D E type

For instrumental runway

minimum width loss of 300m

length of safety area is 60m

beyond runway at both end

Note Airport classification A toE

is on the basis
of runway length
as follows

Airport type A Having longest

runway
Airport type E Having shortest
 runway
Airport Basic Runwaylength m Riff fisverse
type
Gradient
Maximum Minimum

A 2100 45 1.5
B 2099 1500 45 1.5
C 1499 900 30 1.5
899 750 22.5 2
E 749 600 18 2
C LONGDUNAL GRADIENT

longitudinal gradient
Moffensefaganthe
more than is the requirement
of
runway length
For A B Ctype of airport 1.5 max
D E type
of airport 2 Max
7 RATE OF CHANGE OF LONGITUDINAL
GRADIENT

For A B typeof airport 0.1 per30m

Length
8 type of airport 0.2 per30m length
D E type
ofairport 0.4 per30mLength
E SIGHT DISTANCE
for A B C type of airport any two
points which are 3m above the
surface of runway should be
mutually visible from a distance
equal to half of runway length
for D E type of airport any point
3m above runway and 2.1 m above
runway should be mutually visible
from distance equal to half of
runway length
A
B
3M 2.1m
Ry
AIRPORT CAPACITY
Number of movements of aircraft
which an aircraft can handle
safely within unit time hr is
termed as AIRPORT CAPACITY
Here movement means landing or

take off operation

Airport operating capacity

depends upon
a Number of runway
configu ation
of runway and taxiway
b Weather conditions
c obstruction nearby airport
d Apron parking
e Navigation aids
Note Same factors also regulates
the capacity of runway

GATE CAPACITY

It is defined as a parking space

adjacent to the terminal
building for loading and
unloading of passengers Luggage
or
cargo mail
The capacity of gate depends
ON
a Type of aircraft
b Number
ofpassengers baggage
mail
 c Type of flight originating or

through
Gate capacity is given by
GC Min Gini

Gi Numbers of gates that can

accommodate a particular type
of aircraft
Ti averagegate occupancy time
of an aircraft
Mi fraction of aircraft type
requiring service
 Total requirement offuture gates
is given by
Present 2 future passenger 2
gates Present passenger
4 5 2 3 2 18 3 2
56

Find the capacity of 15gates that

serve three class
of aircraft
Aircraft 1 Minimum Average Occup
class action time min

A 40 25
B 25 45
C 35 60
 SOLUTION Assuming each gate
is available for all aircraft
capacity of all gates
15 1
0.4 25 0.25 45 0.35 60
0.355Aircraft Min 21.3
21Aircraft hour

TAXIWAY DESIGN

Taxiway provides access to the aircraft

from the runway to the loading
apron or service hanger and
back
Taxiway should be so arranged
that landed aircraft during
taxing towards apron should
not interfere with aircraft
taxing for take off
Route
of taxiway should be
shortest from apron to runway
Taxiway should be located at
various points so that landing
aircraft leaves the runway as

early as possible

There should be no intersection

between runway and taxiway
 Geometric design of taxiway

Since the speed of aircraft at

taxiway is much lower than speed
at runway the design standards

of taxiway are much lower than

runway

a Length of taxiway NO
specification but it should as short
as possible

b Width of taxiway No
specification but is in range of
7.5 22.5 M
c Longitudinalgradient for A B C
 type of airport 1.5
for C D E type of airport 73

d Rate of changeof longitudinal

gradient
for A B Ctype of airport 1 per 30m
for D E type ofairport 1.2 per30m

e Transverse gradient for A B715

f sightdistance for A BC type of

airport surface oftaxiway should
be visible from 2.1 m height at 250
in distance

g Turning radius
 for changing the direction of
taxiway horizontal curve is required
Radius R is givenby
1 Fc

at s FF

R
Y A

R Radius m

v speed Kmph 7 0.13

f Lateral transvere friction

 for large subsonic aircraft
minimum R 120m

Supersonic aircraft Minimum R 180m

Radius of taxiway should also be
provided such that the distance of
the main gear extreme tyre is not
less than 6m from the pavement
edge and can be computed as

R 0.388 w B
I S

wheel base of
w
aircraft m

T Width
of taxiway m
S Distance between mid point
of the main gear and edge
of taxiway
Radius of taxiway provided is
greater of A B and min specified
value

Q A taxiway is to be designed for

operating aircraft having following
characteristics

wheel base 18m

Tread of main landing gear 6.62m
Turning speed 40 Kmph
0.13
f
7 22.5
Solution R 1,3 98.46MCA
13 424

also R 0.388 w 0.388 182

I S 2225 6 6.622

R 64.8m B
also min R 120m c

R Max 98.46M 64.8m 120m 120m

EXIT TAXIWAY

At busy airport taxiway should

be located at various points
along the runway so that

as
ai craft
leaves the runway
possible
as soon
 These taxings are termed as
EXIT TAXIWAY
Location of the exist taxiway
depends on following factors

a
Topographic features high
altitude or deep valley or
obstruction reduces the visibility
which mayaffect the landing
speed and location of exit
taxway
b Weather Condition Wind
temperature fog etc affect the
landing speed hence location of
exit taxiway
 e Number of exit taxiway If
there are only two exit tax way
then they should be at end of the
runway and if there are more two
then they are distributed along the

runway length

d Exit speed Location of exit

taxiway should be such that
where aircraft have suffient
reduced speed to take the safe
turn
 Design of exist taxiway connecting
runway

Here most significant factor is exit

speed that governs the radius

Slightly widen enterance which

gradually taper to the normal
width of taxiway is proffered

Total angle of turn of36 45C can

be negotiated satisfactory

Length of the largerradius R

can be computed emperically as
4 10.2843 C coefficient 0.39
CRz

EX
axiway
a

R2

i
0 30 450 Runway
 SEPERATION CLEARANCE

The distance between parallel

taxiway for safe movement of
aircraft is termed as SEPERATION
CLEARANCE

It depends on
a Navigation aids
b Wing span of aircraft
c Type
of aircraft
APRON

It is a paved area forparking of

aircraft loading and uploading the
passenger and cargo

This area is near to the terminal

It should have adequatedgradient

1
for drainage
size of apron depends on following

factors

a AIRCRAFT PARKING SYSTEM

iFrontal System It is very simple

and economical and it used for small
airport
 TERMINAL BUILDING

ii OPEN AREASYSTEM

Here aircraft are TERMINALBUILDING

parked in row
Passengers have to
walk or vehicles
are required in this case
Passengers are exposed to weather and
hot blast
of jet aircraft
 iii Finger System

It provides protection to the passenger

from weathernoisejet blast
TERMINAL BUILDING

F shape

TERMINAL BUILDING

Y Shape
TERMINAL BUILDING

straight
future expansion is easier
Aircraft remains close to the
term nal
building

iv Satellite System

Satellites are small building located

on
apron

Aircraft are parked near the

satellite building and this connect
to the terminal building bytunnels

It has high constructional cost but

it requires less turning
B SIZE OF LOADING AREA

size of loading directly

area

governs the size of apron

It is also known as GATE POSITION

Size of loading area gate position

depends upon the type of aircraft
turning radius etc

C NUMBER OF GATE POSITION

Numbers
ofgate positions depends
upon the peak hourly aircraft
movement and time during which
each aircraft remain in a
gate
position

This time is also known as RAMP

Time which varies from few mins to
an hour depending upon the type of
aircraft

Numberofgate positions isgiven

by

Gate position number

Capacity of runway Averagegate
60 2 occupancy time
 VISUAL AIDS AND DRAINAGE
SYSTEM

Pilot needs visual aids for

prespestive view of runway during
landing and take off operation

Runway edges and runway central

line is amongst the things which
should be clearly visible to the
pilot

In day time visibility is enhanced

by marking the line and numbering

having maximum constrast with the
surroundings under all conditions
 In night time adequate lighting
is provided
for same

A AIRPORT MARKING

Runway marking consist the

mar ing
of central line edge strip
touch down zone landing zone

All marking is done in yellow

colour paint raving width of 0.9m

Taxiway marking is done in yellow

colour paint having width
of 0.15m

Taxiway marking should start at

min 60m before the exit taxiway

Runway shoulder marking is done

in yellow paint and has diagonal
line having width
of 0.9m
Taxiway shoulder and apron holding
shoulder are marked perpendiculary

Blast pad at the end of runway

is marked with yellow paint
having cheron pattern

Apron marking is done by yellow

paint
 Sincefuel is like to spill over paint
should be fuel resistant

some guidelines are painted on

apron to help pilot in operating
the aircraft on the apron

Wind direction indicator consist of

wind cone that must be placed
away from building inside a circle
with diameter of 30m Internal and
panel width of 0.9m 2.4m

It should have colour which is

in contrast with background
odfaocffqfaaHf
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so
 Landing direction indicator is
in form of T shape and is at
the centre of segmented circle

It's purpose is to indicate the

pilot direction of active runway

AIRPORT LIGHTING

In the night duration airport

lighting provides better visibility to
landing and taking off and taxing
operation

Colour and general pattern of

lights used in airports are standardi
sized for all civil airports

Threshold lighting is provided 60

m ahead of where a pilot
runway
makes decisions wheather to land or
not

Taxiway light should be clearly

identified and different with
to avoid confusion
runway

All taxiway side lights are blue

coloured and centre lights are

green

Exit taxiway should be lighted

360m 450m ahead
of turn off
Runway edge lights are spaced
60m and centre lights are spaced
at 12.5 15m and are usually white

Apron and hanger area should

have flood light having at least
12 m height above pavement

Landing direction indicator is

properly lighted for night operation

Note Apart from visibility aids Air

traffic control aids also helps in proper
operation
 Air traffic control aids are further
of two types

a VFR VISUAL FLIGHT RULES

b IFR INSTRUMENTAL FLIGHT RULES
VFR pervial when the weather
condition isgood and uplift can

manage with visual aids during

operation

IFR pervails when the visibility

is inadequate during night time
or due to bad weather
 AIRPORT DRAINAGE
A proper drainage is essential
for safety of aircraft and long
life of pavement
A drainage system in airfield
normally serves following function

Removal
a
ofsurface run
off
b Interception and diversion of
surface and ground water flow
originatingfrom lands adjacent to
the airfield area

c Lowering of sub surface water

level in airfield
 The drainage system
of airfield
consists
of
a SURFACE DRAINAGE b SUB
SURFACE DRAINAGE

HELIPORT

Helipads Heliports is the designated

area where facilities are provided

for take off and landing of helicopters

Helicopters have following advantages

over
aircraft
a It can lift of ground in a
nearly vertical direction

b It can be used in winters and in

rainy seasons

e It is suitable short hauld distances

d It can be used as ambulence and

for military purposes

following points are considered

for selection of heliport location

a It should be located in close

proximity to trafficgenerating areas
 b It should have a convenient areas
i e roadway
byground transportation
or railway

c Site should be least Objectionable

for noise

d As per ICAO recommendation

the obstruction clearance line
should have slope of 1 8 upto 750m
beyond this 1 40 upto 225m and then
followed by slope of 1 8

e In transverse direction the slope

obstruction clearance line is 1 2
of
 Terminal Langing
B Area
x̅

Approachpath 60m
Appropahn

120m

1 2 12

60m
B B
1S
1 40
1S
K 120m x̅ 750m 225m
A A

Size of landing area as per helicopter

type is as follows
Type of helicopter size of landing
area
a Single Engined
i 2700Kg wt 22.5 MX 225 M
ii 6800kg wt 30 m 30M
b Multi Engined 60m 120m

ICAO recommends the minimum width

which is equal to twice the diameter
of main rotor of larger helicopter
expected to use the helicopter

TUNNEL ENGINEERING

A tunnel is an engineering structure

artificial or passageconstructed
gallery
beneath the ground under the bed of
stream or hill or mountain

It provides passage for transporting

passengers freight water sewage or gas
etc
Tunnels offers following advantages
a It is economical
b It avoids dangerous cut nearby
to the structure
c It can be used during warfare

tunnels
Classification of

classification of tunnels can be done as

follows
a ONTHE BASIS OFTRAFFIC

RAILWAY TUNNEL

HIGHWAY TUNNEL
PEDESTRAINTUNNEL

b ONTHE BASIS OF CONVEYANCE

WATERSUPPLYTUNNEL
SEWARTUNNEL
POWER TUNNEL

C ON THE BASIS OF QUALITY OF MATERIAL

HARD ROCKTUNNEL

LOOSESAND QUICK SAND TUNNEL

OPEN CUT TUNNEL

 d ONTHE BASIS OF POSITION ASIGNMENT

SADDLE BASE TUNNEL

SPIRAL TUNNEL
OFF SPUR TUNNEL

SHAPE OF TUNNELS

The shape
of the sectional profile of
a tunnel should be such that the
lining is able to resist the pressure
exerted by the unsupported walls of
tunnel excavation
commonly adopted shapes are

a CIRCULAR best for resisting external

Loads
 b POLY CENTRIC
C HORSE SHOE SHAPED
generally usedfor
traffic operation
d EGG SHAPPED for sewers
e ELLIPTICAL

f RECTANGULAR SQUARE

SHAFTS

These are vertical walls

or passange sunkalong

the centre line

of
tunnel to permit the tunnel excavation

It also provides openings for removal

the excavated materials
of
 It also provides adequate ventilation
during construction of tunnel

Size of shaft is governed bythe

following factors

a Amount
of muck to be hoisted
b Hoistingsystem to be adopted
IC size
of muck car

Shaft

III
 d No
of workmen required
e
Type ofcourt equipment to be used
f size ofpipe and wiring required

DRILLING OF SHAFT

Before excavating rocks they are

loosened by drilling holes filling them
with explosive and firing them

The drill hole normal to the face

when exploded with proper charge
will break out the rock in following
pattern
 iii
iii

If two similar holes are kept side by

side and fined together they will
break the ground in the trapezoidal
pattern

iii
iiiiiiiii
I
 DRILLING EQUIPMENTS

The type
ofdrilling equipments depends
upon the nature of the terrain the
kind of rock the depth and size of
holes etc

A PERCUSSION DRILLS
This drill breaks the rock by
impact from the repeated blows

B ABRASION DRILLS
This drill grind rock into small particles

through abrasive effect of bit that rotates

in holes
It is used to drill holes upto 100m
depth

C FUSION PIERCING

This drill produces burning mixture of

oxygen and flux bearingfuelsuch a
kerosene at the end the blow pipe
which increases its effectiveness
 DRIVING TUNNELS
For driving tunnels in rocks the following
operations are adopted
a Setting up and drilling
b Loading holes and shooting the
explosives
c Ventilation and removing dust of
explosion
d Loading and hauling muck

f Placing the reinforcementsteel

Concrete lining
g

Tunnelling in rocks can be done by any

of following
 a FULLFACE MTD

In this MTD whole section

of the
tunnel is attacked at same time
It is suitable for tunnels of small
crosssection for short spans 3m

Here tunneling is continous and muck

ing track could be laid progessively
along with the tunnel

It require heavy machinery

It is not suitable for unstable rocks

b HEADING AND BENCH MTD
This mtd involves Top i
i Heading
the driving of the
top portion in advance i Bottom
Heading
of the bottomportion I
It is used when tunnelsection is very
large and quality ofbed rock is not
very satisficatory or unstable
Simultaneous drilling and mucking is
possible in this case
Here power requirement is less than

full face mtd

 C DRIFT MTD
In this mtd tunneling is carried out
first in smaller section of the proposed
tunnel and then it is widened

It helps in ventilation of tunnel

Drift may be done as
Centre drift
side drift
Top drift
Bottom drift

2 2
3

491 side drift

 I 2

2 1

Top BottomDrift
Drift

DRIVINGTUNNELS IN SOFT GROUND

The material which can be excavated

with tools like picks shavel and no
heavy equipment are termed as soft
ground
 It can be done by any of following
mtd
Fore [Link]

I b ten e

English mtd of timber

Army mtd
German wild

Linear plate mtd

Shield mtd mtd do
Ythese
Compressed air not require
tunneling timber
 Previous Year Questions
Runway Planning

a The radius
of horizontal circular
curve is 480m and design speed
therein 70 Kmph What will be the
equilibrium superelevation for the
pressures on the inner and the
outer wheels to be equal

a 5 b 6
c 7 d 8

SOLUTION d e v2
127k

e 702 8
127 480
IES 2015
Q Wind rose diagram is useful
in deciding on the orientation
Of

a Taxiway b Hanger
c
Apron d Runway

SOLUTION dIn wind rose

diagram direction intensity
duration of wind data are
represented This diagram is
ustakeful and
in deciding the orientation
of runway for off
landing operations
 Q For safe landing and take off
the following factors need to be
carefully considered

1 Cross wind
2 Runwaygrade
3 Runway width and side clearance
4 Obstructions

1,2 and 3 only

a
b 1,2 3 and 4
c 1,3 and 4 only
d 2,3 and 4 only
 SOLUTION For
safe landing and
takeoff operations cross wind
component width of runway and
obstructions on runway plays
important role

Also abrupt change of

longitud
gradient restrictsnal
the height
distance and may also cause pre
mature lift off of the aircraft
during the taking off operation
 Q Which one of the following
instances
of performance of
is not considered for
aircraft
determing basic runway length
a Normal
landing case
b Normal take
off case
c Engine failure case
d Emergency landing case

SOLUTION d Basic runway length

is determined by 3 cases
i Normal Landing case
ii Normal takeoff case
iii Enginefailure case
 a The runway length for an
airport located at 460 m above
MSL corrected elevation is
for
[Link] monthly means
of
maximum and mean daily
tem
for eraturesof
the hottest month
the year are 27 and 18C
respec ively
What will be the final
corre ted with
length of the runway
correction incorporated also due to
temperature effects

a 4500m b 40007m
b 3750m d 3400m
SOLUTION Standard temp at
elevation 15 C 0.0065
460 12.01 C

Airport reference temp

Ta
TnzTa
18 27
318 21

correction fortemperature
3670 21 12.01
100

329.933
corrected length 3670 329.933
4000M
Q As the elevation increases the

runway length has to be

cha ged
at what rate

Decreased
a 5 per300 m rise
in elevation above M.S.L

b Increased 7 per300 in rise

in elevation above M.S.L

c Decreased 9 per300m rise in

elevation above M.S.L

d Increased 15 per300 m rise

in elevation above M.S.L
SOLUTION Basic runway length
has to be corrected for elevation
temperature and gradient

ICAO recommends that the basic

runway length should be

incre ofsed
at the rate
7 per300 m
rise in elevation above the mean
sea level
IES 2007
 Q The lowest height above the
runway where the pilots make
the decision to continue the
landing manoeuvre or to cut
it short is called the

a Runway height
b Decision height
cThreshold height
d Runway visual range

SOLUTION b Decision height

Q The magnetic azimuth of one
end is 80 measured
of runway
a
clockwize from the magnetic
[Link] other end of the
runway will be numbered as

a 16
b 24
c 26
d 8
SOLUTION C

00 Given end

260
other

As magnetic azimuth of other

end is 260 therefore its
nu ber
should be 26
Q Match list 1 unit with list
II Purpose and select the
c rrect
answer using the code
given below the lists
 List 1 List 2
A Width and 1 Basicrunway
length of airport length

B Engine failure 2 Runwaygeo

case metric design

c Location of exist 3 Airport drain

taxiway age

D Grading of air 4 Runwaycap

port size acity

I
 Codes
A B C D
a 2 4 1 3
b 3 1 4 2
10 2 1 4 3

d 3 4 1 2

SOLUTION c For design of runway

width and length of safety area is
considered For determination of basic

runway length engine failure case

is considered
Factors affecting
runway capacity
is number location and design of exist
taxiways
Entire airport area is properly
graded to enable the quick drainage
of storm water
AIKPORT CAPACITY

Q In an airport if 4groups of gates

each located well separated are
cons dered
for traffic and the future to
present traffic ratio is 3 then the
total required of future gates will be
a 32 b 36
c 44 d 68
SOLUTION d
As per Stafford
Future
gates
Tpresentgates 2
future passanger 2
present passanger

4 5 23 3 2
56
As options are not maching
it is better toopt
more
gates
Q Which one of the following
gives the number of gate
in posi
airportion
an

a capacity of runway average

2
occupa
time cy

b Capacity
of apron number
60 2
of aircraft
movements

c Capacity of taxiway average

60 2 gate
occutime
ancy
d capacity of holding apron are
2
rage gate
occupancy
time

SOLUTION Number ofgate

a

positions depends upon the peak

hourly aircraft movements and
the time during which each
remains in
aircraft a
gate
p sition
It can be found out using
following relationship
 Number
ofgates
Capacity of runway
60 2

averagegate occupancy time

Q IfM Proportion of ith type of

aircraft in the mix Ti Gate
occ pancy
time
of the ith type of
aircraft G Number gate of
can
consi
be by
ering
available
that all the
using all aircrafts
gates

which one
of the following
equa ions
gives the ultimategate
c
cap city
 Mi b C 6 60
a c
ISMIT

c C Mg Ti d G
IEM XTi

SOLUTION d C G
MixTi

TAXIWAY DESIGNS

Castor angle is defined as

the angle
a Formed
by the Longitudinal
axis of the aircraft and the
direction of movement of the
nose gear

b Between the direction of

wind and the longitudinal axis
of the runway
c Between the true speed of
the aircraft and the crosswind
component

d Between the horizontal and

the fuselage axis
SOLUTION a Castor angle is
the angle formed between the
tangent to the centre line and
the longitudinal axis
of the
ai craft Castor angle
Q Which of the following factors
are to be taken into consideration
while designing the taxiway system

1 Volume air traffic

of
2 Runway configuration
3 Location of hangars

Select the correct answer

using the codesgiven below

a 1,2 and 3
b 2 and 3
c 1 and 4
d 1 2,3 and 4
 SOLUTION d The design of
taxiways system isgoverned by
the volume of aircraft movement
the runway configuration and the
location of the terminal building
and otherground facilities like
hangar location Exit taxiways are
provided at suitable locations along
the length
of runway to clear the
the runways the landed aircraft
of
Q Match List 1 component with
list 2 Design feature and select
the correct answer using the code
given below the lists
 list 1 list 2
A Taxiways 1 Large span
st uctures
B control tower 2 Visibility all
round and sound
proof
c Hangar 3 Turning radius
D Apron 4 Waiting
capac ty
for aircraft
Codes
A B C D
a 1 4 3 2
b 3 2 1 4
c 1 2 3 4
d 3 4 1 3
SOLUTION b The main function
is to provide access
of taxiway
to the aircrafts from the runways
to the loading apron or service
hangar and back Hangar provides
an enclosure for servicing and doing

repairs of aircrafts Apron is a

paved area for parking ofaircrafts
and loading and unloading of
pass
and cargo ngers

Control tower is nerve

centre of an airport In order to
control tower is so located as to
command a clear view
of the
airfield
 Q What shall be the radius of
an exit taxiway with design exit
speed of 90kmph and coeffient of
friction 0.13

a 550m b 500m
c 475M d 449 M

SOLUTION b R V2
125 f

R 902
125 0.13

R 498.46 500m
Q Consider the following data for
designing a taxiway for
opera ing
Boeing 707 320 aeroplane

wheel base 17.70m

Tread of main loading gear
6.62M
Turning speed 40km hr
Coefficient of friction between
tyres and pavement surface 0.13
The turning radius of the taxiway
will be
a 98.5m b 94.5m
c 89.5m c 86.5M
SOLUTION Turning radius
a R

of taxiway
R
If
i 98.5M
2548 3

ii As
per Horenj eff equation
R 0.388 w
I s

is wheel base 17.7 M

T is width
of taxiway 25m

as uming
Main landing gear
s
taxiway
Pavement
66.62m

S tread 6
 6m is the minimum edge
distance
6262 6 9.31m

R 0.388 17.72 38 103M

2 9.31

Hence maximum
of these two
will be considered as turning
radius of taxiway
R 98.5 M

Q The longitudinal section

of a

runway provides the following data

End to endrunway m Gradient
to 300 1.2
3000600 0.7
600701100 0.6
1100101400 0.8
1400101700 1.0

The effective gradient of the

runway in round off to two
decimal places is

SOLUTION O 0.32

Assuming RL of start of
runway as datum i.e RL 0m
Chainage 0 3001300600600 11001100 14001400 1700
m

Gradient 1.2 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.0

Rise or 18 2.1mn 3m 2.4m 3.0M

300
fall 3.6M

Commu 3.6m 1.5m 4.5m 2.1M 0.9m

Lative

4.5M
3.6M
m 2.1M

BE 1700m
300M 600m 1100m 1400m
0.9m
Effectivegradient Maximumdifference
in reduced level

Total runway
length

4.5 1 0.97 100

1700

0.3176 0.32

Q For the hottest month of the

year at the proposed airportsite
The monthly mean of the average
daily temperature is 39C The
mo
mean

temperature is 48
thly
of the maximum
the
C for
daily
same
month of the year from thegiven
information the calculated Airport
ReferenceTemperature in c is
a 36 b 42
b 48 d 39

SOLUTION b Airportreference
temperature
Ta Tmgta
Ta Average daily temperature
Tn Maximum daily temperature
Given Ta 39 C
Tm 48 C
Airport reference temperature
39 48539 42 C
Q An aircraft approaches the
threshold of a
runway strip at
a rate 1.697 m s and takes 18s
of
to exist the runway strip If the
deceleration
after existing the
ru way
is 1m s then the distance
in m
up to one decimal place of
the gate position from the location

of exist on the runway is

SOLUTION O 312.5
Given
speed before deceleration
200km h
55.55 m s
Speed at runway exist let
V U at
V 55.55 1.697 18
25 M S

Distance covered
U 25 55.55 725.09M
2A 2 1.697

Distance till stoping 021255

2 1

312.5m