THE NAZARETH ACADEMY

SENIOR SECONDARY CBSE SCHOOL.

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

2024 - 2025

STUDY THE PHENOMENON OF

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Submitted by
AVINASH G - XI A

The Nazareth Academy

Kovilpathagai Main road,
Avadi, chennai-62
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

REGISTER NUMBER 11111

This is to certify that this Physics Investigatory Project on the

Topic “Study the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction”,
has been successfully completed by Avinash G of Class XI-A
under the guidance of Ms. Merlin dayana (PGT-Physics) in
particular fulfilment of the curriculum of Central Board of
Secondary Education (CBSE), leading to the award of Annual
Examination of the year 2024 – 2025.

Submitted for All India senior secondary school certificate for

practical examination held on ………..

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Signature of principal
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “Study the

phenomenon of electromagnetic induction”, submitted to
Department of Physics, The Nazareth Academy .

Name: Avinash G Register no:

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have taken efforts in this project however it would not have been

possible without the kind support and help of many individuals.

I would like to thank my Principal and School for providing me with the

facilities required to do my project.

I am highly indebted to [Link] DAYANA, PGT- Physics for her

invaluable guidance which has sustained my efforts in all the stages of

this project work.

A special thanks to [Link] JOY for supporting me in the

completion of this project. I am grateful for the efforts she has made to

clarify my doubts.

I wish to acknowledge the constant encouragement of my family and my

friends who have always been my moral support and source of felicity.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

[Link] Content Page No.

1. Introduction 1
2. Electromagnetic induction 2
3. Faraday’s Experiment 3
4. Lenz law 5
5. Magnetic Flux and Induction 6
6. EMI in Different System 7
7. EMI in Generators 8
8. EMI in Alternators 9
9. Application of EMI 10
10. Conclusion 12
11. Bibliography 13
 INTRODUCTION
Electro Magnet:

❖ An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by

electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off.

Induction:

❖ This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the conductor in a

changing magnetic field is called induction.

Electromagnetic Induction:

❖ Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference (voltage) across a

conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.

❖ Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field causes molecule in

another object to flow. Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous
metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).

❖ Finally, it is refers to the phenomenon where an emf is induced when the magnetic
flux linking a conductor change.

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 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
❖ Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force
(emf) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field.

❖ Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831,

and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically described it as Faraday's law of induction.

❖ Lenz's law describes the direction of the induced field. Faraday's law was later
generalized to become the Maxwell–Faraday equation, one of the four Maxwell
equations in his theory of electromagnetism.
❖ Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (EMF) across an
electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field. This phenomenon was discovered by
Michael Faraday in 1831 and is the fundamental principle behind many electrical devices,
including generators, motors, and transformers.

❖ Here's a simplified explanation of electromagnetic induction:

❖ Changing Magnetic Field: A magnetic field is created by a coil of wire or a magnet.

❖ 2. Conductor: A conductor, such as a coil of wire, is placed within the magnetic field.

❖ 3. Induction: When the magnetic field changes, an electromotive force (EMF) is induced in
the conductor.
❖ 4. Current Flow: The induced EMF causes a current to flow in the conductor.
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 FARADAY’S EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENT 1:

❖ In this experiment, Faraday connected a coil to a galvanometer, as shown in the figure

above. A bar magnet was pushed towards the coil, such that the north pole is pointing
towards the coil. As the bar magnet is shifted, the pointer in the galvanometer gets
deflected, thus indicating the presence of current in the coil under consideration. It is
observed that when the bar magnet is stationary, the pointer shows no deflection and
the motion lasts only till the magnet is in motion. Here, the direction of the deflection
of the pointer depends upon the direction of motion of the bar magnet. Also, when the
south pole of the bar magnet is moved towards or away from the coil, the deflections
in the galvanometer are opposite to that observed with the north-pole for similar
movements.
EXPERIMENT 2:

❖ In the second experiment, Faraday replaced the bar magnet by a second current-
carrying coil that was connected to a battery. Here, the current in the coil due to the
connected battery produced a steady magnetic field, which made the system analogous
to the previous one. As we move the second coil towards the primary coil, the pointer
in the galvanometer undergoes deflection, which indicates the presence of the electric
current in the first coil. Similar to the above case, here too, the direction of the
deflection of the pointer depends upon the direction of motion of the secondary coil
towards or away from the primary coil. Also, the magnitude of deflection depends upon

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 the speed with which the coil is moved. All these results show that the system in the
second case is analogous to the system in the first experiment.

EXPERIMENT3:

❖ From the above two experiments, it was concluded by Faraday that the relative motion
between the magnet and the coil resulted in the generation of current in the primary
coil. But another experiment conducted by Faraday proved that the relative
motion between the coils was not really necessary for the current in the primary to be
generated. In this experiment, he placed two stationary coils and connected one of them
to the galvanometer and the other to a battery, through a push-button.

❖ As the button was pressed, the galvanometer in the other coil showed a deflection,
indicating the presence of current in that coil. Also, the deflection in the pointer was
temporary and if pressed continuously, the pointer showed no deflection and when the
key was released, the deflection occurred in the opposite direction.

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 LENZ LAW

Lenz’s law states that

❖ The induced electromotive force with different polarities induces a current whose
magnetic field opposes the change in magnetic flux through the loop in order to ensure
that the original flux is maintained through the loop when current flows in it.
Named after Emil Lenz, Lenz’s law depends on the principle of conservation of energy
and Newton’s third law. It is the most convenient method to determine the direction of the
induced current. It states that the direction of an induced current is always such as to oppose
the change in the circuit or the magnetic field that produces it.

Lenz’s Law Formula

❖ Lenz’s Law is reflected in the formula of Faraday’s law. Here the negative sign is
contributed by Lenz’s law. The expression is –
Emf=−N(ΔϕΔt)
❖ Where,
Emf is the induced voltage (also known as electromotive force).
N is the number of loops.

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 MAGNETIC FLUX AND INDUCTION

❖ The development of the concept of Magnetic Flux is attributed to Michael Faraday.

Faraday’s breakthrough came when he discovered a simple mathematical relationship
to explain a series of electromagnetic induction tests he did. Faraday is largely
regarded as the greatest experimental scientist of the nineteenth century, having made
significant advances to science. Before we begin to appreciate his work, we must first
comprehend the idea of magnetic flux, which is critical to electromagnetic induction.
❖ We use the Field-Line picture of a Magnet or a set of magnets to compute the Magnetic
Flux. The scalar product of the magnetic field and area ‘A’ gives the Magnetic Flux
through a plane of area ‘A’ that is put in a Uniform Magnetic Field of magnitude B.
It’s also necessary to consider the angle at which the field lines travel across the given
surface area.
INDUCTION
❖ Induction, also known as orientation, is a process of making the new employee
familiar with the work environment and the fellow employees.
❖ The new employee can be inducted into the organisation by introducing his job, fellow
workers, supervisors and his subordinates. He should be oriented to the new
organisation and its policies, rules and regulations.
❖ Induction is a socialising process by which the organisation tries to make the new
employee as its agent for the achievement of its aims and objectives while the new
individual employee seeks to make the organisation an agency to achieve his personal
goals. Induction makes the new employee feel at home and helps him to adjust with
the new environment in the organisation.

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 EMI IN DIFFERENT SYSTEMS

❖ Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (EMF) across an

electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field. This phenomenon is the
fundamental principle behind many electrical systems, including:

1. Generators: Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy using electromagnetic

induction. A magnetic field is generated by rotating a coil within a stationary magnetic field,
inducing an EMF.
2. Motors: Convert electrical energy into mechanical energy using electromagnetic
induction. A current-carrying coil within a magnetic field experiences a force, causing
rotation.
3. Transformers: Transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another through
electromagnetic induction. A changing magnetic field in the primary coil induces an EMF in
the secondary coil.
4. Induction Coils: Store energy in a magnetic field and release it as an electric current. Used
in applications like ignition systems and radio transmitters.
5. Wireless Charging: Transfer electrical energy wirelessly using electromagnetic induction.
A coil in the transmitter induces an EMF in the receiver coil, charging the device.

❖ Systems where Electromagnetic Induction is Observed:

1. Power Grids: Electromagnetic induction plays a crucial role in power transmission and
distribution.
2. Radio Communication: Electromagnetic induction is used in radio transmitters and
receivers to transmit and receive signals.
3. Medical Equipment: MRI machines and other medical devices rely on electromagnetic
induction.
4. Transportation: Electric vehicles, maglev trains, and magnetic levitation systems use emi

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 EMI IN GENERATORS

❖ Electromagnetic induction plays a crucial role in the working of generators and

alternators, which are essential components in power generation and distribution
systems.
Generators:

A generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy using
electromagnetic induction. The process involves:

1. Magnetic Field Creation: A magnetic field is created by rotating a coil or magnet within a
stationary coil or magnet.
2. Induction: As the magnetic field changes, an electromotive force (EMF) is induced in the
stationary coil.
3. Electric Current Generation: The induced EMF causes an electric current to flow in the
coil.
Types of Generators:

1. DC Generators: Produce direct current (DC) using a commutator and brushes.

2. AC Generators: Produce alternating current (AC) using a slip ring and brushes.

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 EMI IN ALTERNATORS
Alternators:

❖ An alternator is a type of generator that produces AC electricity using electromagnetic

induction. The process involves:

1. Magnetic Field Creation: A magnetic field is created by rotating a coil or magnet within a
stationary coil or magnet.
2. Induction: As the magnetic field changes, an EMF is induced in the stationary coil.
3. AC Electric Current Generation: The induced EMF causes an AC electric current to flow
in the coil.

Key Components:

1. Rotor: The rotating part of the alternator, which creates the magnetic field.
2. Stator: The stationary part of the alternator, which induces the EMF.
3. Slip Rings: Used to transfer the electrical current from the rotor to the stator.

1. The rotor is rotated by a prime mover (e.g., turbine or engine).

2. The magnetic field created by the rotor induces an EMF in the stator.
3. The induced EMF causes an AC electric current to flow in the stator.
4. The AC electric current is then transmitted to the power grid or used locally.

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 APPLICATION OF EMI

Electromagnetic induction has numerous applications in various fields, including:

❖ Electrical Applications:

1. Generators: Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

2. Transformers: Transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another.
3. Motors: Convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.

❖ Communication Applications:

1. Radio Transmitters: Transmit radio signals wirelessly.

2. Wireless Communication: Enable mobile phones, Wi-Fi, and other wireless technologies.

❖ Medical Applications:

1. MRI Machines: Create detailed images of the body.

2. Electrosurgery: Cut and coagulate tissue during surgical procedures.

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 ❖ Industrial Applications:

1. Induction Heating: Heat materials for manufacturing and processing.

2. Metal Detection: Detect metal objects in industrial processes.
3. Non-Destructive Testing: Inspect materials and detect defects.

❖ Consumer Applications:

1. Wireless Charging: Charge devices wirelessly.

2. Electric Toothbrush Chargers: Charge toothbrushes.
3. Induction Cooktops: Heat cookware efficiently.

❖ Transportation Applications:

1. Electric Vehicles: Charge batteries and power electrical systems.

2. Maglev Trains: Levitate and propel trains using electromagnetic forces.

❖ Other Applications:

1. Geophysical Exploration: Explore for minerals and oil.

2. Security Systems: Detect intruders and protect premises.

These applications demonstrate the versatility and importance of electromagnetic induction

in modern technology.

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 CONCLUSION

❖ Faraday's law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and published by Michael

Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century, describes a very important electromagnetic
concept. Although its mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of
Faraday's is not hard to grasp, it relates an induced electric potential or voltage to a
dynamic magnetic field.

❖ This concept has many far- reaching ramifications that touch our lives in many ways,
from the shining of the sun to the convenience of mobile communications, to
electricity to power our homes. We can all appreciate the profound
Faraday's law has on us.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

❖ NCERT Physics textbook

❖ [Link]
❖ Wikipedia

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