Work, Energy and Power

Energy
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Work and Energy
 ENERGY

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Energy
Abstract quantity; no exact definition
Scalar quantity (no direction)
Manifested in different forms
Potential energy – position dependent
Kinetic energy – motion dependent
Thermal energy – heat
Solar energy - radiation
Potential energy
Stored energy of the object
Related to its position or configuration

Gravitational PE Elastic PE
Due to gravity Due to elastic property

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Potential energy
Gravitational potential energy
Related to position

UG = mgh
m is mass of the object
g is Earth’s gravity
h is the vertical distance/ height

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Potential energy
Height h depends on the reference

object

h2
h1 Measured from 3rd floor

Measured from the ground (Usually,

we set ground as the reference)

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Potential energy
Elastic potential energy
Related to its displacement from
equilibrium (unstretched) position

1 2
UE = kx
2
k is the spring constant
x is the displacement from unstretched position
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Kinetic energy
Dynamical form of energy
Depends on the speed

1 2
K = mv
2
m = mass of the object
v = speed of the object

[Link]

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Energy
Quantity involved in all interactions leading to a
changes in states of objects/systems
Changes in system configuration
Changes in thermal properties
Changes in state of motion of an object

[Link]
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[Link]
.[Link]/news/weather/hurricane/blog/[Link]

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Energy
Quantity involved in all interactions leading to a
changes in states of objects/systems
Changes in system configuration
Changes in thermal properties
Changes in state of motion of an object

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

[Link]
.[Link]/news/weather/hurricane/blog/[Link]

3/14/24 10
 Law of Conservation of Energy (COE)
Energy is neither created nor
destroyed. But it can be
transformed into another form.
Einitial, total = Efinal, total

where E = K + UG + U E
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 Law of Conservation of Energy (COE)
Energy is neither created nor
destroyed. But it can be
transformed into another form.
Einitial, total = Efinal, total

K 1 + U G1 + U E 1 = K 2 + U G 2 + U E 2
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 Law of Conservation of Energy (COE)

Einitial, total = Efinal, total

U maximum
K zero
(biker momentarily stops)

E K U
U increases
K decreases
h2 U decreases
K increases

E K U h1 h3 E K U

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 Law of Conservation of Energy (COE)
Total Energy REMAINS CONSTANT.
But it can be transformed from KE to PE and vice-versa.
U maximum
K zero
(biker momentarily stops)

E K U
U increases
K decreases
h2 U decreases
K increases

E K U h1 h3 E K U

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 Law of Conservation of Energy (COE)
Total Energy REMAINS CONSTANT.
But it can be transformed from KE to PE and vice-versa.
(1) Ball released from rest
at height h

1 2
K1 = mv1 U G1 = mgh1 E K U
2

1 2
K2 = mv2 U G 2 = mgh2
2
(2) Ball falling downward E K U Ano daw beshie?

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 Law of Conservation of Energy (COE)
Total Energy REMAINS CONSTANT.
But it can be transformed from KE to PE and vice-versa.

1
(1) Ball released from rest
at height h

mgh1 = mv 2 + mgh2
K1 =
1 2
2
2
mv1 U G1 = mgh1 E K U

2
1 2
K2 = mv2 U G 2 = mgh2
2
(2) Ball falling downward E K U Ano daw beshie?

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 WORK AND ENERGY

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 ~
F
x

d~
MOTION IN 1D WITH CONSTANT FORCES

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Work done by constant forces
If force is constant
Magnitude and direction not changing

Example of constant forces:

W = mg
WEIGHT

f = µN
m = mass of object
FRICTION
g = gravity
μ = coefficient of friction
N = normal force

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To get Friction
Need to determine NORMAL force first
NORMAL force is the force exerted by the surface
acting on the object

Normal force
FN

THERE MUST BE A SURFACE TO WHICH THE

OBJECT IS IN CONTACT WITH
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Friction
For a leveled surface,

N Fnet ,vertical = 0

m
Fnet = N + ( −W ) = 0
N = mg
W=mg

The friction force is then equal to

f = µ mg
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Friction
For an incline plane,
Fnet ,incline = 0
Fnet = N + ( −W cos θ ) = 0

θ N = mg cos θ
The friction force is then equal to f = µ mg cos θ

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Friction
Is a constant force N

f = µ mg m
For Leveled surface
W=mg

f = µ mg cos θ
For Inclined plane

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Work DONE by constant force
Work is the product of force and displacement
  The angle is 00 since Force

W = F d cos q
and displacement are both
directed to the right

~
F

F Constant force x


d Displacement covered by d~
the object

θ Angle between the force and the displacement

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Work DONE by constant force
Work is the product of force and displacement
 
W = F d cos q
y ~
F

 d~
θ
F Constant force
x
 Displacement covered by
d the object

θ Angle between the force and the displacement

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Work – Standard unit
Work is the product of force and displacement
 
W = F d cos q
y ~
F

d~
Joule ( J ) Standard Unit of work θ
and of energy x

Conversion factor:
1 J = 1 N .m
1 J = 1 kg .m / s
2 2

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Work – Physics definition
Zero Angle
when the force acts PARALLEL to the direction of the
object’s displacement
 
W = F d cos 0 0

®
d
®
F
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Work – Physics definition
Work is negative
when the force acts opposite to the direction of the
object’s displacement
! ! ! !
W = F d cos180 = − F d
0

®
d
®
Friction is a force that
F does NEGATIVE WORK.
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Work – Physics definition
Zero Work
when the force acts perpendicular to the direction of
the object’s displacement
! !
W = F d cos 90 = 0
0

®
®
F d

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Work – Physics definition
SO the point is….
IT IS IMPORTANT to know the angle between the Force
and the direction of displacement
 
W = F d cosq
®
®
F d

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Work – A scalar product
Work is the dot product of force and displacement
! ! y ~
W = F •d
F

d~
θ
x
Recall that:

! ! ! !
F • d = F d cos θ
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Work – A scalar product
Work is the dot product of force and displacement
! ! y ~
W! = F • d
F

d~
F! = Fx î + Fy ĵ + Fz k̂ θ
d = xî + yĵ + zk̂ x

! !
F • d = Fx x + Fy y + Fz z
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Work done by many CONSTANT forces
Get the work done by each force
Work done by each force just add up
y
F1
F2

θ1
θ2 d~
x

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Work done by many CONSTANT forces
Get the work done by each force
Work done by each force just add up

Wtotal = W F 1 + W F 2 + ...
Wtotal = F1d cos θ 1 + F2 d cos θ 2 + ...

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Work done by many CONSTANT forces

Since the object moves along one displacement, d

Wtotal = (F1 cos q 1 + F2 cos q 2 + ...) d

Or simply, get the work done by the net force

Wtotal = Fnet d cos q net

qnet is the angle between FNET and the displacement (d)
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Work done by Friction
Friction is a constant force
W = fd cos 180 0

W = - µmgd
For Leveled surface

f = µmg

For Inclined plane

f = µmg cos q W = - µmgd cos q
q is the angle of the inclined plane from the ground

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Test your understanding
Specify if the work done in each situation is +,- or 0
You slowly lower your bag to your chair. What is the sign of the
work done BY YOUR HAND on the bag?

You slowly lower your bag to your chair. What is the sign of the
work done BY GRAVITY on the bag?

You lift your bag from your chair to your shoulder. What is the sign
of the work done BY GRAVITY on the bag?

You carry your bag and walk 1.0 m forward. What is the sign of the
work done BY YOUR HAND on the bag?

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Test your understanding
Specify if the work done in each situation is +,- or 0
You slowly lower your bag to your chair. What is the sign of the
work done BY YOUR HAND on the bag?
Force is upward, displacement is downward. WORK is negative.

You slowly lower your bag to your chair. What is the sign of the
work done BY GRAVITY on the bag?
Force is downward, displacement is downward. WORK is positive.

You lift your bag from your chair to your shoulder. What is the sign
of the work done BY GRAVITY on the bag?
Force is downward, displacement is upward. WORK is negative.

You carry your bag and walk 1.0 m forward. What is the sign of the
work done BY YOUR HAND on the bag?
Force is upward, displacement is forward. WORK is zero.
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Problem 1: Pulling the box
A box of mass 1.00 kg is pulled on top of a frictionless
table with a constant force of magnitude 0.250 N oriented
at 250 from the horizontal. If the box moves by 3.00 m due
to the action of the force, what is the work done by the
force?
F = 0.250 N
250

d=3m

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Solution: Pulling the box
A box of mass 1.00 kg is pulled on top of a frictionless
table with a constant force of magnitude 0.250 N oriented
at 250 from the horizontal. If the box moves by 3.00 m due
to the action of the force, what is the work done by the
force?
F = 0.250 N
250

d=3m

𝑾 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑵 𝟑𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝟓𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟎 𝑱𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆

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Problem 2: Carriage
A carriage is being pulled by a horse that supplies a
constant force of 99.3 N to the right. After the carriage
has travelled a distance of 50.0 m, what is the work done
by the horse on the carriage?

F = 99.3 N

d = 50 m

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Solution: Carriage
A carriage is being pulled by a horse that supplies a
constant force of 99.3 N to the right. After the carriage
has travelled a distance of 50.0 m, what is the work done
by the horse on the carriage?

F = 99.3 N

d = 50 m

𝑾 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟑 𝑵 𝟓𝟎 𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒, 𝟗𝟔𝟓 𝑱𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆

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Problem 3: Work done by weight
A block of mass m1 = 0.250 kg moves along frictionless
track at a uniform velocity 0.750 m/s. The track is turned
on such that the surface has zero friction. If you place a
second mass m2 = 0.100 kg on top of the first mass, what
is the work done by m2 on m1 after 1.00 s?

m2
0.750 m/s
m1

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Solution: Work done by weight
A block of mass m1 = 0.250 kg moves along a track with a
velocity 0.750 m/s. The track is turned on such that the
surface has zero friction. If you place a second mass m2 =
0.100 kg on top of the first mass, what is the work done
by m2 on m1 after 1.00 s?
Force (F) of m2 on m1 is its weight (downward)
m2 Displacement (d) of m2 is to the right

0.750 m/s W=0

m1
Since F and d are perpendicular

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Problem 4: Work done by friction
A block of mass m1 = 0.250 kg moves along a track with a
velocity 0.750 m/s. The track has μ=0.200. If you glue a
second mass m2 = 0.100 kg on top of the first mass, what
is the work done by friction after 1.00 s?

m2
0.750 m/s
f m1

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Solution: Work done by friction
A block of mass m1 = 0.250 kg moves along a track at a
velocity 0.750 m/s. The track has μ=0.200. If you glue a
second mass m2 = 0.100 kg on top of the first mass, what
is the work done by friction after 1.00 s?

On leveled surface, work done by friction

m2 𝑾 = −𝝁(𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 )𝒈𝒅
Using kinematics
0.750 m/s
m1 𝟏 𝟐
f 𝒅 = 𝒗𝟏 𝒕𝟐 + 𝒂𝒕
𝟐
d
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Solution: Work done by friction
A block of mass m1 = 0.250 kg moves along a track at a
velocity 0.750 m/s. The track has μ=0.200. If you glue a
second mass m2 = 0.100 kg on top of the first mass, what
is the work done by friction after 1.00 s?

To get acceleration, use net force

m2 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕,𝒙 = −𝒇 = 𝒎𝒂
Friction for a leveled surface
0.750 m/s
f m1 𝒇 = 𝝁 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒈

d
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Solution: Work done by friction
A block of mass m1 = 0.250 kg moves along a track at a
velocity 0.750 m/s. The track has μ=0.200. If you glue a
second mass m2 = 0.100 kg on top of the first mass, what
is the work done by friction after 1.00 s?
To get acceleration, use net force

𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕,𝒙 = −𝒇 = (𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 )𝒂
m2 Friction for a leveled surface

0.750 m/s 𝒇 = 𝝁 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒈
f m1 𝒂 = −𝝁𝒈
d
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Solution: Work done by friction
A block of mass m1 = 0.250 kg moves along a track at a
velocity 0.750 m/s. The track has μ=0.200. If you glue a
second mass m2 = 0.100 kg on top of the first mass, what
is the work done by friction after 1.00 s?
The displacement becomes
𝟏
𝒅 = 𝒗𝟏 𝒕𝟐 − 𝝁𝒈𝒕𝟐𝟐
m2 𝟐
On leveled surface, work done by friction
0.750 m/s
𝑾 = −𝝁(𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 )𝒈𝒅
f m1
𝑾 = +𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟗 𝑱
d
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Problem 5: Constant velocity
A block of mass m1 = 0.250 kg moves along a frictionless
track at constant velocity 0.750 m/s. If you glue a second
mass m2 = 0.100 kg on top of the first mass, what is the
total work done by the system after it has moved after
1 s?

m2
0.750 m/s
f m1

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Solution: Constant velocity
A block of mass m1 = 0.250 kg moves along a frictionless
track at a uniform velocity 0.750 m/s. If you glue a second
mass m2 = 0.100 kg on top of the first mass, what is the
total work done by the system after it has moved after
1 s?
Wtotal = 0
m2
since
0.750 m/s
m1 Fnet , x = (m1 + m 2 )a x = 0
f ax =0, for constant velocity
x1 =0, t1=0s x2 =? , t2=1s
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 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY

3/14/24 52
Work and Kinetic energy
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem:
The work done on an object is equal to the change in
kinetic energy

W = K 2 − K1
K1 KE at position 1

K2 KE at position 2

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Work and Kinetic energy
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem:
The work done on an object is equal to the change in
kinetic energy

1 1
W = K 2 − K1 = mv2 − mv1
2 2

2 2
1 m Mass of the object
2
K = mv v1 Velocity at position 1
2 v2 Velocity at position 2

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Work and Kinetic energy
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem:
The work done on an object is equal to the change in
kinetic energy

1 1 POSITION 1

W = mv2 − mv1
2 2 Ball released from rest

2 2
1 2 1 2
K1 = mv1 K 2 = mv2 POSITION 2
2 2 Ball moving downward

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Work done by constant force
Recall  
W = F d cosq
1 1
W = K 2 - K 1 = mv 2 - mv 1
2 2

2 2
Hence   1 1
F d cos q = mv 2 - mv 1
2 2

2 2
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Work done by constant force

We can get the force from the

change in kinetic energy

Hence   1 1
F d cosq = mv 2 - mv 1
2 2

2 2
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Work done by constant force
If more than one force acts on
an object…
Hence

1 1
Wtotal = mv 2 - mv 1
2 2

2 2
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Work done obtained by Plotting
Plot force F as a function of displacement x, F(x)
If F is constant, its magnitude is unchanged
F(x)

F0

x1 x2 x
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Work done obtained by Plotting
Work is the AREA under the curve of
the Force versus displacement plot
F(x)

F0

W = F0 ( x2 − x1 )

x1 x2 x
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Problem: Work-Kinetic Energy
A box of mass 10.0 kg is placed on top of a 5.00-m
long incline (frictionless) oriented 27° from the
horizontal and allowed to slide freely from rest.
What is the kinetic energy of the box at the
bottom of the incline?

270
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Problem: Work-Kinetic Energy
A box of mass 10.0 kg is placed on top of a 5.00-m
long incline (frictionless) oriented 27° from the
horizontal and allowed to slide freely from rest.
What is the kinetic energy of the box at the
bottom of the incline?
 
POSITION 1
Box released from rest
F d cos q = K 2 - K 1

630 d 𝒎𝒈𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟑𝟎 = 𝑲𝟐

𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑱 = 𝑲𝟐
W
270 POSITION 2
Box reaches the bottom
3/15/24 62
WORK DONE BY
VARYING FORCES
Work done by varying forces
Work is STILL the AREA under the Force versus
displacement plot
F(x) The value of the force is
CHANGING as we move
from x1 to x2.

x1 x2 x

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Work done by varying forces
There are two ways to get the area:
1) INTEGRATION x2
F(x)
ò
x1
Fdx

Here, F = F(x) is a function of x is given.

x1 x2 x

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Work done by varying forces
There are two ways to get the area:

2) SOLVING THE AREA

F(x)
GRAPHICALLY

x1 x2 x

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Quiz: Work done by varying forces
A force Fy varies with y as shown. Find the work
done by the force on a particle as it moves from
y=0 m to y=6.00 m. F ,N
y

5.00

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 y, m

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Solution: Work done by varying forces
A force Fy varies with y as shown. Find the work
done by the force on a particle as it moves from
y=0 m to y=6.00 m. F ,N y

work done = Area under the force curve

5.00
𝑾 = 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 + 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆

𝑾 = 𝟓 𝑵 𝟒 𝒎 + 𝟎. 𝟓 (𝟓 𝑵) (𝟐 𝒎)

𝑾 = 𝟐𝟓 𝑱𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 y, m

3/15/24 68
Example of work done by varying force
RESTORING FORCE on a spring:

F = - kx
Negative sign since the spring
wants to be back to its
unstretched position

3/14/24 69
Example of work done by varying force
RESTORING FORCE on a spring:

F = - kx
Negative sign since the spring
want to be back to its unstretched
position
Hooke’s Law
Linear response of materials to
the applied force
3/14/24 70
Plot of force on spring
x is the distance from the unstretched/equilibrium
position
F
F = - kx
x

Force is not constant, it

depends on the position
3/14/24 71
Work done on/by springs
Consider: Work done to extend spring from 0 to x’
For varying force: Work is the area under the curve!

0 x
1
W = ( x − 0) ( F − 0)

area of a triangle
2
1
W = xF
x
2

But F = -k x by Hooke’s Law,

1
W = − x ( kx )
F 2
1 2
W = − kx
2
3/14/24 72
Work done on/by springs

Work done in changing a spring length from x1 to x2

⎡1 2 1 2 ⎤
W12 = − ⎢ kx2 − kx1 ⎥
⎣2 2 ⎦
.The work done by the spring force is the negative. J
Work done by a force in compressing/elongating a spring.

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Problem: Work done on/by springs
A woman weighing 585 N steps on a bathroom
scale containing a stiff spring. In equilibrium the
spring is compressed by 0.010 m under her weight.
What is the spring constant?

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Problem: Work done on/by springs
A woman weighing 585 N steps on a bathroom
scale containing a stiff spring. In equilibrium the
spring is compressed by 0.010 m under her weight.
What is the spring constant?
Using Newton’s law:

Fnet , y = ma y = 0 mg
k=
Not moving

Fnet , y = kx - mg x
Spring force opposes weight

3/14/24 75
Problem: Work done on/by springs
A woman weighing 585 N steps on a bathroom
scale containing a stiff spring. In equilibrium the
spring is compressed by 0.010 m under her weight.
What is the work done by the weight?

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Problem: Work done on/by springs
A woman weighing 585 N steps on a bathroom
scale containing a stiff spring. In equilibrium the
spring is compressed by 0.010 m under her weight.
What is the work done by the weight?

W = Fd cos q W = mgx cos 0 0

Direction of displacement is
same as the weight

3/14/24 77
Problem: Work done on/by springs
A spring of force constant k = 450 N/m has spaces
between its coils, and you apply force to compress
it from its original length of 0.120 m to 0.090 m.

3/14/24 78
Power
Average Power
Work per unit change in time

W
Pave =
Dt
You are exerting more power by
Working Over Time
3/14/24 80
Average Power
Also the Product of force and speed

Fd d
Pave = =F
Δt Δt

Pave == Fv
Since speed is distance over time

3/14/24 81
Average Power
Watt is the standard Unit for power.

1W = 1 J / s
Another unit is Horsepower

1 hp = 745.7 W
3/14/24 82
Problem: Gym rat
Bob lifted a 10-kg barbell by 0.50 m in 1.0 second.
Dan, on the other hand, did the same action within
5.0 seconds.

Who did more work?

Who exerted more power?

3/14/24 83
Problem: May Liwanag ang Buhay
If your family consumes 1,500 kilowatt-hours of
electricity this month, what is this amount in
horsepower-hours?

Let the power rate this month be PhP 1.50 per

kilowatt-hour. What will be your bill this month?

3/14/24 84
WORK AND POTENTIAL ENERGY

3/14/24 85
Work and Potential Energy
In terms of potential energy,
work is given by

W = − (U 2 − U 1 )
U1 PE at position 1

U2 PE at position 2

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Work and Grav Potential Energy
Work and Gravitational potential energy

W = − (U G 2 − U G1 ) object
Position 1

U G 2 = mgh2
h
U G1 = mgh1
Position 2

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Work and Grav Potential Energy
Work and Gravitational potential energy

W = − (U G 2 − U G1 ) object
Position 1

Work done is positive since

gravity and displacement are h
in the same direction.
Position 2

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Conservative force

W = − (U G 2 − U G1 )
object
Position 1

Force is CONSERVATIVE, when

Only the final and the initial h
values of the potential energy
matters Position 2

3/14/24 89
Conservative force

W = − (U G 2 − U G1 )
Is Path-independent Initial
Path C

• The actual paths can be

Path B
neglected!
• Same work done in all paths
taken
Path A
Final
3/14/24 90
Test your understanding
Raise your hand if the statement below is
ABSOLUTELY TRUE.
An object starts from the ground and is acted upon
by gravitational and external forces.
If the object returns to its initial position, the work
done by gravity is equal to zero. TRUE. Δy = 0.
If the object returns to its initial position, the
gravitational potential energy is zero.
NOT NECESSARILY TRUE. Setting y is arbitrary so
U = mgy might not be zero.

3/14/24 91
Work and Elastic Potential Energy

Elastic potential Energy

Potential Energy due to
stretching or compression
Usually associated with
springs

3/14/24 92
Work and Elastic Potential Energy

⎛ 1 2 1 2⎞
W = − ⎜ kx2 − kx1 ⎟
⎝2 2 ⎠
Note: x is the change in length of the spring
Either compression or elongation

3/14/24 93
CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

3/14/24 94
Mechanical energy
Keyword: Mechanics
Energy associated with object’s motion or location
Involves kinetic and potential energy

Emech = K + U

3/14/24 95
Mechanical energy

For a system with gravitational potential energy

and elastic potential energy,

1 1 2
E mech = mv + mgy + kx
2

2 2

3/14/24 96
Potential energy in a Swing
For example: Swing
Initially: Energy is given/Work is done by pushing
Eventually, no further push needed to maintain motion

3/14/24 97
Potential energy in a Swing
For example: Swing
Initially: Energy is given/Work is done by pushing
Eventually, no further push needed to maintain motion
At the highest point of the swing,
K = 0 (momentarily stops)
Where did the energy go?

3/14/24 98
Potential energy in a Swing
For example: Swing
Initially: Energy is given/Work is done by pushing
Eventually, no further push needed to maintain motion
At the highest point of the swing,
K = 0 (momentarily stops)
Where did the energy go?

Energy is stored in the form of

potential energy.
After initial energy input, energy just gets
converted from one form to another.

3/14/24 99
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
If total work is done by gravity or springs,

W = K 2 - K1
Work-energy theorem; Note that this is always valid even if
not all work is done by gravity or springs.

W = - (U 2 -U 1 )
Work and potential energy relationship; valid for both
gravitational and elastic potential energies.

DK = - DU
K 2 - K 1 = - (U 2 - U 1 )

K 2 + U 2 = K1 + U1
Conservation of mechanical energy

3/14/24 100
Conservation of Mechanical Energy

Total mechanical energy is conserved. J

3/14/24 101
Hints in Solving Problems
YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND the problem
You have to realize all the given quantities in the
problem.
DRAW the schematic of the problem
Assign the positions, times and velocities of the objects
One position pertains to where you are solving an unknown.

0 x1 +x
X1, Y1, t1, V1 X2, Y2, t2, V2
3/14/24 102
Hints in Solving Problems
Setting X, Y, V and t
When the initial position is not specified, it can well be taken as
zero; X1 = 0.
The ground is usually set as Y1 = 0.
When the object is “at rest” or “stops” its motion, then the
velocity is zero; V =0, at that position
Initial time t1 =0 if the initial time is not specified

0 x1 +x
X1, Y1, t1, V1 X2, Y2, t2, V2
3/14/24 103
Hints in Solving Problems
For Energies
You can now easily get the equation for K and UG in each
position.
For UE, determine the compression/tension displacement on the
springs in each position: x.
1 1
K1 = mv 12 K2 = mv 22
2 2
U G1 = mgy1 UG 2 = mgy 2
1 2 1 2
U E1 = kx1 UE2 = kx 2
2 2

0 x1 +x
X1, Y1, t1, V1, x1 X2, Y2, t2, V2, x2
3/14/24 104
Problem: Hilly terrain
A box (mass 2.00 kg) slides along a frictionless
irregular road. It starts from rest at point A 2.00 m
above the ground.
What is the work done when it reaches point B?

2.00 m

B
3/14/24 105
Problem: Hilly terrain
A box (mass 2.00 kg) slides along a frictionless
irregular road. It starts from rest at point A 2.00 m
above the ground.
What is the work done when it reaches point B?
Position 1 Position 2
Position 1
𝒉𝟏 = 𝒚𝟏 𝒉𝟐 = 𝟎 (reference height)

A 𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 (rest) 𝒗𝟐 =? (solve)

𝑼𝟏 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝟏 𝑼𝟐 = 𝟎

𝒚𝟏 = 𝟐 𝒎
𝑾 = −(𝑼𝟐 − 𝑼𝟏 )
*Set ground as the reference of height, 𝑾 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟐𝟒 𝑱
*NO non-conservative force B Position 2

3/14/24 106
Problem: Hilly terrain
A box (mass 2.00 kg) slides along a frictionless
irregular road. It starts from rest at point A 2.00 m
above the ground.
What is the speed of the box at point B?
Position 1

2.00 m

B Position 2

3/14/24 107
Problem: Hilly terrain
A box (mass 2.00 kg) slides along a frictionless
irregular road. It starts from rest at point A 2.00 m
above the ground.
What is the speed of the box at point B?
Position 1 Position 2
Position 1
𝒉𝟏 = 𝒚𝟏 𝒉𝟐 = 𝟎 (reference height)

A 𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 (rest) 𝒗𝟐 =? (solve)

𝑬𝟏 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝟏 𝟏
𝑬𝟐 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝟐
𝒚𝟏 = 𝟐 𝒎
𝒎
𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟔
𝒔
*Set ground as the reference of height,
*NO non-conservative force B Position 2

3/14/24 108
Problem: Simple pendulum
A small ball of mass m is attached to a light string of
length L forming a simple pendulum. The ball is initially
held at a distance h from the lowest point and is then
released. Determine the kinetic and potential energies of
the ball at its various positions.

Initial

h
Lowest point

3/14/24 109
Solution:
A small ball of mass m is attached to a light string of
length L forming a simple pendulum. The ball is initially
held at a distance h from the lowest point and is then
released. Determine the kinetic and potential energies of
the ball at its various positions.
Initial (A) At lowest point (B)

Potential energy PE is maximum PE is minimum (zero)

The ball is at its maximum height The ball is at its lowest position

Kinetic energy KE is minimum (zero) KE is maximum

The ball is at rest The ball gains its maximum speed

Total energy Energy is conserved Energy is conserved

In the form of potential energy In the form of kinetic energy

3/14/24 110
Problem: Spring Up
A 2.00 kg block is pushed against a spring compressing
it 0.220 m. The spring is of negligible mass and force
constant k = 400 N/m. When the block is released
(from rest), it moves along a frictionless, horizontal
and then up a frictionless incline with slope 37.00. Let
the origin be at the relaxed position of the spring.

(a) Where is the block located when it attains its

minimum potential energy?
(b) How far does the block travel up the incline before
starting to slide back down?

3/14/24 111
Solution:
A 2.00 kg block is pushed against a spring compressing it 0.220 m. The spring is of
negligible mass and force constant k = 400 N/m. When the block is released (from
rest), it moves along a frictionless, horizontal and then up a frictionless incline
with slope 37.00. Let the origin be at the relaxed position of the spring.
(a) Where is the block located when it attains its minimum potential energy?
Position 2
*Set ground as the reference of height,
*NO non-conservative force Position 1 𝒅

At the relaxed position ( at origin) 𝒙𝟏

𝒙=0 𝟏 Compressed Relaxed
𝑼 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉 + 𝒌𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 position position
𝒉=0 𝟐
30o

3/14/24 112
Solution:
A 2.00 kg block is pushed against a spring compressing it 0.220 m. The spring is of
negligible mass and force constant k = 400 N/m. When the block is released (from
rest), it moves along a frictionless, horizontal and then up a frictionless incline
with slope 37.00. Let the origin be at the relaxed position of the spring.
(b) How far does the block travel up the incline before starting to slide back down?
Position 2
*Set ground as the reference of height,
*NO non-conservative force Position 1 𝒅
𝒉𝟐
Position 1 Position 2
𝒉𝟏 = 𝟎 (ground) 𝒙𝟏
𝒉𝟐 =?
Compressed Relaxed
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 (rest) 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎 (stop at max height) position position
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝒎 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 (detached from spring)

𝟏 𝟐
𝑬𝟏 = 𝒌𝒙 𝑬𝟐 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝟐 𝒎
𝟐 𝟏 𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟔
𝒔

3/14/24 113
Problem: Baseball
A baseball (m=0.150 kg) is given an initial velocity
of 20.0 m/s. How high up in the air will it fly if it
starts from y=0?
final

initial

3/14/24 114
Solution:
A baseball (m=0.150 kg) is given an initial velocity of 20.0 m/s. How high up in the
air will it fly if it starts from y=0?
*Set position 1 as the reference height,
*NO non-conservative force
Position 2
Position 1 Position 2
𝒉𝟏 = 𝟎 (reference height) 𝒉𝟐 = 𝒚𝟐 (solve) final
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒎/𝒔 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎 (stop at max height)
𝟏 𝑬𝟐 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝟐
𝑬𝟏 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟏
𝟐

𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐 𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟒 𝒎 initial

Position 1

3/14/24 115
Problem: Horizontal Spring
A stiff horizontal spring (k=1025 N/m) attached to
a box (m=0.250 kg) is compressed by an amount
equal to 3.00 cm from its initial length. If the
spring is released, what will be the final speed of
the box immediately after it loses contact with the
spring?

3/14/24 116
Solution:
A stiff horizontal spring (k=1025 N/m) attached to a box (m=0.250 kg) is
compressed by an amount equal to 3.00 cm from its initial length. If the spring is
released, what will be the final speed of the box immediately after it loses
contact with the spring?
*Set ground as the reference of height,
*NO non-conservative force Position 1 𝒙𝟏 Position 2
Position 1
𝒉𝟏 = 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝑬𝟏 = 𝒌𝒙𝟏 compressed unstretched
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 (At rest) 𝟐 position position

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑 𝒄𝒎
𝒎
Position 2 𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟐
𝒔
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟎 (reference height)
𝟏
𝑬𝟐 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝒗𝟐 =? 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 (loses contact with spring)

3/14/24 117
Problem: Vertical spring gun
A vertical spring gun (spring initial length = 10.00 cm, k = 1200 N/m)
is loaded with a metal ball (m=0.125kg) and compressed to ½ of its
initial length. By pulling a trigger, the gun fires the ball upward. Take
the ground to be the location for y=0.
What is the total potential energy of the ball before the trigger is pulled?
What is the maximum speed that the ball will reach?
What is the highest point that the ball will reach?

3/14/24 118
Solution:
A vertical spring gun (spring initial length = 10.00 cm, k = 1200 N/m) is loaded
with a metal ball (m=0.125kg) and compressed to ½ of its initial length. By pulling
a trigger, the gun fires the ball upward. Take the ground to be the location for
y=0. What is the total potential energy of the ball before the trigger is pulled?

Position 1 Total potential energy

𝒉𝟏 = 𝒚𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝑼𝟏 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝟏 + 𝒌𝒙𝟏
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 (At rest) 𝟐
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 𝑼𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝟏 𝑱

Position 1

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒎

𝒚𝟏 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒎

*Set ground as reference, no friction

3/14/24 119
Solution:
A vertical spring gun (spring initial length = 10.00 cm, k = 1200 N/m) is loaded
with a metal ball (m=0.125kg) and compressed to ½ of its initial length. By pulling
a trigger, the gun fires the ball upward. Take the ground to be the location for
y=0. What is the maximum speed that the ball will reach?
Position 2
Position 1 𝟏 𝒉𝟐 = 𝒚𝟐
𝑬𝟏 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝟏 + 𝒌𝒙𝟐𝟏
𝒉𝟏 = 𝒚𝟏 𝟐 𝒗𝟐 =?
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 (At rest) 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 (unstretched)
Position 2
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 (compressed) 𝟏
Position 1 𝑬𝟐 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝟐 + 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝟐

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐
𝒎
𝒚𝟏 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟒
𝒔

3/14/24 120
Solution:
A vertical spring gun (spring initial length = 10.00 cm, k = 1200 N/m) is loaded
with a metal ball (m=0.125kg) and compressed to ½ of its initial length. By pulling
a trigger, the gun fires the ball upward. Take the ground to be the location for
y=0. What is the highest point that the ball will reach?
Position 3
Position 1 Position 3
𝟏 𝒉𝟑 = 𝒚𝟑
𝑬𝟏 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝟏 + 𝒌𝒙𝟐𝟏
𝒉𝟏 = 𝒚𝟏 𝟐 𝒗𝟑 = 𝟎 (stop at max height)
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 (At rest) 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎 (unstretched)
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 (compressed)
𝑬𝟑 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝟑
Position 1

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 𝒚𝟑
𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟑
𝒚𝟏 = 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 𝒉𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝒎

3/14/24 121
Problem: It’s the Climb
What minimum speed should a 5.00 kg rock have
to be able to climb a 70.0 m high mountain? Ignore
friction.

3/14/24 122
Problem: It’s the Climb
What minimum speed should a 5.00 kg rock have to be able to climb a 70.0 m
high mountain? Ignore friction.

*Set ground as the reference of height, Position 2

*NO non-conservative force
Position 1
𝒉𝟏 = 𝟎 (reference height) 𝟏
𝑬𝟏 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝒉𝟐
(initially moving) 𝟐
𝒗𝟏 =?

Position 1
Position 2 Minimum initial speed happens when the
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟕𝟎 𝒎 object reaches the height h2 as it stops

𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎 (will stop) 𝑬𝟐 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝟐

𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐 𝒗𝟏 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟎
𝒎
𝒔

3/14/24 123
Problem: Rampa
Two identical blocks are released from rest at the
top of two frictionless ramps. Which arrives at the
right end with the larger speed? Block 1 or Block
2?

3/14/24 124
Solution:
Two identical blocks are released from rest at the top of two frictionless ramps.
Which arrives at the right end with the larger speed? Block 1 or Block 2?
Position 1
Position 1
Position 2 Position 2

*Set ground as the reference of height, Position 1

*NO non-conservative force 𝒉𝟏 = 𝒚𝟏 (reference height) 𝟏
Position 1 𝑬𝟏 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟏
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 (rest) 𝟐
𝒉𝟏 = 𝒚𝟏 (reference height) 𝟏
𝑬𝟏 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟏
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 (rest) 𝟐 Position 2
𝒉𝟐 = 𝒚𝟐 𝟏
Position 2 𝑬𝟐 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝟐 + 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝒗𝟐 =? 𝟐
𝒉𝟐 = 𝒚𝟐 𝟏
𝑬𝟐 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝟐 + 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝒗𝟐 =? 𝟐 Both Blocks 1 and 2 have the
same final speed

3/14/24 125
 CONSERVATIVE VS.
NONCONSERVATIVE FORCES

3/14/24 126
Conservative vs. Non-conservative forces
Conservative forces
Offers direct conversion from U to K
The work done by this force is zero if the particle
returns to initial position
Example: Gravity, Spring forces

Non-conservative forces
No direct conversion from U to K
Example: Friction, Drag forces

3/14/24 127
Conservative vs. Non-conservative forces
Basic Difference
Conservative forces are path-independent.
Initial
Such that the work done is Path C
Path B

W = -DU Path A

Only the final and initial potential energies matter Final

Valid for gravity and springs

3/14/24 128
Forces and Emech Conservation
If all forces in the system are conservative, total
mechanical energy is conserved.

Emech,initial = Emech, final

3/14/24 129
Forces and Emech Conservation
If a non-conservative force is present in the
system, total mechanical energy is not conserved.

Emech,initial ≠ Emech, final

3/14/24 130
Work done by non-conservative forces
• If non-conservative forces are present
W = DK
Work-energy theorem; Note that this is always valid even if
not all work is done by gravity or springs.

W = -DU + Wother Total work done by conservative

and nonconservative forces

3/14/24 131
Work done by non-conservative forces
• If non-conservative forces are present
W = DK
Work-energy theorem; Note that this is always valid even if
not all work is done by gravity or springs.

W = -DU + Wother Total work done by conservative

and nonconservative forces

DK = -DU + Wother

K 2 + U 2 = K 1 + U 1 + Wother
Mechanical energy relation in the presence of work done by other forces.

3/14/24 132
Wother done by Friction
Friction is a constant force
W = fd cos 180 0

Wother = - µmgd
For Leveled surface

f = µmg

W
For Inclined plane
f = µmg cos q other = - µmgd cos q
q is the angle of the inclined plane from the ground

3/14/24 133 133

Complete - Conservation of energy
Useful to write in the form:

K 2 + U G 2 + U E 2 = K 1 + U G 1 + U E 1 + Wother

Crucial: Determine which terms are zero

K=0 if not moving
Ugrav=0 if in specified ground level (y=0)
Uelastic=0 if spring is in natural length (or if no contact)
Wother =0 if all forces are conservative

3/14/24 134
Effect of a NON-Conservative Force

U is maximum

K is Emech decreases due to

max friction

Emech conserved

Due to friction, total mechanical energy decreases and

is converted to Work done by other force
3/14/24 135
Example: Work done by friction
Consider a skier of mass 45kg that encounters a snowy terrain with an inclination
of 300 and a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.350. Her initial speed is 1.00 m/s
upon encountering this relatively rough terrain. She travels in a straight path of
length 7.50 m.
What is the total work done on the skier?
What is the speed of the skier at her final position?

initial

final

3/14/24 136
Example: Work done by friction
Consider a skier of mass 45kg that encounters a snowy terrain with an inclination
of 300 and a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.350. Her initial speed is 1.00 m/s
upon encountering this relatively rough terrain. She travels in a straight path of
length 7.50 m. 180. 90.
What is the total work done on the skier?
f N
𝑑
=
7. 5
0𝑚

Using FBD: 300. 300

*angles are measured from the incline
W
initial 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕,𝒙 = 𝒇 cos 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒐 + 𝒎𝒈 cos 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒐
𝒎 𝒂𝒙 = −𝒇 + 𝒎𝒈 cos 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒐

𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕,𝒚 = 𝒎𝒈 sin 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒐 + 𝑵 sin 𝟗𝟎𝒐

final 𝟎 = 𝒎𝒈 cos 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒐 + 𝑵 𝑵 = −𝒎𝒈 cos 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒐

3/14/24 137
Example: Work done by friction
Consider a skier of mass 45kg that encounters a snowy terrain with an inclination
of 300 and a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.350. Her initial speed is 1.00 m/s
upon encountering this relatively rough terrain. She travels in a straight path of
length 7.50 m. 90.
What is the total work done on the skier?
f N
𝑑
=
7. 5
60. 0𝑚

*angles are between the force and d W 300

The total work done is the sum of the work done by each force
initial
𝑾𝑵 = 𝑵𝒅 cos 𝟗𝟎𝒐 = 𝟎
𝑾𝒇 = −𝝁𝒎𝒈 𝒅cos 𝟑𝟎𝒐 (direct formula)
𝑾𝑾 = 𝑾𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟎𝒐 = 𝒎𝒈𝒅 cos 𝟔𝟎𝒐
final 𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑾𝑾 + 𝑾𝒇 = 𝟔𝟓𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 𝑱
3/14/24 138
Example: Work done by friction
Consider a skier of mass 45kg that encounters a snowy terrain with an inclination
of 300 and a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.350. Her initial speed is 1.00 m/s
upon encountering this relatively rough terrain. She travels in a straight path of
length 7.50 m. Position 1
What is the speed of the skier at her final position?
*Set position 2 as the reference of height,
*There is friction (non-conservative force) 𝑑
=
7. 5
Position 1 0𝑚
𝒉𝟏 = 𝒅 sin 30/ 𝟏
𝑲𝟏 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟏
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟏 𝒎/𝒔 𝟐 300
initial Position 2 Position 2
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟎 (reference height) 𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟔𝟓𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 𝑱
𝟏
𝒗𝟐 =? 𝑲𝟐 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝟐
𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑲𝟐 − 𝑲𝟏
𝒎
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟕
final 𝒔
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Problem: Spring and gravity
A spring of negligible mass has force constant
k=1600N/m.
How far must the spring be compressed for 3.20J of
potential energy to be stored in it?
You place the spring vertically with one end on the
floor. You then drop a 1.20- kg book onto it from a
height of 0.80m above the top of the spring. Find the
maximum distance the spring will be compressed.

3/14/24 140
Solution:
A spring of negligible mass has force constant k=1600N/m.
How far must the spring be compressed for 3.20 J of potential energy to be
stored in it?

𝟏 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟐 𝒎
𝑼𝑬 = 𝒌𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟐 𝑱
𝟐

3/14/24 141
Solution:
A spring of negligible mass has force constant k=1600N/m.
You place the spring vertically with one end on the floor. You then drop a
1.20- kg book onto it from a height of 0.80 m above the top of the spring. Find
the maximum distance the spring will be compressed.
*Set compressed spring as the reference of height,
*NO non-conservative force
Position 1
Position 1
𝒉𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝒎 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒉𝟏
𝑬𝟏 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝟏
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 (At rest) (unstretched position)

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎 (spring not compressed) 𝒙𝟐

(compressed position)

Position 2
Position 2
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟎 (reference height)
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎 (not moving) 𝟏 𝟐
𝑬𝟐 = 𝒌𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟐 =? 𝟐
𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟔 𝒎

3/14/24 142
Problem: CME in Pendulum
A wrecking ball is used to demolish a building. The
600-kg ball starts from rest, with its 37-m-long
cable making a 22o angle with the vertical. It
strikes the building when the cable is vertical.
What is the speed of the ball on impact?

3/14/24 143
Solution
A wrecking ball is used to demolish a building. The 600-kg ball starts from rest,
with its 37-m-long cable making a 22o angle with the vertical. It strikes the
building when the cable is vertical. What is the speed of the ball on impact?
*Set position 2 as the reference of height,
*NO non-conservative force
𝑳 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝟐𝒐
Position 1 22o
𝑳
𝒉𝟏 = 𝑳 − 𝑳 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝟐𝒐 Position 1
𝑬𝟏 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝟏
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 (At rest) 𝒉𝟏

Position 2 Position 2
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟎 (reference height)
𝒗𝟐 =? (solve) 𝟏
𝑬𝟐 =
𝟐
𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟕
𝒎
𝒔

3/14/24 144
Problem: Inclined plane
Released from rest, a box of mass 2.0 kg slides
down 3.67 m along an inclined plane with an angle
of 300. The coefficient of kinetic friction between
the incline and the box is 0.100. (a) Find the total
work on the box as it reaches the bottom of the
incline and (b) the speed of the box as it reaches
the bottom.

3/14/24 145
Solution
Released from rest, a box of mass 2.0 kg slides down 3.67 m along an inclined
plane with an angle of 300. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the incline
and the box is 0.100. (a) Find the total work on the box as it reaches the bottom
of the incline Position 1
*Set position 2 as the reference of height, 𝒅=
*There is friction (non-conservative force) 𝝁= 𝟑. 𝟔
𝒉𝟏 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟕 𝒎
Position 1 𝟎𝟎 Position 2
𝒉𝟏 = 𝒅 sin 30o 30o
𝑼𝟏 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝟏
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 (At rest)
Work (other) done by friction
Position 2 𝑾𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 = −𝝁𝒎𝒈𝒅 cos 30o
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟎 (reference height)
𝒗𝟐 =? (solve)
𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = − 𝑼𝟐 − 𝑼𝟏 + 𝑾𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓
𝑼𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟕𝟕 𝑱

3/14/24 146
Solution
Released from rest, a box of mass 2.0 kg slides down 3.67 m along an inclined
plane with an angle of 300. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the incline
and the box is 0.100. (b) the speed of the box as it reaches the bottom
Position 1
*Set position 2 as the reference of height, 𝒅=
*There is friction (non-conservative force) 𝝁= 𝟑. 𝟔
𝒉𝟏 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟕 𝒎
Position 1 𝟎𝟎 Position 2
𝒉𝟏 = 𝒅 sin 30o 30o
𝑲𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 (At rest)
𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟕𝟕 𝑱
Position 2
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟎 (reference height) 𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑲𝟐 − 𝑲𝟏
𝒗𝟐 =? (solve) 𝟏 𝒎
𝑲𝟐 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔
𝟐 𝒔

3/14/24 147
SUMMARY
for CONSTANT FORCE for VARYING FORCE
§ Both magnitude and directions § Either magnitude or direction
are constant is changing

1. Apply this equation 1. Perform the integration

  xf

W = F d cos q W = ò F ( x) dx
xi
where q is the angle between the force
2. Get the area under the F vs. x curve
and displacement directions

F
2.
 
Get the scalar product

W = F •d Area

x
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SUMMARY
only CONSERVATIVE forces w/ NONCONSERVATIVE force
§ Total mechanical energy § Total mechanical energy NOT
conserved conserved

Emech,i = Emech, f DE mech = Wother

W = DK W = DK
W = -DU W = -DU + Wother
Wother is due to the non-conservative force

3/14/24 149
SUMMARY

Emech = K + U G + U E
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL

KINETIC ENERGY U G = mgh

1 2 ELASTIC POTENTIAL
K = mv 1 2
2 U E = kx
2
3/14/24 150
 FORCE AND POTENTIAL ENERGY

3/14/24 151
Let’s do a dimensional analysis...
Units of force and energy (work)

FORCE in newton, N
ENERGY in joules, J = Nm

So, roughly,
ENERGY (Nm)
FORCE (N) =
Position (m)

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Force and potential energy
For a conservative force,

W = U
On the other hand, for a constant force

W = Fx x
3/14/24 153
Force and potential energy
We can relate the force to the potential energy

U
Fx =
x
In differential (derivative) form:

dU
Fx =
dx
3/14/24 154
Force and potential energy

Check: Gravitational force

dU ( y )
U ( y ) = mgy F =- = -mg
dy
Check: Spring force
1 2 dU (x )
U (x ) = kx F =- = -kx
2 dx

3/14/24 155
Force and potential energy
For a conservative force, Gravitational force
is downward so that
U decreases

U (1) Ball released at height h

Fx = U G 1 = mgh1

x
Negative Signs means The Force leads
(2) Ball is falling downward
to a DECREASE in the POTENTIAL
ENERGY of the object. U G 2 = mgh2

3/14/24 156
Stable vs. Unstable equilibrium
All objects tend to be in a position where

U = minimum
The force acting on the object directs the object
toward lower potential energy

3/14/24 157