REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE
LITERATURE

•Refers to any oral or written works

• Books, encyclopedias, almanacs and other similar
references
• Articles published in professional journals, magazines,
periodicals, newspapers and other publications
• Manuscripts, letters and diaries
• Unpublished theses and dissertations
RELATED LITERATURE
• is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is
related.

• For instance, if the present study deals with drug addiction, literature to be
reviewed or surveyed should be composed of materials that deal with drug
addiction. These materials are usually printed and found in books, encyclopedias,
journals, magazines, newspaper and other publications
RELATED STUDIES
• These are studies, inquiries or investigations already conducted to
which the present proposed study is related or has some bearing or
similarity. They are usually unpublished materials such as
manuscripts, theses and dissertations.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
• is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic.
The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and
other sources relevant to a particular area of research.
Sources of Literature
Primary Sources are references that contain information,
which were observed or witnessed firsthand by the author.
• Diaries
• Autobiographies
• Letters
• Poems
• Novels
Sources of Literature
Secondary Sources are references that contain information
based on primary sources.
• Textbooks
• Magazines
• Articles
• Dictionaries
• Encyclopedias
Purposes of Review of Related Literature (RRL)
• To obtain background knowledge of your research
• To avoid repeating previous research studies
• To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of previous
research studies
• To highlight the significance of your work with the kind of
evidence it gathered to support the conclusion of your
research
• To recommend the necessity of further research on a certain
topic.
Why is it
important to
cite sources in
research?

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 Purpose of Citing Literature Sources

● To give credit to other writers and

researchers
● To support evidence in the researcher’s
argument
● To easily locate sources about a certain
topic

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 Citation Style Guides
Style Guide Discipline
APA (American Psychological Psychology, Education, Social
Association) Sciences
MLA (Modern Language Humanities
Association Style)
CMOS (Chicago Manual Business, History, Fine Arts
of Style)

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 Types of Citations
In-text citation Reference list

appears in-between is usually found at the

the researcher’s writing last part of a research
paper

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Example of in-text citation

Parents are considered as one of the primary

sources of social support of adolescents. They
influence the development of adolescents’
career interests, goals, intentions, career-
related self-efficacy, and outcome expectations
(Kenny & Medvide, 2013).

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Example of reference list citation

Bibliography
Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen. Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road From the Late Teens Through
The Twenties. New York: Oxford University Press. 2004.
“Proportion of Poor Filipinos was Estimated at 16.6 Percent in 2018.” Philippine Statistics
Authority. December 6, 2019. [Link]
Smith, Rebecca Lee, Ann Marie Carroll, and Kathryn T. Callaghan. “Emerging Adulthood: A
College Student, Middle Class Perk?" Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research 20, no. 2
(2015): 80-85.

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Remember

The two parts of citations are the in-

text citation and reference list.
Citations vary according to the style
guide (i.e., APA, MLA, or CMOS) used.

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 It follows the author and year of
APA 7th Edition
Basic Rules
publishing format of in-text
citation.

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Examples

A work by one author

1. APA style is commonly used by psychology
majors (Dela Cruz, 2020).
2. According to Dela Cruz (2020), APA style is
commonly used by psychology majors.

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Examples

A work by two authors

1. APA style is commonly used by psychology
majors (Dela Cruz & Garcia, 2020).
2. According to Dela Cruz and Garcia (2020),
APA style is commonly used by psychology
majors.
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Examples

A work by three or more authors

1. APA style is commonly used by psychology
majors (Dela Cruz et al., 2020).
2. According to Dela Cruz et al. (2020), APA style
is commonly used by psychology majors.

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Example of APA 7th Edition

Book
Dela Cruz, R. (2001). Introduction to Research
Methods. ABC Publishing.

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Example of APA 7th Edition

Book
Dela Cruz, R., & Lee J. (2001). Introduction to
Research Methods. ABC Publishing.

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Example of APA 7th Edition

Journal Article
Garcia, G., & Reyes, K. (2012). Understanding
the struggles of Senior High School students
in the Philippines. Philippine Youth Journal,
1(2), 22-32.

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Example of APA 7th Edition

Web sources
Mesina, Alex. (2018, January 9). Playing
Saxophone for Beginners. Young Musicians
Today, [Link]/playingsax

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Tip

Always make sure that the sources

found on the in-text citation are also
found on the references list, and
vice-versa.

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PATTERNS OF CITATIONS

•Summary. The citation in this case is a

shortened version of the original text that is
expressed in your own language. Making the
text short, you have to pick out only the most
important ideas or aspects of the text.
 How to Write a Good Summary

1. Read the original work carefully before

writing the summary.
2. List down the key ideas of the text using
your own words.
3. Eliminate all information that is unnecessary
and irrelevant.

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 How to Write a Good Summary

4. Compare the summary and the original

work.
5. Start the summary using signal phrases to
introduce the material.

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Tip

You must write the summary based

on how you understand the text
and include the main argument of
the author.

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PATTERNS OF CITATIONS

•Paraphrase. This is the antithesis of the first

one because, here, instead of shortening the
form of the text, you explain what the text
means to you using your own words. In doing
so, it is possible that your explanations may
decrease or exceed the number of words of
the original text.
PATTERNS OF CITATIONS
• Short Direct Quotation. Only a part of the author’s sentence, the
whole sentence, or several sentences, not exceeding 40 words, is
what you can quote or repeat in writing through this citation pattern.
Since this makes you copy the exact words of the writer, it is
necessary that you give the number of the page where the readers
can find the copied words.
Example:
• Contexts is influenced by these four factors: “language, culture,
institutions, and ideologies.” (Aranda, 2015, p.8)
PATTERNS OF CITATIONS
• Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation, or
Extract. Named in many ways, this citation pattern
makes you copy the author’s exact words
numbering from 40 up to 100 words. Under APA,
the limit is eight lines. Placed at the center of the
page with no indentation, the copied lines look like
they compose astanza of a poem.
PATTERNS OF CITATIONS
Example:
• The latest study by (Hizon, 2015) reveals the social nature of language.
Stressing this nature of language, he says:

“Language features result from the way people use language to meet their
social needs. In their interactions, they use language to describe, compare,
agree, explain, disagree, and so on. Each language function requires a certain
set of language features like nouns for naming, adjectives for comparing,
verbs for agreeing, prepositions for directing, and conjunctions for
connectingideas.” (p. 38)
APPROACH TO WRITNG LITERATURE REVIEW
Country of origin - Literature and studies are categorized
based on the country/continent where they came from.

Local Studies – these are studies conducted within the country

Foreign Studies – these are studies conducted outside the

country
APPROACH TO WRITNG LITERATURE REVIEW
• Sample Outline:
• Introduction
• Foreign Studies
• Local Studies
• Synthesis of the Review

• Introduction – It is in the introduction where you make your readers aware

of your approach in presenting your related literature.

• Synthesis – where you specify the uniqueness of your study in making

connection to the literature you had just discusses in the review
Literature Review Worksheet
DIRECTIONS: Gather at least one local
related study and one foreign study and fill in
the blanks below with the required
information.
Literature Review Worksheet