CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the contents of this project

file submitted by Saima of class XII for the
subject of Biology is his/her bonafide work
submitted to Carrier Point for partial fulfilment
of the requirements for CBSE examinations of
class XII. The project has been completed under
my guidance and supervision. Saima has been
working on the completion of the project
sincerely from start to finish. I certify that the
project is up to my expectations and can be
submitted for evaluation.
Acknowledgement
• I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all
those who have helped me complete this school
project successfully.
• I am extremely thankful to my project guideDr.
Priyanka Patade my Science teacher, for invaluable
guidance, encouragement and support throughout
this project. She/he provided me direction,
reviewed my progress and results, and helped me
clarify my doubts. I sincerely appreciate the time
and effort she/he put into supervising my project.
• I am grateful to our school Principal,Principal for
providing us the resources and facilities to enable
our project work. She/he took keen interest in my
project and motivated me to give my best efforts.
• My special thanks to my family, they encouraged
me at every step, and helped me manage my time
effectively. Their faith in my abilities inspired me to
take on this project.
 INDEX

• Introduction
• Main Content
• Conclusion
• Bibliography

Bibliography
• 1 Ncert of Biology
• 2 Biology Guide Book
• 3 Wikipedia
• 4 5 https://www.vedantu.com/question-
answer/the-decomposition-temperature-is-
maximum-for-class-12-chemistry-cbse-
6047d800a1be5e0b0db0ac2a

Introduction
A eukaryote is referred to as any cell or an
organism with a clear and defined nucleus. The
eukaryotic cell possesses a clear nuclear
membrane that edges the nucleus in which pairs
of chromosomes are encountered. Eukaryotic cells
also consist of organelles such as mitochondria,
golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum,
lysosomes and so on.
Eukaryotic transcriptionEukaryotic transcription is
inferred as a process in which the eukaryotic cells
replicate the data in a strand of DNA and copy the
genetic knowledge into a new molecule of RNA.
Eukaryotic transcription is referred to as the first
step towards gene expression in which some
segments of DNA are traced into RNA by a special
enzyme called RNA polymerase.This results in
forming an antiparallel RNA fibre known as a
primary transcript

Procedure of
eukaryotic transcription
Transcription is the formation of RNA
over the template of DNA. It creates
single stranded RNA which has coded
information similar to the sense or
coding strand of DNA with the exception
that T is replaced by U. The DNA strand
which functions as a template for RNA
synthesis is called template or antisense
strand. The segment of antisense DNA
that takes part in transcription is called
the transcription unit. It may consist of
one or more cistrons (¨ genes).Each
transcription unit has a promoter region,
generally in the beginning and
terminator region where transcription
ends.
Mode of transcription
• The enzyme taking part in transcription is
called RNA polymerase.
• There is single RNA polymerase (RNAP) in case
of prokaryotes.
• Eukaryotes have three types of RNA
polymerase.
• (i) RNA polymerase I – For synthesis of
ribosomal RNAs except 5 S
• (ii) RNA polymerase II – For mRNA and many
snRNAs
• (iii) RNA polymerase III – For tRNAs, 5S rRNA
and some snRNAs
• Prokaryotic RNA polymerase has a sigma
factor for recognising the start signal of the
promoter region.
• The remaining part of RNA polymerase is
called core enzyme.
• In eukaryotes separate protein factors take
part in recognition and initiation.
• They are called transcription factors, e.g.,
TFII, TFIII.
• Promoter region of the transcription unit has
a separate recognition site and polymerase
binding site.
• Terminator region of the transcription unit
has either palindromic sequences or poly A
sequences.
• Termination of transcription requires a
separate termination factor called rho (r)
factor. The various steps in transcription are as
follows –
1. Activation of Ribonucleotides
• Four types of ribonucleotides take part in the
synthesis of RNA over DNA. They are AMP,
GMP, UMP and CMP.
• The nucleotides are available in the
nucleoplasm. Before their incorporation, the
nucleotides are converted into activate
through phosphorylation.
• It produces triphosphates.Energy, phosphate
and enzyme phosphorylase are required.
2. DNA Template
• Only one DNA strand functions as a template
strand.
• It is also called an antisense strand.
• The unit of transcription begins with a
promoter and ends in a terminator.
• The separation of template strand does not
require specific chemicals as in case of DNA
replication.
• Instead, the core enzyme of RNA polymerase
travels along the template strand with the
help of a protein factor called Nus A protein.
3. Initiation
• RNA polymerase reaches the promoter region.
• Sigma factor (s) recognises the promoter
region.
• In eukaryotes there are separate transcription
factors for recognition of promoter regions.
• As soon as the enzyme RNA polymerase gets
attached, the template DNA of the
transcription unit begins to unzipper.
4. Base Pairing
• The activated phosphorylated ribonucleotides
come to lie opposite complementary nitrogen
bases of the template strand – A opposite T, U
opposite A, G opposite C and C opposite G.
• With the help of enzyme phosphatase the
extra phosphate radicals of nucleotides are
hydrolysed.
• It releases energy which is helpful in
establishing temporary bonds between
complementary base pairs.
5. Formation of RNA chain(Elongation)
• The core enzyme with the help of energy and
Mg2+ builds phosphodiester bonds between
adjacent ribonucleotides forming the RNA
chain.
• As the enzyme moves along the DNA
template, the RNA chain elongates.
• Synthesis continues till the enzyme reaches
the termination region.
• In the terminator region RNA polymerase is
separated from the DNA template by means
of rho factor (r) and Nus G.

6. Chain Separation(Termination)
• Rho factor has ATPase activity.
• This separates RNA polymerase as well as the
newly built RNA strand.
• As soon as the RNA strand separates, the
sense and antisense strands of DNA re-
establish hydrogen bonds between their
complementary base pairs.
• The duplex nature is restored.
7. Post Transcription Changes
• Freshly synthesised RNA strand is
called primary transcript.
• It is often bigger than the
functional RNA.
• The various modifications which occur
in primary transcript are as follows –
(i) Cleavage
• A bigger primary transcript is often cleaved
to form RNA of desired length.
• For example, the primary transcript of rRNA
is 45 S.
• It undergoes cleavage with the help of RNA
enzyme ribonuclease P.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC
TRANSCRIPTION
Prokaryotic Transcription
In this method, both transcription and translation
take place simultaneously.
The system of prokaryotic transcription occurs
inside the cytoplasm of the cell.
RNAs are always acquitted and processed in the
cytoplasm of the cell
RNA polymerases are a complex formation
comprising of five polypeptides.
It does not require any extra proteins for the
initiation of transcription.
Eukaryotic Transcription
In this method, transcription and translation does
not take place simultaneously
The eukaryotic transcription system occurs in the
nucleus of the cell, and translation occurs inside
the cytoplasm of the cell.
RNAs are acquitted and processed in the nucleus
of the cell together.
RNA polymerases are a complex formation
comprising of 10 -15 polypeptides.
It requires extra proteins known as transcription
factors in the initiation phase of transcription.
Summary

Eukaryotic transcription is inferred as a process in

which the eukaryotic cells replicate the data in a
strand of DNA and copy the genetic knowledge
into a new molecule of RNA. Eukaryotic
transcription is referred to as the first step
towards gene expression in which some segments
of DNA are traced into RNA by a special enzyme
called RNA polymerase.
Thank you