FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
MEASUREMENT OF
HORIZONTAL DISTANCES
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
METHODS
a. Estimation
b. Scaling from a map
c. Pacing
d. Taping
e. Tacheometry
f. Odometer
g. Electronic Distance Measurement
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
METHODS
a. Estimation
b. Scaling from a map
c. Pacing
d. Taping
e. Tacheometry
f. Odometer
g. Electronic Distance Measurement
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
METHODS
a. Estimation
b. Scaling from a map
c. Pacing
d. Taping
e. Tacheometry
f. Odometer
g. Electronic Distance Measurement
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
METHODS
a. Estimation
b. Scaling from a map
c. Pacing
d. Taping
e. Tacheometry
f. Odometer
g. Electronic Distance Measurement
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
METHODS
a. Estimation
b. Scaling from a map
c. Pacing
d. Taping
e. Tacheometry
f. Odometer
g. Electronic Distance Measurement
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
METHODS
a. Estimation
b. Scaling from a map
c. Pacing
d. Taping
e. Tacheometry
f. Odometer
g. Electronic Distance Measurement
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
METHODS It is a branch of angular surveying in
which the horizontal and vertical
a. Estimation distances are obtained by optical
b. Scaling from a mapmeans as opposed to the ordinary
c. Pacing process of chain and tape. This is
d. Taping done with the help of two special
e. Tacheometry type of instruments, the transit
f. Odometer theodolite and stadia rod.
g. Electronic Distance Measurement
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
METHODS
a. Estimation
b. Scaling from a map
c. Pacing
d. Taping
e. Tacheometry
f. Odometer
g. Electronic Distance Measurement
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
METHODS A device that can be attached in the
measuring wheel to measure
a. Estimation distances. As you walk, you push or
b. Scaling from a map pull the device alongside. The wheel
c. Pacing rotates and counts the numbers of
d. Taping rotations and uses the circumference
e. Tacheometry of the wheel to calculate the distance
f. Odometer covered.
g. Electronic Distance Measurement
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
METHODS
a. Estimation
b. Scaling from a map
c. Pacing
d. Taping
e. Tacheometry
f. Odometer
g. Electronic Distance Measurement
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
METHODS Electronic distance measurement
equipment is based on the invariant speed
a. Estimation of light or electromagnetic waves in
b. Scaling from a mapvacuum. In general, boundary, control and
c. Pacing construction surveys involving long lines
d. Taping and large areas can be performed most
e. Tacheometry accurately and economically using modern
f. Odometer EDM equipment.
g. Electronic Distance Measurement
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
METHODS
a. Estimation
b. Scaling from a map
c. Pacing
d. Taping
e. Tacheometry
f. Odometer
g. Electronic Distance Measurement
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Distance by Taping
It is direct measurement of distances using tape
varying in length from 1 m to 100 m. Relatively,
short distances or specific construction layout
requirements are present, taping the distances can
be more practical.
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
1. Tape not standard length
𝑐 = 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ − 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Where: c = correction per tape length (lower case c)
C = total correction applied for measured distance (capital letter C)
Nominal Length – length stated by the manufacturer
True Length – length derived by comparison with a known standard length
under given conditions of temperature, tension, support.
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
1. Tape not standard length
CL = ML + Corr
ML
Corr = c ( )
NL
Where: CL = Corrected Length
ML = Measured Length
Corr = Correction
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
1. Tape not standard length
Measuring distances:
- It is the process of determining the length or distance
between two points that already exist.
Laying distances:
- It is the process of marking or setting out specific
distances on the ground, often as part of a construction
or surveying project
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
1. Tape not standard length
In measuring distances:
- Positive correction is applied for tape too long
- Negative correction is applied for tape too short
In laying distances:
- Negative correction is applied for tape too long
- Positive correction is applied for tape too short
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 1
The correct distance between points E and F is 213.5 m.
If a 100 m tape that is 0.025 m too long is used to
measure EF, what will be the measured distance in
meter?
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 1
The correct distance between points E and F is 213.5 m.
If a 100 m tape that is 0.025 m too long is used to
measure EF, what will be the measured distance in
meter?
ANSWER: 213.4466383 m
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 2
A 50-m tape which is 0.035 m too long is used to
measure distance AB. The recorded length was 624.76
m. Find the corrected horizontal distance of line AB.
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 2
A 50-m tape which is 0.035 m too long is used to
measure distance AB. The recorded length was 624.76
m. Find the corrected horizontal distance of line AB.
ANSWER: 625.197332 m
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 3
A steel tape whose nominal length is supposed to be 30m
long was found to be 30.02m long when compared with an
invar tape during standardization. If the tape will be used in
laying out a 520m by 850m rectangular parking lot, determine
the actual dimensions to be laid out.
ANSWER: 625.197332 m
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 3
A steel tape whose nominal length is supposed to be 30m
long was found to be 30.02m long when compared with an
invar tape during standardization. If the tape will be used in
laying out a 520m by 850m rectangular parking lot, determine
the actual dimensions to be laid out.
ANSWER: L’ = 849.4333 m, W’ = 519.65333 m
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 4
The sides of a square lot having an area of 22,500 sq.m.
was measured by a 100-m tape that is 0.025 m too
short. Calculate the error in the area.
ANSWER: Error = 11.24859375 m
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 4
The sides of a square lot having an area of 22,500 sq.m.
was measured by a 100-m tape that is 0.025 m too
short. Calculate the error in the area.
ANSWER: Error = 11.24859375 m²
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
2. Misalignment of Tape
- Personal error
- tape too short (apply negative correction)
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 5
The distance measured over smooth level ground between two
monuments was recorded as 108.00 m. Measurements consisted of
three full tape lengths and one partial tape length. If the first taping
point was misaligned 0.30 dm left, the second 7.2 dm right, and the
third 4.1 dm left, compute the correct distance between the points.
ANSWER: 107.988542 m
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 5
The distance measured over smooth level ground between two
monuments was recorded as 108.00 m. Measurements consisted of
three full tape lengths and one partial tape length. If the first taping
point was misaligned 0.30 dm left, the second 7.2 dm right, and the
third 4.1 dm left, compute the correct distance between the points.
ANSWER: 107.988542 m
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
3. Correction due to Temperature
Tape expands as temperature rises and contracts as the
temperature falls. If the tape is standardized at a given temperature
and measurements are taken at a higher temperature the tape will
be too long. Errors are reduced by attaching one or more tape
thermometers to it and observing temperatures for each tape
length.
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
3. Correction due to Temperature
Where:
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
3. Correction due to Temperature
Where:
CT = total correction to be applied in measured
length
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 6
A 50-m steel tape was standardized and supported throughout its length and
found to be 0.00205 m longer at an observed temperature of 31.8°C and a
pull of 12 kg. This tape was used to measure a line which was found to be
403.65 m at an average temperature of 20°C using the same pull.
Determine the following:
a. Standard temperature To = 28.266 ˚C
b. Total correction to be applied in measured distance
Total Correction = -4.7966x10^-3
a. Corrected horizontal distance
D’ = 403.6452034 m
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 6
A 50-m steel tape was standardized and supported throughout its length and
found to be 0.00205 m longer at an observed temperature of 31.8°C and a
pull of 12 kg. This tape was used to measure a line which was found to be
403.65 m at an average temperature of 20°C using the same pull.
Determine the following:
a. Standard temperature To = 28.266 ˚C
b. Total correction to be applied in measured distance
Total Correction = -0.03870196199 m
a. Corrected horizontal distance
D’ = 403.611298 m
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
SEATWORK NO. 3
1. A rectangular lot 250 m x 420 m is to be laid out using a 30-m
tape. It was found out that the actual length of the tape was
29.98 m. What dimension should be laid out in order to have the
desired area of the lot?
2. A distance was measured with a 30 m steel tape and recorded
as 130.45 m when the average tape temperature was 8°C. What
is the adjusted distance?
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
4. Correction due to Pull (Tension)
If the tension or pull is greater or less than that for
which the tape is verified the tape will be
elongated or shortened accordingly.
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
4. Correction due to Pull (Tension)
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
4. Correction due to Pull (Tension)
Where:
cp = correction per tape length, m or ft
Cp = correction due to pull, m or ft
P = applied pull or tension, kg, N, lb
Po = standard tension of the tape
L = nominal/standard length of the tape, m or ft
ML = measured length or distance, m or ft
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
4. Correction due to Pull (Tension)
Where:
A = cross-sectional area of the tape, cm² or in²
E = Modulus of Elasticity, psi or kg/cm², MPa or N/mm²
For Steel tape: Est = 200x10³ MPa
Est = 29000 ksi
Est = 2.1x106 kg/cm²
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 1
A heavy 50-m tape having a cross-sectional area of 0.05
cm² has been standardized at a tension of 5.5 kg. If E =
2.1x106 kg/cm², determine the elongation of the tape if a
pull of 12 kg is applied.
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 1
A heavy 50-m tape having a cross-sectional area of 0.05
cm² has been standardized at a tension of 5.5 kg. If E =
2.1x106 kg/cm², determine the elongation of the tape if a
pull of 12 kg is applied.
Answer: 0.003 m
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 2
A 30-m steel tape weighing 1.45 kg is of standard length under a pull of 5
kg, supported for full length. The tape was used in measuring a line
938.55 m long on a smooth level ground under a steady pull of 10 kg.
Assuming E = 2x106 kg/cm² and the unit weight of steel to be 7.9x10−3
kg/cm3 , determine the ff:
a. cross-sectional area of the tape
b. correction for increase in tension
c. correct length of the line measured
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 2
A 30-m steel tape weighing 1.45 kg is of standard length under a pull of 5
kg, supported for full length. The tape was used in measuring a line
938.55 m long on a smooth level ground under a steady pull of 10 kg.
Assuming E = 2x106 kg/cm² and the unit weight of steel to be 7.9x10−3
kg/cm3 , determine the ff:
a. cross-sectional area of the tape ANS: 0.061181 cm²
b. correction for increase in tension ANS: 0.03835 m
c. correct length of the line measured ANS: 938.58835 m
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
5. Correction due to Sag (Tape not stretch straight)
Tape will sag:
1. If not fully supported
2. Because of its self-weight
Sag shortens the horizontal distance
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
5. Correction due to Sag (Tape not stretch straight)
Where:
Cs = correction due to sag
P = applied pull of tension, kg, N, lb
ω = weight of tape per unit length, kg/m, lb/ft, N/mm
L = distance between supports/unsupported length
of tape.
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
5. Correction due to Sag (Tape not stretch straight)
Where:
Cs = correction due to sag
P = applied pull of tension, kg, N, lb
W = total weight of tape between supports
L = distance between supports/unsupported length
of tape.
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 3
A 30-m tape is supported only at its ends and under a
steady pull of 8 kg. If the tape weighs 0.91 kg, determine
the sag correction and the correct distance between the
ends of the tape.
ANS: Cs = 0.0162 m
L’ = 29.9838 m
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 3
A 30-m tape is supported only at its ends and under a
steady pull of 8 kg. If the tape weighs 0.91 kg, determine
the sag correction and the correct distance between the
ends of the tape.
ANS: Cs = 0.0162 m
L’ = 29.9838 m
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 4
A 50-m steel tape weighs 0.04 kg/m and is supported at its end points and
at the 8-m and 25-m marks. If a pull of 6 kg is applied, determine the
following:
a. Correction due to sag between the 0-m and 8-m marks, 8-m and
25-m marks, and the 25-m and 50-m marks
ANS: Cs1 = 0.000948 m, Cs2 = 0.009098 m, Cs3 = 0.02894 m
b. Correction due to sag for one tape length ANS: Cs = 0.038986 m
c. Correct distance between the ends of the tape.
ANS: L’ = 49.961014 m
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 4
A 50-m steel tape weighs 0.04 kg/m and is supported at its end points and
at the 8-m and 25-m marks. If a pull of 6 kg is applied, determine the
following:
a. Correction due to sag between the 0-m and 8-m marks, 8-m and
25-m marks, and the 25-m and 50-m marks
ANS: Cs1 = 0.000948 m, Cs2 = 0.009098 m, Cs3 = 0.02894 m
b. Correction due to sag for one tape length ANS: Cs = 0.038986 m
c. Correct distance between the ends of the tape.
ANS: L’ = 49.961014 m
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
6. Normal Tension
Referred as the applied pull which will lengthen the tape to equal
the shortening caused by the sag.
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
6. Normal Tension
Where:
PN = normal tension or pull which will eliminate the effect
of sag (kg)
W = total weight of the tape between supports (kg)
A = cross-sectional area of tape (cm2)
E = modulus of elasticity of tape material (kg/cm2)
Po = standard pull for the tape (kg)
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 5
A steel tape weighing 0.85 kg has a cross-sectional area of
0.05 cm². The tape measures exactly 30.00 m when supported
throughout its length under a standard pull of 5.5 kg. If the
modulus of elasticity is 2.1x106 kg/ cm², determine the tension
required to make the tape equal to its nominal length when
supported only at the end points.
ANS: PN = 16.75 kg
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 5
A steel tape weighing 0.85 kg has a cross-sectional area of
0.05 cm². The tape measures exactly 30.00 m when supported
throughout its length under a standard pull of 5.5 kg. If the
modulus of elasticity is 2.1x106 kg/ cm², determine the tension
required to make the tape equal to its nominal length when
supported only at the end points.
ANS: PN = 16.75 kg
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
7. Correction due to Slope (Tape not horizontal)
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
4. Correction due to Slope (Tape not horizontal)
Where:
s = Sloped distance between A and B
h = difference in elevation between A and B
d = Horizontal distance between A and B
θ = angle of inclination determined using a transit/theodolite or abney level
Ch = slope correction or the difference between the sloped length and the horizontal
distance.
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
4. Correction due to Slope (Tape not horizontal)
Different Slope Correction Formulas
a.) Gentle Slope (less than 20%)
𝒉²
Ch =
𝟐𝑺
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
4. Correction due to Slope (Tape not horizontal)
Different Slope Correction Formulas
b.) Steep Slope (between 20% and 30%)
𝒉² 𝒉𝟒
Ch = +
𝟐𝑺 𝟖𝑺³
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
4. Correction due to Slope (Tape not horizontal)
Different Slope Correction Formulas
c.) Very Steep Slope (greater than 30%)
Ch = 𝑺 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔θ
H = S - Ch
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Errors in measurement of distances
4. Correction due to Slope (Tape not horizontal)
SLOPE OR GRADIENT, g in %
Where: h = difference in elevation between A and B
d = horizontal distance between A and B
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 6
Slope distances AB and BC measures 330.49 m and 660.97 m,
respectively. The differences in elevation are 12.22 m for points A
and B, and 10.85 m for points B and C. Using the approximate
slope correction formula for gentle slopes, determine the correction
due to slope and the horizontal length of line ABC. Assume that line
AB has a rising slope and BC a falling slope.
ANS: d = 991.14 m
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Situation no. 6
Slope distances AB and BC measures 330.49 m and 660.97 m,
respectively. The differences in elevation are 12.22 m for points A
and B, and 10.85 m for points B and C. Using the approximate
slope correction formula for gentle slopes, determine the correction
due to slope and the horizontal length of line ABC. Assume that line
AB has a rising slope and BC a falling slope.
ANS: d = 991.14 m
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Assignment
Problem no. 1 It will be assumed that both a very heavy and a
medium weight 100-ft tape are standard under a tension of 10 lb; E
= 30,000 psi. The cross-sectional area of the heavy tape is 0.010
[Link]. and of the light tape 0.005 sq,in. It is desired to determine the
elongation to an increase in tension from 10 to 30 lb.
Determine the following:
[Link] per tape length of the heavy tape
[Link] per tape length of the light tape
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Assignment
Problem no. 2 A 100-ft tape weighing 2 lb is of standard length
under tension of 12 lb supported for full length. A line on smooth
level ground is measured with the tape under a tension of 35 lb and
found to be 2682.17 ft long. E = 29,000,000 psi; 3.53 [Link]. of steel
weighs 1 lb. Determine the following:
[Link] per tape length
[Link] horizontal distance
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Assignment
Problem no. 3 A 100 m tape is suspended at the ends under a pull
of 12 kg. It is also supported at 10-m and 65-m marks. If the tape
weighs 2.4 kg, determine the total correction due to sag.
Problem no. 4 A 50-m tape weighing 0.03 kg/m is used to measure
line AB. The tape is supported at both ends and at its midspan and
the applied tension is 7 kg. Determine the total sag correction and
the corrected distance if the measured distance is 1820.85 m.
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING | CE0211
Assignment
Problem no. 5 A distance of 143.52 m was measured between
points A and B with a steel tape that was fully supported along a
uniformly sloping surface. The elevation difference between A and B
was determined to be 9.860 m. Determine the corresponding
horizontal distance between A and B.
