8/4/24, 9:43 PM Introduction

College Biochemistry Reshare

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Chemistry ← study of the Structure, Properties, Changes, and Composition of matter that
focuses on atoms (SPCC)
Biology ← study of life, living organisms and processes that focuses on cells
Bio ← Life
Logy ← Study
Biochemistry ← Chemical basis of life / Chemistry of Life
focuses on metabolic diseases
study of chemical indicators
Cell ← basic unit of life; building block of the organism
Atom ← basic unit of matter
3 Major Parts of a Cell:
Cell membrane ← provides protection of the cell; separates the inside and outside of the
cell; semipermeable membrane (head and tail) controls substances that goes in and out of the
cell
(water fearing/hydrophobic) Nonpolar head ← protects cell from water *yellow circles*
(water loving/hydrophilic) Polar tail ← *looks like a chromosome pair*

Channeling proteins ← *red big oblong* the one that where substances pass through
Gated channel ← where substances go in and out of the cell and hydrates the cell
Types Cell Membrane
Animal cell → cell membrane
Plant cell → cell wall
Bacteria → peptidoglycan (antibiotic - broken down by inhibiting the enzymes that
creates peptidoglycan)
Fungi → chitin
Virus ← is not a cell attaches itself to a cell (needs a host cell, then takeovers the
machinery of the cell); carries either DNA/RNA
Nucleus ← control center of the cell and is where DNA and chromosome is located
Cytoplasm ← liquid that fills the inside of a cell
Organelles ← provides the needs of a cell, main source of energy, where ATP is produced
Composition of the Cell Membrane: ↓
Phospholipid ← main chemical composition of a cell membrane

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Glycoprotein (protein w carbs attached) and Glycolipid (lipids w carbs

attached) ← responsible for cell to cell recognition process
Cholesterol ← main precursor of all steroids in the body
Arachidonic Acid ← (20:4) C=C=C=C 20 carbon atoms 4 double bonds
Enzyme ← acts as a catalyst (most enzymes end in -ase)
Catalyst ← increases or decreases metabolic processes
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation RCTDF ↓
Rubor (redness)
Calor (increased heat)
Tumor (swelling)
Dolor (pain)
Functio Laesa (loss of function)
Diagram of membrane phospholipid ↓

COX:
Prostaglandin ← produces pain chemicals (first detected in semen)
Prostacyclin ― widening of blood vessels (vasodilation)
Thromboxane ← responsible for clot formation
meds:

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8/4/24, 9:43 PM Introduction

Aspirin ← Prevents blood clots e.g., stroke (for thromboxane)

Indomethacin ← Painkiller (for prostaglandin)
Ibuprofen ← Anti-pain (for prostaglandin)
Anti-inflammatory ― Reduces pain/inflammation
LOX:
Leukotrienes → triggers allergic inflammation
meds:
Antihistamine ← treat allergic rhinitis
Cetirizine ← treat allergies
Organelles: ↓
1. Mitochondria ← powerhouse of the cell [site where energy (ATP) is produced]
Krebs cycle ― happens at the mitochondrial matrix
Mitochondrial matrix ― inner / blue part of the mitochondria

Intermediate reaction ― happens at the intermembrane space

Intermembrane space ― space between inner and outer membrane

Cristae ― Electron Transport Chain or ETC

4 energy sources ↓
Glucose → 1g/4cal
Glycogen ← none
Fats ← 1g/9cal
Proteins ← 1g/4cal
2k - 2.5K calories ← needed calories for the body to survive
Keto Diet ← consuming only fat
Calorie Deficit ← less calorie is consumed where in to achieve the needed calorie for the
body to survive are taken from fats
2. Lysosomes ← suicide/garbage bag of the cell (contains enzyme)
RBC ← shaped as a biconcave disk, life span is 120 days
Apoptosis ← programmed cell death
No apoptosis ← tumor (mass of abnormal cells)

3. Ribosome ← Site of protein synthesis (RNA)

Eukaryotes:
2 subunits: 40s and 60s / 80s - only if condensed happens during protein synthesis
Prokaryotes:
2 subunits: 30s and 50s / 70s only if condensed happens during protein synthesis
S = Svedberg ← unit for density
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum ← a membrane responsible for lipid and protein synthesis
Rough ER ← aids in protein synthesis

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Smooth ER ← aids in lipid synthesis

5. Golgi bodies ← Flattened sacs, responsible for storage and transport of substances found
in the cell
Discovered Golgi bodies → Camillo Golgi
6. Microtubules ← small tubes inside the cell and is responsible for mitosis (cell division) and
meiosis; contain important information of spindle of fibers or mitotic spindle
Nucleus ← control center of the cell and is where DNA and chromosome is located
Nucleolus ← site of ribosome assembly enclosed by a nuclear membrane
Chromosomes ← 46 with 23 pairs - XY male ; XX female
23 = sex chromosome
Trisomy 21 (down syndrome) ← 1 extra chromosome in the 21st pair
Trisomy 18 (edward’s syndrome) ← 1 extra chromosome in the 18th pair
Affected growth and development
Severe intellectual disability
Most die after a year
Appearance micromicro: ↓
1. Low birth weight
2. Prominent occiput - occipital lobe is prominent
3. Micrognathia - small upper jaw (breathing difficulties
4. Microcephaly - small head
5. Low set ears
6. Clenched overlapping fingers
7. Rocker bottom feet
8. Digestive abnormalities; cardiac and renal malformations
Trisomy 13 (Bartholin-Patau syndrome) ← 1 extra chromosome in the 13th pair
Multiple congenital malformation
Reduced life expectancy (50%)
Severe intellectual disability and most are females
Appearance: microholo ↓
Holoprosencephaly ← failure of division of lobes
Scalp defects
Microphthalmia ← baby’s eyes are small
Cleft and lip palate ← opening or split in the roof of the mouth
Hemophilia ← Bleeder's disease; lack of blood clot (No clotting factors); mostly male is affected
(Y-Linked genetic disorder )
Biomolecules
4 biomolecules and their building blocks ↓

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