CALCULATIONS Calculations of focal length by graphical methods. (@@) u-v Graph. Select a suitable but the same scale to represent u a along Y-axis. According to sign conventions, in this case, u is negative and vis ‘ent sets of values of w and v from observation table : various points for differ: The graph comes out to be a rectangular hyperbola as shown in Fig. 8.0 Draw a line OA making an angle of 45° with either axis (e., bi meeting the curve at point A. Draw AB and AC perpendicular on X’- and Y- be (2f, 2f), because for a convex lens, when u = 2f; v = 2. Hence, AB=AC=2f or OC=OB=2f ‘ _ OB oc: Lote and also f = ~~ Mean value off = =......emtaht F AERRE Fig. 8.08. Graph between u and v. It isa rectangular hyperbola. ww and | Graph. Sel. 4g -aph. ner gr latearcsteenepior + 21100 rose ale - > along Y-axis. By sign conventions Zi is negative and 2 > i positive. Plot the various ts for different sets of values of and 2 from the observation table. The graph comes a a straight Hae ox sUerninte 8.09. ee ‘The straight line cuts the two axes OX’ and OY at an angle of 45° at points P and Q, ively and making equal intercepts on the axes. Measure the distance OP and 0Q. 1 1 Then focal length, f= OP oq cm. ¢Fig. 8.09. Graph between + and + i EXPLANATION ‘luc sible Same as for concave mirror. (iii) Another u-v Graph. Select a suitable butiel 2 X-axis and v along Y-axis. Mark the points at distances u,, and the corresponding points at distances v, Ua, Uyy sn @UC. observations from the table. oatal Draw straight lines joining u, ate 04} Ug With v9; intersect at point K as shown in Fig. 8.10. res Buoy ic. anil cal pe peidicalare'on "andl Vieaeae re pega > 46 PMENot ; eis of observations May Wein The focal length of the gi 1. focal length from f- ) graph ( lu wot 4,(w—v) graph (Fig, 8.10), PRECAI L. Tips of the object and i lens. 2. Parallax should way from the needle.OBJECTIVE To find the focal length of APPARATUS a" ‘Am optical bench with four upright (two fixed a ae O ei iatarel movement), a convex lens (leet focal length, a conse two lens holders, two optical nee one thick), 1 seale. “i RAY DIAGRAM (Fig. 8.11) dies (one thin, Fig. 8.11, Focal length of a pa ifAs a concave len as for a convex lens, F An object needle js located (by image ne ‘The concave lens Jens diverges the rays ani For concave lens, Focal length can be ca THEORY (Formula we have, where, incident light). Since v > u,GRAM (Fig. 9.03)CALCULATIONS : ae Plot a graph between angle of incidence 4 and angle of d X-axis and 2D along Y-axis. The graph is as shown in Fig. 9.04. of angle of minimum deviation D,, corresponding to the lowest whAngle of deviation (D) ——___ 4 i a i Fig. 9.04. Graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation. Let the value of angle of minimum deviation, D,, ULT (i) i-D graph indicates that as the angle of incidence (i) increases, the angle of deviation (D) decreases, attains a minimum value (D,,) and then starts increasing for further increase le of incidence. (ii) Angle of minimum deviation, D, (iii) Refractive index of the material of the prism, n =...... 'AUTIONS (to be taken) y 1. The angle of incidence should lie between 35°-60°. 2. The pins should be fixed vertical. 8. The distance between the two pins should not be less than 10 mm.DIAGRAM (Fig. 9.08) THEORY For a concave mirror with surface hori2® and principal axis vertical. e Hips If tip of object needle O be at cen curvature C, tip of image I will coincide with it. CRQ— will be normal to mirror at Q and PC=R (real radius” of curvature of the mirror). vl 4A) Let transparent liquid be taken in concave mirror. Object needle has to be moved to ©” to” remove parallax between tips. Incident ray C’R, refracts along RQ, C’ becomes apparent centre of curvature of the mirror and P’C = R’ becomes apparent radius ofcurvature, For ray going from air to liquid ea ZN,RC’ =i = ZSCR (alternate angle, ZN,RQ ‘SCR (corresponding angle) From Snell’s law, sini _RS/RC’ind SC’R a= sinr | RS/RCinA SCR © For normal view, R will be near S. Then, RC=SC and RC’=SC’ sc and eae For liquid in small quantity S will be near P. Then, SC=PC and SC’=PC’ fi EC or 2PCVER’ and nyAPPARATUS A convex lens, a pla ‘thick knitting needle p “Tangement, plumbDIAGRAM (Fig. 9.09) Plane mirror Fig. 9.09. Focal length of glass convex lens and ‘THEORY a If f, and f, be the focal length of glass convex lens and length of their combination then, 4 al1 1 F Ah! Sanne Liquid lens formed is a planoeconcave lens with Ry 1a lens surface), Ry =~. From lens maker's formula We have, Putting value of f,, n can be caleulated.Same aginIDR. (light depen \PARATUS Light source, _wer bridge), a 80A light dependent resistor is prep’ ‘upon the intensity and duration of ight ineide? resistance variation A good quality LDR shows & ‘The intensity of light decreases about 10 Q in full day light. of distance. PROCEDURE 1. Turn the selector switch multimeter. 2. Plug the metallic end: that of red in terminal the ‘R adjusting’ to get 3. Touch the metallic pro read the value of resistance when ‘d and keeping the L.D-R. the source of light in a stan ertice ‘em distance from the LDR. and and 10 cm from LDR. and and set it on R for the of black probe in terminal marKS! ‘rrarked as P (or +). Short the other full scale deflection reading at zex0 © (i) Moving the source to 4 (ji) Moving the source to 6, 8 more times. OBSERVATION RECORD LDR. To probes of st a7 multimeter set at set at ohm (LOA. in ser 1s with a 6 V battery and exposed _ (2) Symbol of LO.R. fo light from bulb incident normally Fig, 11.14THEORY ia ~~ When a ray of light (PQ) incident on the face AB of glass slab, then it normal since refraction takes place from rarer to denser medium. The refra along straight line and incident on face DC of slab and bends away fro refraction takes place from denser to rarer medium. The ray (RS) out throu; emergent ray. : a i From Rig-Hei5 Hu doy cum roe @ The incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray i.e. i =e. (ii) The emergent ray is laterally deviated from its original path (i d=tseer sin (i—r), PROCEDURE |" Fix a white paper sheet by drawing pins on a drawing board. ?* Take a glass slab and put it symmetrically in the middle of boundary ABCD. uf wifi 2) Draw a normal at point Q on face AB and draw a line PQ n normal. PQ will represent an incident ray. 4 * Fix two pins at points 1 and 2 on the line selves. S* See images of these pins through face DC and fix two more pins at a! re pins at or more apart) such that these two pins cover the i p ania, e images of first twove the glass slab, a es? join QR to represcae aah Straight line RS Tay, Draw normal at point R on fj 6 Produce PQ forward to ext DO ati a at, Drat * Draw acement d, sp Now take 2 Angle of incident (i (degree) ONCLUSION Angle of incidence () = Angle of emergence ( ‘The lateral displacement increases with the ‘eed in the thicknes: in the thickness of the slab. 1 2 3. The lateral displacement inereases with the angle of incidence (i). nce (i). IBJECTIVE To observe polarisation of light using two polaroids. (The sheet used in front of digital panel of a calculator is a polaroid). PARATUS ‘Thin glass sheet, a source giving monochromatic light beam with parallel rays, a polaroid. ORY When an unpolarised light is made incident on the interface of two transparent media at ‘the refracted and reflected rays depart from each other at an angle of 90°. tely plane polarised. It can be tested by a polaroid. larising angle, The reflected ray is complet 1OCEDURE Keep the thin glass sheet in @ horizontal plane surface with a hole under the sheet. Take a beam of monochromatic light having parallel rays and make it incident on the face of the glass sheet, Adjust the angle of incide Observe the reflected rays an! other. lence to 57.5°. d the refracted rays. They must make an angle of 90° withoun ee Thin glass sheet Fig. 11.16. Polarisation of light by reflection. Ne tctng of Polarisation ee (® Take a polaroid (P) and keep it in between incident light and about an axis along incident ray. No change of intensity of light will be the incident light is unpolarised. Gi) Take the second polaroid (A) and place it at a proper distance and eye and parallel to it. Light is visible through them. (iii) Now rotate the polaroid (A) ranging from 0° to 360°. Keeping the note the intensity of transmitted light, will be SULT When the two polaroids are parallel to each other light when they are perpendicular, there is no transmitted light. The light ob (P) is plane polarised. The light has transverse nature. PRECAUTIONS (i) Two polaroids and source of light should be in a straight line, (ii) Rotate only second polarised from 0° to 360°. "Tis s0, because the reflected light is completely plane polarised. __ Fig. 11.17 shows the arrangement for testing the polarisation ou iT which act as polaroids, Fi cosetblades. APPARATUS THEORY Diffraction is a phenot opening or aperture. Dit tothe size of slit or aperture. 7 orthe obstacle is of the order 0 interference of light wave tiffraction pattern due to & and weak bright bands of d ecr For diffraction, Oe ? Here d= size of apertt *ach other to form ana , . ‘aeFig. 11.18. A thin slit made by using two razor blades, b c 3. Cut the small slit in between the sharp edges of b tance from a wall or screen of a dark room. J 4. Throw a beam of light on the slit by the laser peneil. 5. A diffraction pattern of alternate bright and dark bands in Fig. 11.18(a), «apy 7a CONCLUSION - tl inh When light waves are incident on a slit or aperture then it corners of slit showing the phenomena of diffraction of light. wit a = ain ee F aC a Le (i Air gaps should not be left between glass plates and b __ @i) The razor blades should be placed extremely closed as po (iii) Diffraction pattern should be seen on a wall of a dark roBe Yili im f HN, of given focal length (say 15 em), gives a single lens of focal length cal wooden board with broad stand, ty ell) A tbn MCFig. 1:19) jbeliae Ai mn ” He, BY ve [" THEORY ( 2. With a conyex lens, the real image of a distant object is its focal length. vA nS LE 3. If f; and f, be the focal lengths of the two lenses and F combination. Then, Wale oc Saw Oca focal length f = 15 em), fixed i left of the screen. There are sunlight illuminated green wna left of the oes i Aiistealislrcenvedion|the sereend ibyarny! PY ied "4, Distance between central lines of the screen and holder metre seale.. Ii fllionte bee} Soi) Heir all ala |’, The distance gives the focal length of the convex lens about 6. Replace first lens by second convex lens of required power and 2 to 5. This gives the focal length of second convex lens.