2024-25
PHYSICS
PROJECT
NAME-George Chacko
CLASS-XII SCI E
TOPIC- Transformer
SCHOOL- Delhi Public School
ROLL NO.-
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that George Chacko, a
student of class XII-SCI-E has successfully
completed the research on the below
mentioned project under the guidance of
Shekar Jha during the year 2024-25 in
partial fulfillment of physics practical
examination conducted by AISSCE, New
Delhi.
Signature of external examiner Signature of
physics teacher
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many
people have bestowed upon me their blessings and
heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all
the people who have been concerned with the project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete
this project with success. Then I would like to thank my
principal Anisha Sharma and physics teacher Shekar Jha,
whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped
me patch this project and make it full proof success. His
suggestions and his instructions have served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who
have helped me with their valuable suggestions and
guidance and have been helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my
classmates who have helped me a lot.
INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM OF PROJECT
4. INTRODUCTION
5. THEORY
6. APPARATUS REQUIRED
7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
8. OBSERVATION
9. CONCLUSION
10.PRECAUTION
11.BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with
a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is the most widely
used device in both low and high current circuits. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control circuits, the transformer size
may be so small that it weighs only a few tens of grams whereas
in high voltage power circuits, it may weigh hundreds of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from
one circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a
step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C.
voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
1.Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary
coil of a self made transformer.
THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a
good-transformer, the whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous
values of the emf induced in the primary and the secondary and Np
and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff
the coil at this instant, we have
______________
Ep = -Np dф/dt _ (1) and
______________
Es = -Ns dф/dt _ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2
by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil
is due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values
of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o,
p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary
coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be
neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
And Is = value of secondary current at this instant,
then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output powerOr
Ep Ip = Es Is Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current
in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in
current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the
current & a step down transformer steps up the
current.
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power
to the input power.
i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there are no power losses, η
= 1. But in actual practice, there are many power losses;
therefore the efficiency of the transformer is less than one.
ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of
conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core
of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in the
iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs in spite of best insulations.
Therefore, the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each
turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked
with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is
fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
IRON ROD
COPPER WIRE
VOLTMETER AMMETER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Take a thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind
a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60).
This constitutes the primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound a
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step
down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input
voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through
s1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of
step
up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing the number of turns in primary and secondary
coil.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
Athe transformer is used in almost all a.c.
operations-
In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner, etc.
A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
A step down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.
A step up transformer is used for the production of
X-Rays and NEON advertisements.
Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c.
over long distances.
Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc
SOURCES OF ERROR
1.Values of current can be changed due to heating
effects.
2.Eddy current can change the readings.
CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to
the input voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to
the input voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output
coil of a transformer.
PRECAUTIONS
1.Keep yourself safe from high voltage.
2.While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1)NCERT textbook class 12
2)NCERT physics lab Manual
3)INTERNET
4) www.yahoo.com
5) www.wikipedia.com
6) www.google.com
