JAI GURU DEV

MAHARISHI VIDYA MANDIR Sr. Sec. SCHOOL - TIRUVANNAMALAI

STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS: XII BIOLOGY
Chapter -7. Human health and disease
CONCEPT MAP
CROSS WORD

Across Down
1. Typhoid test
3. typhoid is caused by 2. ringworm is caused by
7. phagocytose 3. Infective stage of malaria parasite
8. AIDS test 4. malaria is caused by
9. natural passive Immunity 5. amoebiasis is caused by
10. ascariasis is caused by 6. cold is caused by
11. filariasis is caused by
 [Link]. Term Explanation
1. PMNL Polymorpho-Nuclear Leukocytes
2. CMI Cell Mediated Immunity
3. ELISA Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
4. MALT Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue
5. SCID Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency
6. NACO National AIDS Control Organisation
7. MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
8. HLA Human Leukocyte Antigen
9. Carcinogens Cancer causing agents. e.g., gamma rays, UV rays, dyes and lead.
10. Immunity Resistance to infection or antigen
11. Immuno Suppressant The chemical which suppress the immune response to antigen.
12. Interferon The glycoproteins produced by our body cells in response to a viral
infection.
13. Incubation Period The time period between infection and the appearance
of symptoms.
14. Metastasis The property in which the cancer cells spread to different sites
through blood and develop secondary tumours.
15. Oncogene Gene which causes cancer.
16. Retrovirus A virus having RNA as genetic material and forms DNA by
reverse transcription and then replicate.
e.g., Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
17. Syndrome Group of symptoms.
18. Vaccination Inoculation of a vaccine to stimulate production of antibodies and
provide immunity for one or more disease.

I. Multiple choice questions.

1. Cancer causing genes are called _____.

(a) Structural genes (b) Expresser genes c) Oncogenes d) Regulatory genes
2. AIDS is caused by HIV. Among the following, which one is not a mode of transmission of HIV?
(a) Transfusion of contaminated blood (b) Sharing the infected needles
(c) Shaking hands with infected persons (d) Sexual contact with infected persons
3. Antivenom against snake poison contains _____.
(a) Antigen (b) Antigen-antibody complexes (c) Antibodies (d) Enzymes
4. Which of the following is not the causal organism for ringworm?
(a) Microsporum (b) Trichophyton (c) Epidermophyton (d) Macrosporum
5. The substance produced by a cell in viral infection that can protect the other cells from further infection is
______.
(a) Serotonin (b) Colostrum (c) Interferon (d) Histamine
6. The antibodies present in colostrum which protect the new born from certain diseases is of _____.
(a) IgG type (b) IgA type (c) IgD type (d) IgE type.
7. Which form of the pathogen is used in to formulate vaccine?
(a) Activated and strong pathogenic antigens (b) Inactivated and weakened pathogenic antigens
(c) Hyperactive and strong pathogen (d) Preformed antibodies
8. ______ is a CNS stimulant as it interferes with the transport of the neuro-transmitter ______.
(a) Cocaine, acetylcholine (b) Barbiturate, glutamate
(c) Cocaine, dopamine (d) Barbiturate, glycine
9. The substance given to the cancer patients in order to activate their immune system and to destroy the tumor
is ___. (a) Histamine (b) Interleukin (c) α-interferon (d) Morphine.
10. Wuchereria worm causes Filariasis in human being. It belongs to _______.
(a) Protozoa (b) Bacteria (c) Virus (d) Helminth
11. ‘Smack’ is a drug that is obtained from ______.
(a) Latex of Papaver somniferum (b) Leaves of Cannabis saliva
(c) Flowers of Datura (d) Fruits of Erythroxylum coca.
12. Which one of the following sets include bacterial diseases?
(a) Tetanus, tuberculosis, measles (b) Diphtheria, leprosy, plague
(c) Cholera, typhoid, mumps (d) Malaria, mumps, poliomyelitis
13. If you suspect major deficiency of antibodies in a person, to which of the following would you look for
confirmatory evidences.
(a) Serum albumin (b) Serum globulin (c) Haemocytes (d) Fibrinogen in plasma
14. Cancer cells do not exhibit the property of _____.
(a) generating tumours (b) metastasis (c) contact inhibition (d) less number of mitochondrial cristae
15. A person with sickle cell anaemia is ______.
(a) more prone to malaria (b) more prone to typhoid (c) less prone to malaria (d) less prone to typhoid
16. Which of the following gland is large sized at birth but reduces in size with ageing?
(a) Pineal (b) Pituitary (c) Thymus (d) Thyroid
17. Fertilization of malarial parasite takes place in _____.
(a) Human body (b) Gut of malarial female anopheles mosquito
(c) Salivary gland of female anopheles mosquito (d) Red blood cells of man
18. Infectious stage of malarial parasite to man is ______.
(a) Gametocyte (b) Sporozoite (c) Plasmozoite (d) None
19. The toxin haemozoin is produced by the malarial parasite is in ______.
(a) Human liver (b) Human blood (c) Salivary gland of mosquito (d) Gut of mosquito
20. The diagnosis of cause of allergy is done by ______.
(a) Inoculation of small doze of steroids (b) Inoculation of small doze of substances that cause allergy
(c) Inoculation of small doze of adrenalin (d) Inoculation of small doze of noradrenalin
21. High fever, constipation, fatigue, rashes, dry cough, and stomach pain are the symptoms of ______.
(a) Cholera (b) Tuberculosis (c) Typhoid (d) Malaria
22. Proto oncogene means ______.
(a) Virus that cause cancer (b) Bacteria that cause cancer
(c) Certain cells that contains cancer causing genome under certain conditions
(d) Carcinogenic substances that seen around us
23. The symptoms of this disease includes internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anemia and blockage of the
intestinal passage ______.
(a) Typhoid (b) Cholera (c) Malaria (d) Ascariasis
24. Different types of antibodies are produced in our body- IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG etc. These antibodies are found
in the blood, this kind of immune response in our body is called ______.
(a) Cell mediated immunity (b) Humoral immunity (c) Passive immunity (d) Auto immunity
25. Recombinant DNA technology has allowed the production of antigenic polypeptides of pathogen in
bacteria or yeast. Vaccines produced using this approach allow large scale production and hence greater
availability for immunization. Most prominent rDNA vaccine is ______.
(a) Hepatitis vaccine from bacteria (b) Hepatitis vaccine from yeast
(c) Hepatitis vaccine from bacteriophage (d) Hepatitis vaccine from mouse
26. These organs provide the sites for interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen, which then proliferate to
become effector cells.
(a) Bone marrow (b) Thymus gland (c) Spleen and lymph node (d) Heart and aorta
27. This is a large bean- shaped organ. It mainly contains lymphocytes and phagocytes. It acts as a filter of the
blood by trapping blood-borne micro-organisms. It also has a large reservoir of erythrocytes.
(a) Kidney (b) Gall bladder (c) Spleen (d) Lymph nodes
28. _______ uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionizing radiations to accurately detect pathological and
physiological changes in the living tissue.
(a) CT scan (b) MRI scan (c) X-ray (d) Biopsy
29. ______ are a group of chemicals, which interact with the receptors present principally in the brain.
(a) Opioids (b) Cannabinoids (c) Coca alkaloids (d) Marijuana
30. Drugs like barbiturates, amphetamines, benzodiazepines and other similar drugs that are normally used as
medicines for ______.
(a) Sedative and pain killer (b) Diuretics (c) Depression and insomnia (d) Analgesics
31. Habit of using _______ is associated with increased incidence of cancers of lung, urinary bladder and
throat, bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart disease, gastric ulcer, etc.
(a) Alcohol (b) Smoking Tobacco (c) Use of Opioids (d) Use of Cannabinoids
32. _____ means both a period and a process during which a child becomes mature in terms of his/her attitudes
and beliefs for effective participation in society.
(a) Childhood (b) Adolescence (c) Youth (d) None
33. Blood cancer is ______ type of tumor.
(a) Benign tumor (b) Malignant tumor (c) Both (d) None
34. The human baby receives passive immunity from _______.
(a) Placenta (b) Colostrum (c) Placenta and colostrum (d) Stem cells
35. Lysozyme that is present in perspiration, saliva and tears, destroys ______.
(a) certain types of bacteria (b) all viruses (c) most virus-infected cells (d) certain fungi
36. Typhoid fever in human beings is caused by _______.
(a) Plasmodium vivax (b) Trichophyton (c) Salmonella typhi (d) Rhinoviruses
37. Transplantation of tissues/organs to save certain patients often fails due to rejection of such tissues/organs
by the patient. Which type of immune response is responsible for such rejections?
(a) Auto-immune response (b) Humoral immune response
(c) Physiological immune response (d) Cell-mediated immune response
38. Which of the following are the reasons for rheumatoid arthritis? Choose the correct option.
(i) The ability to differentiate pathogens or foreign molecules from self-cells increases.
(ii) Body attacks self-cells (iii) More antibodies are produced in the body
(iv) The ability to differentiate pathogens or foreign molecules from self-cells is lost
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iv) (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iii)
39. An intestinal parasite which causes blockage of the intestinal passage and whose eggs are excreted along
with the faeces of infected person is ______.
(a) Wuchereria bancrofti (b) Ascaris (c) Epidermophyton (d) Microsporum
40. The most abundant antibody produced against allergens is _____.
(a) IgE (b) IgA (c) IgG (d) IgM
41. During the life cycle of Plasmodium, sexual reproduction takes place in which of the following hosts?
(a) Human (b) Female Anopheles mosquito (c) Male Anopheles mosquito (d) Both (a) and (b)
42. The injection given against the snake venom contains _______.
(a) antigenic proteins (b) preformed antibodies (c) attenuated pathogen (d) all of these
43. AIDS is widely diagnosed by ______.
(a) Widal test (b) ELISA (c) PCR (d) Chromatography
 44. Tobacco consumption is known to stimulate secretion of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline. The component
causing this could be ______.
(a) nicotine (b) tannic acid (c) curaimin (d) catechin.
45. Which of the following is not a lymphoid tissue?
(a) Spleen (b) Tonsils (c) Pancreas (d) Thymus
46. Haemozoin is a ______.
(a) precursor of haemoglobin (b) toxin released from Streptococcus infected cells
(c) toxin released from Plasmodium infected cells (d) toxin released from Haemophilus infected cells.

Answers: 1- c 2- c 3- c 4- d 5- c 6- b 7- b 8- c 9- c 10- d 11- a 12 - b 13 - b

14 - c 15- c 16- c 17- b 18 - b 19 - b 20 - b 21-c 22 - c 23 - d 24 - b 25- b 26- c
27- c 28 - b 29- b 30- c 31 - b 32 - b 33 -c 34 - c 35 - a 36 - c 37 - d 38 - b 39 - b
40-a 41- b 42-c 43- b 44- a 45- c 46- c

ASSERTION –REASON QUESTIONS

a) Assertion and reason both are correct statement and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
b) Assertion and reason both are correct statement and reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.

1. Assertion: Interferons are proteins which are produced by virally infected cells.
Reason: Interferons stimulate inflammation at the site of injury.
2. Assertion: Tobacco contains nicotine which stimulate the adrenal gland.
Reason: Nicotine increases the blood pressure and the heavy rate.
3. Assertion: Allergens cause excessive immune response in human body.
Reason: Allergy involves IgA antibodies and interferons.
4. Assertion - Genetic disorders are infectious.
Reason - Genetic disorders are inherited from parents to their children.
5. Assertion - Pneumonia causes severe respiratory problems.
Reason - Due to infection, alveoli of lungs get filled with fluid.
6. Assertion - Female Anopheles mosquito is the pathogen for Malaria.
Reason - Mosquito can transmit plasmodium.
7. Assertion - Asexual reproduction of plasmodium takes place in the Gut of Mosquito.
Reason - Sporozoites are formed in the Gut of Mosquito.
8. Assertion - Virus infected cells secrete proteins called interferons which protect non-infected cells from
further viral infection.
Reason - It is a case of physiological barriers.
9. Assertion - Anamnestic responses are highly intensified.
Reason - Secondary response are due to memory of the first encounter.
10. Assertion - Colostrum is secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation.
Reason - Colostrum provides active immunity.
11. Assertion - Many children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies.
Reason -This could be because of the protected environment provided early in the life.
12. Assertion - Small children have more immunity
Reason - Thymus is quite large at the time of birth.
13. Assertion - In host cell, viral DNA is produced by reverse transcription.
Reason - Retrovirus has DNA genome.
14. Assertion - C-onc are cells that can cause cancer.
Reason - C-onc are cellular organisms.
15. Assertion - Heroin is an opioid.
Reason - Heroin is obtained from poppy plant.
16. Assertion - Cannabinoids can affect cardiovascular system of body.
 Reason - Ganja is a cannabinoid.
17. Assertion - Smoking causes raise in blood pressure and increases heart rate.
Reason - Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline and nor-adrenaline.
18. Assertion - Peer pressure is necessary for better performance.
Reason - Undue pressure can lead to consumption of alcohol and drugs.
19. Assertion - AIDS and Hepatitis-B are viral diseases.
Reason - These diseases are transferred from one person to another by sharing of infected needles and
syringes.
20. Assertion - Using morphine for medical purpose is a case of drug abuse.
Reason - Morphine is a very effective sedative and painkiller.
21. Assertion - α-interferon is a biological response modifier.
Reason - α-interferon activates immune system and helps in destroying the tumor.
22. Assertion - Excessive dosage of cocaine causes hallucinations.
Reason - Atropa belladona and Datura have hallucinogenic properties.
23. Assertion - Rheumatoid arthritis is an auto-immune disease.
Reason - Here, body attacks self-cells.
24. Assertion: tapeworm, roundworm and pinworm are endoparasite of human intestine
Reason: improperly cooked food is the source of intestinal infection.
25. Assertion: dope test is used to estimate the level of blood alcohol by analyzing the breath of person
drinking alcohol
Reason: a drunken person usually feels tense and is less talkative.
26. There is no chance of transmission of malaria to a men by the bites of a a male anopheles mosquito.
Reason: it carries a non-virulent strain of plasmodium.

Answers: 1- c 2- b 3- c 4- d 5- a 6- d 7- d 8- c 9- a 10- c 11- a 12- a 13- c 14- d

15- b 16- b 17- a 18- d 19- b 20- d 21- a 22- b 23- a 24- b 25- d 26-c

1 mark question & answer

1. Which disease is confirmed by widal test? Name the pathogen?
Ans- Typhoid, Salmonella typhi
2. How does haemozoin affect the human body when released in blood during malarial infection?
Ans- Haemozoin is responsible for the chill and high fever recurring every three to four days during malarial
infection.
3. Pranav suffered from measles at the age of 10 years. There are rare chances of getting infected with the same
disease for the rest of his life. Give reason for the statement.
Ans- First exposure to the infection works as vaccination, the immune system of the body gets familiar with
the nature of microorganisms and specific antibodies can be produced against infection.
4. High fever, loss of appetite, stomach pain and constipation are some of the symptoms seen in a patient.
How would the doctor confirm that the patient is suffering from typhoid and not amoebiasis?
Ans- By performing Widal-test.
5. Why do pollen grains of some flower trigger sneezing in some people?
Ans- Pollen grains trigger sneezing by causing allergic reaction.
6. Give any two molecular diagnosis techniques used to diagnose disease.
Ans: Widal test for typhoid
Biopsy- Cancer
7. Malignant malaria is caused by which pathogen?
Ans: Plasmodium falciparum
8. Interferons are secreted by which type of cell? What is the chemical nature of interferon?
Ans: Interferon is secreted by virus infected cell. Interferons are protein.
9. Name the infective stage of malarial parasite in human. In which organ of mosquito it is situated?
Ans: Sporozoite. In mosquito, it is situated salivary gland.
10. Malarial parasite requires two hosts to complete its life cycle. Identify the host where following events takes
place- (i) Asexual reproduction and gametocyte formation (ii) Fertilization (fusion of gametocyte)
 Ans: (i) Human (ii) Mosquito
11. Name any four types of immunoglobin present in human immune system.
Ans: IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG
12. Provide two means of passive immunity through which foetus and newly born baby get protected from
infection.
Ans: The foetus receives some antibodies from their mother, through the placenta during pregnancy.
The yellowish fluid colostrum secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation.
13. Identify the type of immunoglobins in the followings-
(i) in colostrums (ii) released during allergic response.
Ans: (I) Ig A (II) Ig E
14. Why it is not possible to treat autoimmune diseases. Give one example of such disease.
Ans: There is no treatment of such diseases because immune system of body attacks self-cells. Example-
Rheumatoid arthritis
15. Mention the drugs that are used to treat mental illnesses like depression and insomnia.
Ans: Barbiturates, Amphetamines, Benzodiazepines
16. Breast fed babies are more immune to diseases than the bottle-fed babies. Why?
Ans. The mother’s milk consists of antibodies (Ig A) such antibodies are not available to
bottle fed babies.

2 marks question & answer

1. Thymus of a new born child was degenerating right from birth due to a genetic disorder. Predict its two
impacts on the health of the child.
Ans- Thymus provides micro-environment for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes and
provides immunity
2. (i) Name two recent incidences of wide-spread diseases caused by Aedes mosquitoes.
(ii) Mention the name of two pathogens which are responsible ringworm disease.
(iii) Which pathogen infects alveoli of the lungs that result in severe breathing problem?
Ans: (i) Dengue and Chikungunya
(ii) Microsporum, Trichophyton
(iii) Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenza
3. An infant is administrated with both colostrum and polio drops. Compare their mode of action with respect
to our immune system.
Ans- Colostrum provides passive immunity to child.
Whereas the Polio drop / vaccine - provides active immunity.
4. Write about the factors which induce the formation of disease.
Ans: (i) Genetic disorders - deficiencies with which a child is born and deficiencies/defects which the child
inherits from parents from birth (ii) Infections (iii) Life style including food and water we take
5. Define health. What are the 2 types of diseases? Give two examples of each.
Ans: Complete physical, mental and social well-being is known as health.
Infectious disease - Flu, Tuberculosis
Non infectious disease - Cancer, Arthritis
6. Primary immune response is of slow intensity than secondary immune response. Justify the statement.
Ans: i. When our body is encountered by the pathogen for the first time, it produces primary response which
is of low intensity.
ii. Subsequent encounter with the same pathogen shows quick and highly intensified secondary or
anamnestic response.
iii. This is because in primary response antibodies are formed which have property of memory.
7. (i) Draw the structure of immunoglobin. (ii) Why immunoglobins are called as H2L2 molecules.
Ans: (i)
 (ii) Because it contains two heavy chains (H2) and two light chains (L2) of polypeptide
8. (i) What is allergy? (ii) Name two factors which are responsible for allergy in out body.
(iii) List the medicines advised by doctors to reduce the effect of allergy.
Ans: (i) The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment is
called allergy. (ii) Histamine and serotonin (iii) Anti-histamine, adrenalin, steroids.
9. Which cell is known as factory of HIV and why?
Ans: *Macrophages are called as HIV factory.
*After entering into the host body, HIV moves into macrophages where its RNA replicates to form viral
DNA. *This viral DNA gets incorporated into the host cell’s DNA and directs the infected cells to produce
more viruses. *Hence macrophages continue to produce viruses and act as HIV factories.
10. What are the different diagnosis techniques to detect cancer in a patient?
Ans: CT scan, MRI, Biopsy, Blood and bone marrow tests are done for increased cell counts.
In case of leukaemia- X ray, Monoclonal antibodies test are carried out.
11. Differentiate between two different types of tumours. Which one is lethal and why?
Ans: (i) *Benign tumour - tumour remain confined to place of origin or affected organ.
*Rate of growth of tumour is low.
(ii) *Malignant tumour- it invades surrounding tissue & spread throughout the body.
*Rate of growth of tumour is rapid
*Malignancy is lethal as it spreads all over body through the process of metastasis.
12. A person undergoes ELISA testing and tested positive.
(i) ELISA is widely conducted to diagnose which disease.
(ii) Write the causative agent of that disease.
(iii) Which organization in India educates people about that disease?
Ans: (i) AIDS, (ii) HIV, (iii) NACO (National AIDS Control Organisation)
13. Write about the lymphoid organs present in humans.
Ans. *Primary lymphoid organs- bone marrow and thymus gland-immature lymphocyte differentiate into
antigen sensitive lymphocytes.
*Secondary lymphoid organ-spleen and lymph nodes-provide sites for interaction of lymphocytes
with antigen
14. What is an autoimmune disease? Give an example.
Ans. Memory-based acquired immunity -based on the ability to differentiate foreign organisms (e.g.,
pathogens) from ‘self-cells’.
But auto-immune disease refers to- the disease occurs due to genetic or other unknown reasons & so, the
body’s immune system starts destroying self-cells and molecules. Eg. Rheumatoid arthritis
15. Name the causative organism of the disease Amoebiasis. List three symptoms of this disease.
Ans. Causactive organism- Entamoeba histolytica
Symptoms-constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, stool with blood clots/excess mucous.
16. What would happen to the immune system, if thymus gland is removed from our body?
Ans. *In humans, T - lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow and migrate to thymus gland for
maturation.
*If thymus gland is removed from our body, it will result in weak immune system.
17. What is the role of histamine in inflammatory response? Name two drugs which reduce the symptoms of
allergy.
Ans.i. Histamine is produced by mast cells. It acts as allergy mediator and causes the blood vessels to
dilate.
 ii. Anti-histamines, adrenalin, steroids quickly reduce the symptoms.
18. Write the events that take place when a vaccine for any disease is introduced into the human body.
* When a vaccine for a disease is introduced into the human body, respective antibodies are produced in
the bodies against the antigens. It would neutralize the antigens during actual infection.
* Produce B cells and T cells which recognize the pathogen quickly on subsequent exposure.
19. Why is a person with cuts and bruises following an accident, administered tetanus antitoxin?
Ans. *As Tetanus is caused by the deadly bacterium, quicker response is required. So, to neutralize the
effect of bacterial toxin, preformed antibodies / antitoxin is administered.
20. Write the source and effect on the human body of the following drugs. - [Link] [Link]
Ans.*Cocaine –from coca plant (Erythroxylum coca)
*It acts on central nervous system producing sense of euphoria and increased energy.
*Opioids-from poppy plant (Papaver somniferum)
* Affect central nervous system, depressant and slows down body functions.
21. Differentiate between innate immunity and acquired immunity.
Ans. *Innate immunity- nonspecific type of defense, present from the time of birth.
*Acquired immunity- pathogen specific, acquired after birth, due to disease or vaccination.
22. How are morphine and heroin related? Mention the effect each one of them has on the human body?
Ans. i. Heroin is obtained by acetylation of morphine which is obtained from the latex of poppy plant.
ii. Effect-slows down body functions, depression
23. Explain the relationship between B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes in developing an immune response?
Ans. *B-lymphocytes produce antibodies to fight against the pathogen.
*T- lymphocytes help B cells to produce them. They can also destroy pathogen quickly.
24. Why is tobacco smoking associated with rise in blood pressure and emphysema (oxygen deficiency in the
body)? Explain.
Ans.*Tobacco has nicotine that stimulates the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline and raise
blood pressure. * Smoking tobacco releases carbon monoxide which reduces the concentration of haem-
bound oxygen. This causes emphysema.
25. Why an immunosuppressive agent is taken after an organ transplant?
Ans.* Our immune system is capable to differentiate between self and non-self cells/tissues.
*The graft (grafting) is a non-self-tissue which may be rejected by our immune system. So, to prevent the
rejection, immunosuppressants are taken after the transplant.
26. In the metropolitan cities of India, many children are suffering from allergy/asthma. What are the main
causes of this problem? Give some symptoms of allergic reactions.
Ans.*Allergy is the exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the
environment.
*In metropolitan cities, lifestyle is responsible in lowering of immunity and sensitivity to allergens.
* More polluted environment increases the chances of allergy in children.
* Some symptoms of allergic reactions are sneezing, watery eyes, running nose and difficulty in breathing.
27. Differentiate between benign and malignant tumours.
Ans. a. *Benign tumor- remains confined to the original location.
* Does not spread to other parts of the body
b. *Malignant tumor- mass of proliferating cells invade and damage surrounding tissues.
* Spread to different parts of the body (metastasis)
28. Name the plant source of the drug popularly called smack. How does it affect the body of the abuser?
Ans.*Plant source of smack is Papaver somniferum or poppy.
*Smack is a depressant and slows down body functions.
29. What is colostrum? Why is it important to be given to the newborn infants?
Ans. *The milk that secreted by the mammary glands during initial days of lactation is called colostrum.
*It contains several antibodies (IgA most abundantly), absolutely essential for developing resistance in
the newborn babies.
30 What are interferons? Mention their role.
Ans. *These are glycoproteins which protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.
* It is a type of innate immunity (cytokine barrier)
31. A farmer while working on his farm was bitten by a poisonous snake. The workers in the farm
immediately rushed him to the nearby health centre. The doctor right away gave him an injection to save his
life. What did the doctor inject and why?
Ans. *The doctor injected an antivenom.
*The antivenom contains preformed antibodies which when injected, act on the pathogen and
immediately provide protection (passive immunity)
32. If a regular dose of drugs or alcohol is not provided to an addicted person, he shows some withdrawal
symptoms. List any four such withdrawal symptoms.
Ans. The withdrawal symptoms are (a) Anxiety (b) Shakiness (c) Nausea (d) Sweating
33. Name the two intermediate hosts on which the human liver fluke depends to complete its life cycle so as
to facilitate parasitisation of its primary host
Ans. The human liver fluke requires two intermediate hosts, i.e. freshwater snail and fish to complete their
life cycle and facilitate parasitisation of its primary host.
34. What is it that prevents a child to suffer from a disease he/she is vaccinated against? Give one reason.
Ans. Vaccination produces antibodies in large numbers, which protect the child by neutralizing the
pathogenic agents during infection. The vaccine also generates memory B and T-cells.
35. Name an allergen and write the response of human body when exposed to it.
Ans. The allergen can be pollen grains, spores or dust particles.
*When the allergens are inhaled or enter body system, they stimulate body to produce IgE antibodies and
trigger an anti-allergic reaction.
*The chemical such as histamine and serotonin are released from mast cells, in response to allergen,
thereby causing dilation of blood vessels.
*The other symptoms of allergy, i.e. sneezing, watery eyes, running nose, etc.

3 marks question & answer

1. A person shows strong unusual hypersensitive reactions when exposed to certain substances present in the
air. Identify the condition. Name the cells responsible for such reactions. What precaution should be taken to
avoid such reactions?
Ans- The condition is called allergy. Mast cells are responsible for such reaction.
Precaution: i. Use drug like antihistamine, adrenaline and steroid.
ii. Avoid contact with the substances to which the person is hypersensitive.
2. Many microbial pathogens enter the gut of humans along with food. What are the preventive barriers to
protect the body from such pathogens? What type of immunity do you observe in this case?
Ans- Preventive barriers to protect the body from such pathogens:
i) The mucus coating of the epithelium lining of the gut helps in trapping microbes entering the body.
ii) Saliva in the mouth and HCl in gastric juice secreted by stomach prevent microbial growth.
iii) It is innate immunity.
3. Varun was one of the best boys in the class. In spite of his efforts, he was not doing well in class XI. His
father wanted him to qualify for medical sciences. He got frustrated with his resulted to drugs. He started
misbehaving with parents and friends in school. His friends started neglecting him. The school authorities
counseled Varun but to no effect. His parents were upset and took him to a rehabilitation centre. After a few
months he came back recovered.
a) What is drug abuse?
b) Name some commonly abused drugs and their source.
c) What should be the attitude of his parents after his return?
d) Assertion: Drugs like Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines normally used as medicine to help the patients to
cope up with mental illness.
Reason: When these substances are taken for a purpose other than medical use, constitute the drug abuse.
a) Assertion and reason both are correct statement and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
b) Assertion and reason both are correct statement and reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
 Ans. a. Intake of drugs for a non–medical purpose in the dose, strength, frequency and the way of taking
which impairs mental and physical functions of human being is drug abuse.
b. Opium: From the plant Papaver somniferum. Its derivatives includes morphine, cocaine, heroin(smack)
brownsugar
Cocaine: From Erythroxylum coca its derivatives includes crack, caffeine
LSD: From fungi Claviceps purpurea
c. Parent should be compassionate and more caring towards the child behaves normally.
d. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statement and reason is not correct explanation of the assertion.
4. Fill in the spaces / blanks in the following flow chart.
(i) Mosquito bites a healthy human and injects sporozoites.
(ii) Sporozoites reach the ______ (a) through ______(b)
(iii) Reproduces ______(c) burst the cells and release into blood
(iv) Enter the ______ (d)
(vi) Some of them form ______(e) that are picked up by a mosquito when it bites.
Ans. a. liver, b. blood, c. asexually, d. haemozoin, e. gametocytes.
5. Fill in the blank columns in the given table.

Disease Causal organism Medium of transfer Symptoms

Amoebiasis Entamoeba histolytica A Diarrhoea
Typhoid B Contaminated food Sustained high fever
and water
C Plasmodium Bite of infected Chill and high fever
female anopheles
mosquito

Ans: a. Contaminated food b. Salmonella typhi c. Malaria

6. Describe different mechanism by which innate immunity protect the human body since birth.
Ans: i. Physical barriers - Skin prevents entry of the micro-organisms.
Mucus coating of the epithelium lining (respiratory, gastrointestinal & urinogenital tracts also help in
trapping microbes entering our body)
ii. Physiological barriers- Acid (stomach), saliva(mouth), tears (eyes) prevent microbial growth.
iii. Cellular barriers- Leukocytes (WBC) like polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL-neutrophils),
monocytes and natural killer in the blood, macrophages in tissues can phagocytose and destroy microbes
iv. Cytokine barriers- Virus-infected cells secrete proteins called interferons which protect non-infected cells
from further viral infection.
7. A disease has symptoms of high fever with chill. The causative agents depend on red blood cells of human
body for their life cycle. Based on the statement answer the following questions-
(i) Why do patients suffer from high fever with chill?
(ii) Name the disease and its causative agent.
(iii) Represent the life cycle of the pathogen diagrammatically.
Ans. (i) due to release of chemical haemozoin from ruptured RBC,
(ii) Malaria, Plasmodium (P. vivax, P. malariae and P. falciparum, [Link]).
(iii) Life cycle of Plasmodium diagram
8. How addiction and dependence differ to each other? What are consequences of withdrawal syndrome?
Ans: i. Addiction is a psychological attachment to certain effects –such as euphoria and a temporary feeling
of well-being – associated with drugs and alcohol.
ii. Dependence is the tendency of the body to manifest a characteristic and unpleasant withdrawal syndrome
if regular dose of drugs/alcohol is abruptly discontinued.
Consequences of withdrawal syndrome.
[Link] syndrome occurs if regular dose of drugs/alcoholic abruptly discontinued. This is characterised
by anxiety, shakiness, nausea and sweating, which may be relieved when use is resumed again.
ii. In some cases, withdrawal symptoms can be severe and even life threatening and the person may need
medical supervision
 9. How does humoral immune system works when our body is infected?
Ans: *Humoral immunity is also called as antibody mediated immunity.
*In this Immunoglobins (antibodies) are developed from B- lymphocytes.
*These antibodies (B-cell) have receptors on its surface that recognize a specific antigen.
*The antibody binds to antigen- forming an antigen-antibody complex which is later digested by phagocytic
cells like macrophages.
10. By observing the diagram, answer the flowing questions-

(i) Mention the group of drug this structure represents.

(ii) How these drugs are taken by drug abusers?
(iii)Name the source of plant from which these are isolated.
(iv)Which part of human body is affected by this drug?
(v) Provide the common names for this drug.
Ans: (i) Cannabinoids (ii) Oral Ingestion or inhalation (iii) Cannabis sativa (iv) Cardiovascular system
(v) Marijuana, Hashish, Charas, ganja
11. Name the form of Plasmodium that enters the human body. Explain the different stages of its lifecycle in
the human body.
Ans. i. Sporozoites
*Sporozoites reach the liver through blood.
*The parasites reproduce asexually in liver cells. *Parasites reproduce asexually in RBC.
*Bursting RBC and enter into blood. *Gametocytes develop in RBC
12. (a) Name and explain the type of immunity provided to the new born by colostrum and vaccinations.
(b)Name the type of antibody. i. Present in colostrums. [Link] in response to allergens in human
body.
Ans. a. [Link] immunity
The readymade antibodies are directly given to protect the body against foreign agents.
ii. Active immunity
The host is exposed to antigens - which may be forms of living or dead microbes or other protein are
produced in the host body.
b) i. IgA ii. IgE
13. (a) Differentiate between benign & malignant tumors. (b)Why is colostrum a boon to new born baby?
Ans. a.
Benign tumour Malignant tumour
i. It remains i. It also spreads to other
confined to the organs of
affected organ. the body.
ii. Rate of growth is usually ii. Rate of growth is
usually rapid.
slow.
iii. There is no latent stage. iii. There is latent
stage.
iv. It causes limited damage iv. The cancer cells
to migrate to other
the body. sites of the body.
v. There is no metastasis. v. There is metastasis.

vi. It is non-cancerous. vi. It is cancerous.

 b. The yellowish fluid colostrum - secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation has abundant
antibodies (IgA) to protect the infant from many diseases. So, it’s a boon to new born baby.
14. What is innate immunity Write the 4 types of barriers which protect the body from the entry of the foreign
agents
Ans. *Innate immunity is a non-specific type of defense that is present at the time of birth.
*Innate immunity consists of four types of barriers. These are,
a. Physical barrier- skin, mucus coating of epithelium lining the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinogenital
tract.
b. Physiological barrier- acid in stomach and saliva in mouth.
c. Cellular barrier- leucocytes, neutrophils, monocytes.
d. Cytokine barriers- virus infected cells secrete protein called interferon.
15. Name the disease in which immune system of a person is suppressed. Name the causal organism and
diagnostic technique of this disease.
Ans. i. AIDS-Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
ii. Caused by HIV-Human Immuno Deficiency Virus
iii. Diagnostic technique is ELISA-Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay
16. A farmer while working on his farm was bitten by a poisonous snake. The workers in the farm
immediately rushed him to the nearby health center. The doctor right away gave him an injection to save
his life. What did the doctor inject and why? Explain
Ans. *As quick response is required, the doctor injected Antitoxin/antivenoms/performed antibodies to the
farmer.
*To neutralize the snake venom quickly, passive immunity is provided
17. a). It is generally observed that the children who had suffered from chicken pox in their childhood may not
cause the same disease in their adulthood. Explain giving reasons the basis of such immunity in an
individual. Name the kind of immunity.
Ans. a) * First infection produce primary response.
* Due to the memory cells formed during the first encounter, the antibodies are generated against
chickenpox virus encounter the same virus and produce a highly intensified secondary response.
* The kind of immunity - Active immunity
b) What is interferon? Mention their role.
Ans. * Proteins secreted by viral infected cells, protects non-infected cells from viral infection/When
alpha interferon is given to cancer patients (it activates immune system) destroys tumor.
18. a). Why is there a fear amongst the guardians that their adolescent wards may get trapped in drug/alcohol
abuse?
Ans. a) Adolescents are easily affected by peer pressure/adventure/curiosity/excitement /experimentation.
So, there is a fear amongst the guardians.
b) Explain addiction and dependence in respect of drug/alcohol abuse in youth.
Ans. i. Addiction-psychological attachment to certain effects such as euphoria/temporary feeling of well
being.
ii. Dependence-tendency of body to show withdrawal syndrome/symptoms if regular doses of drug /alcohol
is abruptly discontinued.
19. How does the HIV break down the immune system of the AIDS patients? (or)
Trace the events that occur in the human body to cause immune deficiency, when HIV enters the body.
Ans.
 i. The virus enters host body and attacks the macrophages.
ii. RNA genome replicates to form viral DNA with the help of reverse transcriptase.
iii. Viral DNA gets in corporate in to host cell’s DNA to produce virus particles.
iv. HIV enters into helper T-cells and produce progeny virus.
v. These are released into the blood and attack other T helper cells.
vi. The no. of T helper cells decreases and the person starts suffering from infections (loss of immunity.)
20. During a school trip to Rohtang Pass, one of your classmates suddenly developed altitude sickness. But,
she recovered after sometime.
(a) Mention one symptom to diagnose the sickness.
(b) What caused the sickness?
(c) How could she recover by herself after sometime?
Ans. (a) Nausea/fatigue/heart palpitations.
(b) The sickness was caused due to low atmospheric pressure at high altitude because of which the body
was deprived of oxygen.
(c) The body compensates low oxygen availability by increasing RBC production, the binding capacity of
haemoglobin and increasing breathing rate.
21. All human beings have cellular oncogenes but only a few suffer from cancer disease. Why?
Ans. *All humans have cellular oncogenes or proto-oncogenes, but only a few suffer from cancer because
cancer only occurs on the activation of oncogenes.
*This activation is induced by carcinogens which can be physical, chemical or biological.
*The chemical carcinogens present in tobacco and smoke have been identified as a major cause of lung cancer.
22. Prior to a sports event, blood and urine samples of sports persons are collected for drug tests.
(a) Why is there a need to conduct such tests?
(b) Name the drugs the authorities usually look for.
(c) Write the genetic names of two plants from which these drugs are obtained.
Ans. (a) Such tests are conducted to detect drug abuse to ensure fair game.
(b) The authorities look for cannabinoids, cocaine, coca alkaloid, coke, crack, hashish, charas, ganja and hemp
plant extract.
(c) These drugs are obtained from Cannabis, Atropa belladonna, Erythroxylum coca and Datura.
23. When someone buys packets of cigarettes, cannot miss the statutory warning that is present on the packing
which warns against smoking and says how it is injurious to health. Yet, smoking is very prevalent in our
society, both among young and old. Advise the adolescents about the importance of avoiding smoking.
Ans. (i) Tobacco in cigarettes contains a large number of chemical substances including nicotine, an alkaloid.
Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline and nor-adrenaline into blood circulation, both of which
raise blood pressure and increase heart rate.
(ii) Smoking is associated with increased incidence of cancers of lung, urinary bladder, throat and oral cavity.
(iii) It is responsible for bronchitis and emphysema.
 (iv) It is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, gastric ulcer, etc.
(v) Smoking increases carbon monoxide (CO) content in blood and reduces the concentration of haem-bound
oxygen.
(vi) This causes oxygen deficiency in the body.
24. (a) Why is there a fear amongst the guardians that their adolescent wards may get trapped in drug/alcohol
abuse
(b) Explain addiction and dependence in respect of drugs/alcohol abuse in youth
Ans. a) *Adolescents are easily affected by (or are vulnerable to) peer pressure.
* Curiosity need for adventure and excitement, and experimentation constitute common causes for motivation.
A child’s natural curiosity motivates him/her to experiment.
*Television, movies, newspapers, Internet also promote drug use.
(b) Addiction is the psychological attachment to certain effects such as euphoria or temporary feeling of well-
being.
(c) Dependence is the tendency of the body to show withdrawal syndrome or symptoms if regular doses of
drug/alcohol are abruptly discontinued.

Long answer question (5 marks)

1. In India, horoscopes of girl and boy are matched before fixing marriage. But Smita was against this, rather
wanted future groom’s blood to be tested for HIV. When asked for HIV test, the groom and his parents
disagreed and left immediately.
a) Was Smita wrong in wanting the future grooms HIV blood test done?
b) Write the name of test for AIDS?
c) Why did Smita wanted to get the boy‘s HIV test done?
d) Which cell and tissue are affect by the HIV?
e) Which enzyme converts RNA to DNA?
Ans. a) No, Smita was not wrong.
b) ELISA-Enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay.
c) HIV cause AIDS. It can spread through sexual contact. If the boy is HIV positive, she may get the virus,
her future baby may also suffer from AIDS.
d) T- helper cell and macrophage.
e) Reverse transcriptase.
2. HIV, after infection takes few months to many years to exhibit its symptoms till then its prevention is a
challenging task. Name any two methods of early diagnosis of the deadly disease AIDS. How does HIV
complete its life cycle? Also give illustrative diagram.
Ans- Methods to diagnose HIV are
ELISA- Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay and PCR – Polymerase Chain Reaction
Life cycle of HIV
3. Briefly describe the life history of malarial parasite.
Ans. i. Malarial parasite completes life cycle in two hosts. i.e, human and female anopheles mosquito.
ii. Sporozoites are the infective stage.
iii. The sporozoites enter the body, reach the liver cells through blood and multiply within the liver cells.
iv. Such liver cells burst and release the parasites into blood.
v. Then they attack RBCs, multiply and cause their rupture.
vi. The rupture of RBCs is associated with the release of toxin called haemozoin, which is responsible for
the high recurring fever and the chill and cause malaria.
vii. Sexual stages (gametocytes) develop in the red blood cells
viii. The parasite then enters the female Anopheles mosquito along with blood when it bites an infected
person.
ix. Further development occurs in the stomach wall of mosquito.
x. The gametes fuse to form zygote.
xi. The zygote undergoes further development in the body of the mosquito and form sporozoites.
xii. Sporozoites are transported to and stored in the salivary glands of mosquitoes and are transferred to a
human body during the bite of mosquito.
4. Give an account of the following diseases (i) Ascariasis (ii) Filariasis (iii) Ring worms
Ans. i. Ascariasis:
Pathogen: Caused by Ascaris lumbricoides
Symptoms: Blockage of intestinal passage, anemia, abdominal /muscular pain, internal bleeding, nausea
and headache.
Modes of transmission: Infection is through contaminated vegetables, fruits and water as eggs of parasites
excreted by the infected persons contaminate soil, plants and water.
ii. Filariasis/Elephantiasis
Pathogen: Wuchereria bancrofti and W. malayi
They normally cause the inflammation of the organs in which they live for many years. They normally
affect the lymph vessels of the lower limbs (causing them to swell). Genital organs may also affect.
Transmission: Female Culex mosquito is the vector.
iii. Ringworm infection
Pathogen-fungi like Microsporum, Epidermophyton and Trichophyton
Symptoms: Dry scaly lesions on the skin, nails and scalp. Lesions are accompanied by itching
5. Describe the lymphoid organs of the body and their role.
Ans. These are the organs where origin and/or maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes occur.
● The primary lymphoid organs are bone marrow and thymus where immature lymphocytes differentiate
into antigen sensitive lymphocytes.
i) Bone marrow: Bone marrow present in the bones is the main lymphoid organ where all blood cells
including lymphocytes are produced. Bone marrow provides the micro environment for the development and
maturation of B lymphocytes.
ii) Thymus: Thymus is located beneath the breastbone. Thymus is quite large at the time of birth but keeps
reducing with age. It provides microenvironment for the development and maturation of T lymphocytes.
Secondary lymphoid organs: The lymphocytes after maturation migrate to secondary lymphoid organs like
spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches of small intestine and appendix.
Secondary lymphoid organs provide sites for interaction of lymphocytes with antigen, which then proliferate
to become effector cells.
 i. Spleen: Spleen mainly contains lymphocytes and phagocytes. It acts as a filter of the blood by trapping blood
borne microorganisms. Spleen has a large reservoir of erythrocytes.
ii. Lymph nodes: Lymph nodes are small solid structures located at different points along the lymphatic system.
Lymph nodes serve to trap the microorganisms or other antigens, which happens to get into lymph.
iii. MALT- Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue. Lymphoid tissue located within the lining of major tracts
(respiratory, digestive, urinogenital) is called MALT.
iv. Lymphoid tissue associated with the gut is called Peyer's patches.
5. What is the basic principle of vaccination? How do vaccines prevent microbial infections?
(b) Name the organism from which Hepatitis b vaccine is produced.
(c)Differentiate between B -cells and T- cells.
Ans. a) Principle of vaccination is based on the property of memory of immune system.
*In vaccination, a preparation of antigenic proteins of pathogens or inactivated /live but weakened
pathogens is introduced into the body.
*The antigens generate primary immune response by producing antibodies along with formation of
memory B cells and T cells.
*When the vaccinated person attacked by the same pathogen, the existing antibodies Memory B cells and T
cells recognize the antigen and overwhelm the invaders with massive production of lymphocytes and
antibodies inside the vaccinated person.
Ans. (b)Hepatitis B vaccine is produced from Yeast.
Ans. (c) B- cells T-cells

i. They are produced in bone [Link] are produced in bone

marrow and remain there and marrow and migrate to thymus
later migrate to lymphoid and get differentiated there.
tissue ii. T cells are responsible for
ii. Produce plasma cells, recognizing specific antigen
once triggered by the and attack it by secreting
antigens. Chemicals.
iii. They are part of iii. They are part of cell
humoral immune mediated immune response
system
6. What are the methods of cancer detection? Describe the common approaches for treatment of cancer?
Ans. Detection of cancer.
● Biopsy of affected tissue
● Histopathological studies
● Techniques such as radiography (X-rays) CT scan, and MRI
Treatment:
● Surgery: Removal of entire cancerous tissue
● Radiation: Exposure to X-rays which destroy rapidly growing cells without harming the surrounding
tissues.
● Chemotherapy: Administration of anti-cancerous drugs.
● Treatment by combination of surgery, drugs and radiation therapy.
● Patients are given substances such as biological response modifiers such as alpha interferon, which
enables the immune system in detection and destruction of cancer cells.
7. Mention one application for each of the following
a) Passive immunization b) Antihistamine c) Colostrum d) Cytokine barrier e) ELISA
Ans. a) Provide preformed antibodies / anti-toxins for quick response in case of infection by deadly
microbes (eg : tetanus) or snake bite.
b) Reduces symptoms of allergy.
c) Provides passive immunity / antibodies / Ig A to new born.
d) Protection of non-infected cells from further viral infection.
e) Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay- Diagnostic test for AIDS.
8. Define drug addiction. Give sources and harmful effects of some drugs derived from different plant sources?
 Ans. The prolonged use of drugs may lead the physical and mental dependence of the body on them. This
is called as drug addiction.
(i) Heroin
Source - Poppy plant (Papaver somniferum)
Effects - Depressant, slows down body functions.
(ii) Cocaine
Source - Coca plant (Erythroxylum coca)
Effects - *Potent stimulating action on CNS, producing a sense of euphoria and increased energy.
*Excessive dose cause hallucinations.
(iii) Marijuana,Hashish, Charas, Ganja
Source - Cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa)
Effects - Effects on cardiovascular system.
9. What are opioids? Describe briefly about the various products obtained from opioids?
Ans. These are the drugs, which are obtained from the latex of poppy plant (Papaver somniferum). The
exudate of these plants is air dried and is used as opium. Opium is a pain killer drug that acts on CNS.
Opium yields the following alkaloids
(a) Morphine: It is the main constituent of opium. It is kept in slaked lime and ammonium chloride and
then it is filtered to remove impurities and to obtain Morphine.
It is a strong analgesic and has sedative and calming effect.
It suppresses brain functions and relieves intense pain during fractures, burns & surgery.
Brown sugar or smack is diacetyl morphine hydrochloride which is highly analgesic than morphine.
(b) Heroin: It is a white odourless, bitter crystalline powder obtained from morphine on acetylation
(diacetyl morphine).
It is about three times more potent than morphine and is used as potent pain killer.
It is taken by snorting and injection.
It reduces anxiety and tension, lowers blood pressure and breathing rate.
(c) Methadone: It is a synthetic opiate which acts as analgesic, respiratory depressant and constipating
agent like morphine.
(d) Codeine: It is a natural opiate, occurs in the form of methyl - morphine.
It acts as mild analgesic and used as an ingredient of many medicines and cough syrups.
(e) Pethidine (Meperidine). It is a synthetic opiate and acts somewhat similar to Morphine.
10. Tobacco addiction is due to nicotine present in it. Mention some effects of nicotine on human body.
Ans. Tobacco contains nicotine (an alkaloid) which is a powerful toxin. It has a number of effects on
human body. These are,
(i) Nicotine- stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline and nor-adrenaline in to blood circulation, both
of which raise blood pressure and increase heart rate.
(ii) It causes lung cancer,bronchitis, emphysema,coronary heart disease, cancer of urinary bladder and
throat,gastric ulcer etc.
(iii) Tobacco chewing causes cancer of the oral cavity.
(iv) Smoking increases CO content in blood and reduces the concentration of haem bound oxygen.
his causes oxygen deficiency in the body.
11. List some factors which compel the people to take drugs.
Ans. People generally take drugs on the basis of the following factors:
(a) People take drugs to escape from the realities of life, to overcome frustrations and depressions.
(b) Drugs act as a motivation factor for pleasure, fun, curiosity, adventure and to experience different
kind of awareness.
(c) People consume drugs under the influence of peer group
(d) People use drug as a result of apathy arising from race, sex and age etc. They start consuming
depressant in order to overcome the prophecy of defeat and powerlessness.
(e) They take drug to do more physical or mental work or to get relief from severe pains.
12. How can alcohol or drugs abuse be avoided among adolescents?
 Ans. (i) Avoid undue peer pressure: Every child has his / her own choice and personality, which should
be respected and nurtured. A child should not be pushed unduly to perform beyond his / her threshold
limits: be in sports or other activities.
(ii) Education & counselling: The child should be properly counselled to face problems and stresses and to
accept disappointments and failure as part of Life.
(iii) Seeking help from Parents and peers: The parents and peers should guide youth and adolescents
appropriately for sorting out their problems.
(iv) Looking for danger signs: Friends and teachers should not hesitate to bring it to the notice of their
parents if their wards are consuming drugs or alcohol.
(v)Seeking professional and medical help: Lot of help is available in the form of highly qualified
psychologists, psychiatrists and de-addiction and rehabilitation programs to help the individuals who have
unfortunately become drug abuser.
13. (i) Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases. Explain ‘contact inhibition’ and ‘metastasis’ with respect to
disease.
(ii) Name the group of genes that have been identified in normal cells that could lead to cancer. How do
these genes cause cancer?
(iii) Name any two techniques that are useful in detecting cancers of internal organs.
(iv) Why are cancer patients after given a-interferon as part of the treatment?
Ans. i. a.‘Contact inhibition’ is the property exhibited by normal cells.
It prevents their uncontrolled proliferation when they are in contact with other neighboring cells.
But cancerous cells seem to have lost this property and continue to divide despite being in contact with
other cells, which leads to masses of cells called tumours.
b. ‘Metastasis’ is the property exhibited by malignant tumours which grows rapidly, invades, neighboring
tissues and is capable of reaching distant sites through blood and lymph thus, spreading malignant tumours to
other organs or parts of body.
These two properties make ‘cancer’ one of the dreaded diseases.
(ii) The group of genes called oncogenes or proto-oncogenes in normal cells could lead to cancer.
These genes are present in inactivated or suppressed form.
Some factors, i.e. physical, chemical or biological called carcinogens are capable of activating these
oncogenes and thus transforming normal cells into cancerous one.
(iii) The two techniques useful in detecting cancers of internal organs, are CT (Computed Tomography)
and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging).
(iv) As tumour cells are capable of avoiding recognition and destruction by immune system, the cancer
patients are given α-interferons which are biological response modifiers. It helps activate the immune system
and destroy tumours.
14. The immune system of a person is suppressed. He was found positive for a pathogen in the diagnostic test
ELISA.
(a) Name the disease, the patient is suffering from.
(b) Which pathogen is identified by ELISA test? A
(c) Which cells of the body are attacked by the pathogen?
(d) Suggest preventive measure of the infection.
Ans. (a) AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome)
(b) HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
(c) Helper T-cells, macrophages, B-lymphocytes.
(d) Preventive measures:
(i) People should be educated about AIDS transmission.
(ii) Disposable needles and syringes should be used
(iii) Protective sexual habits.
(iv) High-risk groups should be discouraged from donating blood.
(v) Routine screening may be done.
15. Answer the following with respect to Cancer.
(a) How does a cancerous cell differ from a normal cell?
(b) Benign tumour is less dangerous than malignant tumour. Why?
 (c) Describe causes of cancer.
(d) Mention two methods of treatment of the disease.
Ans. (a) In normal cells, growth and differentiation is highly controlled and regulated (contact inhibition).
The cancerous cells have lost the property of contact inhibition, hence continue to divide giving rise to
masses of cells (tumors).
(b) The benign tumour remains confined in the organ affected as it is enclosed in a connective tissue sheath
and does not enter the metastatic stage.
(c) Cancer may be caused due to carcinogens which are physical (radiations), chemicals (Nicotine, Aflatoxin,
Cadmium oxide, Asbestos) and biological (viral oncogenes).
(d) Surgery, radiotherapy, Chemotherapy

DIAGRAM BASED QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1.

1. A biomolecule represented by our immune system is represented as H2L2.

a. Identify the molecule.
b. Why it is represented as H2L2?
c. What is the source of it?
2. There are different pathways for antibody production. What are they?
3. Production of antibody is memory based. What is the advantage of this feature of humoral immune
response?
4. There are different types of protective protein produced by our immune system. What are they? How they
are represented?
5. Identify the molecule and name A, B and C in the figure.
Ans. 1. a. Antibody molecule
b. It is made up of two heavy peptide chain and two light peptide chain.
c. B- Lymphocyte of our immune system produce it.
2. Vaccination and infection by an antigen.
3. Subsequent encounter with the same pathogen elicit a highly intensified secondary or anamnestic
response
4. Name of protein Symbol
Immunoglobin A IgA
Immunoglobin M IgM
Immunoglobin E IgE
I Immunoglobin G IgG
5. A= antigen binding site, B= Heavy chain, C= disulphide bonds
2. Identify the plant and name the drug obtain from this plant.

Ans. Opium (Papaver somniferum), morphine.

3. Which type of mode of reproduction is visible in the following figure also mention in which host of
Plasmodium does this process take place?

Ans. Plasmodium undergoes multiple fission in the liver cells and erythrocytes of human host.

4. Identify and label the X, B and C in the following figure.

Ans. X= Viral RNA, B= formation of DNA from RNA by enzyme reverse transcriptase, C= Viral DNA

5. The diagram shows replication of the retrovirus in the host. Note and answer the following questions.
(a) Name the enzyme involved in the production of viral DNA within the host cell?
(b) Why is it named as retrovirus?
(c) While the virus is being replicated and released, does the infected cell survive?
(d) Why does immunity of an HIV infected person decrease even though the viral infected cell survives?
Ans. (a) Viral DNA is produced by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
(b) Retrovirus belongs to the family retroviridae.
(c) An infected cell can survive while viruses are being replicated and released.
(d) Infected cell (T lymphocyte) instead of producing antibodies produces only viral particles.

6. Life cycle of Plasmodium diagram.

A. Diagram represent the life cycles of three eukaryotic parasitic protistans. Give the scientific names of
those organisms? Among those which one is responsible for malignant malaria? Why it is called so?
B. It has a sexually reproducing phase and an asexually reproducing phase which is distinct and restricted to
a specific host. In which host asexual method of reproduction taking place? What is the method?
C. i. Name the host in which sexual reproduction is taking place?
ii. Name the site of fertilization and development?
iii. What is the role of salivary gland playing for the reproduction of plasmodium?
iv. What is the period and reason for high fever and chillness of malarial patient?
D. Name the stage of plasmodium infecting.
a. Human b. Female Anopheles mosquito.
Ans. A. Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malaria, Plasmodium falciparum causes malignant malaria and it is
more serious and can even fatal.
B. Asexual reproduction takes place in the human liver cells and RBC. Multiple fission is the method.
C. i. Female Anopheles mosquito.
ii .Fertilisation and development occur in the stomach of mosquito.
 iii. Developed embryo mature into infective stage called sporozoa in the salivary gland of mosquito and
stored there.
iv.A toxin called haemozoin is released from the infected RBC when it rupture to release the multiplied
cells of [Link] fever and chillness recurring every three to four days.
D. a. Human - Sporozoite b. Female Anopheles- Gametocytes.

7. OBSERVE THE FIGURE

Figure. A

a. Identify Figure A and Figure B.

b. Write the scientific name of source organisms of these biomolecules.
c. A on acetylation produces a drug. Name the drug.
d. Name the part of plant from which they are produced.
e. What is the common name of the substances? Which among this affect?
1) Gastrointestinal tract 2) Cardiovascular system
Ans. a. Figure A- Chemical structure of morphine.
Figure B- Skeletal structure of Cannabinoid molecule.
b. A obtained from Papaver somniferum
B. Obtained from Cannabis sativa
c. Opioid drugs
d. A obtained from latex of the poppy plant and B is obtained from inflorescence of Cannabis plant.
e. A is commonly called morphine and B is commonly called Cannabinoids.
f. 1) Opioid drugs 2) Cannabinoid drugs.
8. Study the diagram showing the entry of HIV into the human body and the processes that are followed:

a. Why macrophages only being infected by HIV at first?

b. Mention the genetic material 'B' HIV releases into the cell
c. Identify enzyme 'C'. Suggest preventive measure of the infection.
Or
What are the symptoms and how are the mild pathogens become virulent in human being?
Ans: (a) for host cell specificity purpose.
(b) viral RNA
(c ) reverse transcriptase. Avoid sexual act with unknown partners, avoid used syringes and salon tools
and check the blood before transfusion, early diagnosis of HIV in pregnant women.
Or
Immune system greatly weakens the body, fever, fatigues etc. and mild pathogen become virulent in
humans through their ability to multiply within host.
CASE BASED QUESTION & ANSWERS
1. A wide range of organisms belonging to bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, helminths, etc., could cause
diseases in man. Such disease-causing organisms are called pathogens. Most parasites are therefore
pathogens as they cause harm to the host by living in (or on) them. The pathogens can enter our body by
various means, multiply and interfere with normal vital activities, resulting in morphological and functional
damage. Pathogens have to adapt to life within the environment of the host. For example, the pathogens that
enter the gut must know a way of surviving in the stomach at low pH and resisting the various digestive
enzymes. A few representative members from different groups of pathogenic organisms are discussed here
along with the diseases caused by them. Preventive and control measures against these diseases in general,
are also briefly described. Salmonella typhi is a pathogenic bacterium which causes typhoid fever in human
beings. These pathogens generally enter the small intestine through food and water contaminated with them
and migrates to other organs through blood. Sustained high fever (39° to 40°C), weakness, stomach pain,
constipation, headache and loss of appetite are some of the common symptoms of this disease. Intestinal
perforation and death may occur in severe cases.
Typhoid fever could be confirmed by Widal test: A classic case in medicine that of Mary Mallon,
nicknamed Typhoid Mary is worth mentioning here. She was a cook by profession and was a typhoid carrier
who continued to spread typhoid for several years through the food she prepared.
Ques. 1) In a classic case, who was spreading typhoid by cooking?
(a) Mary Mallon (b) Typhoid Cook (c) Classic Mallon (d) Mary Classic
2) The organisms like viruses, helminths, protozoa and bacteria which are responsible for causing disease
in man are known as _____.
(a) Non-Infectious (b) Enzymes (c) Typhoid (d) Pathogens
3) Write the name of pathogenic bacteria that causes typhoid and its symptoms.
4) Why most of parasites are pathogens?
Ans. 1)(a) Mary Mallon 2) (d) Pathogens
3) A pathogenic bacterium that causes typhoid fever in humans is Salmonella typhi. Salmonella typhi
causes typhoid by entering small intestine. The common symptoms of typhoid disease are weakness, high
fever, and loss of appetite, constipation, and headache.
4) Parasites live in or on the host and causes harm to the host. Hence, most of parasites are pathogens.

2. Bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are responsible for the disease
pneumonia in humans which infects the alveoli (air filled sacs) of the lungs. As a result of the infection, the
alveoli get filled with fluid leading to severe problems in respiration. The symptoms of pneumonia include
fever, chills, cough and headache. In severe cases, the lips and finger nails may turn gray to bluish in colour.
A healthy person acquires the infection by inhaling the droplets/aerosols released by an infected person or
even by sharing glasses and utensils with an infected person. Dysentery, plague, diphtheria, etc., are some of
the other bacterial diseases in man. Many viruses also cause diseases in human beings. Rhino viruses
represent one such group of viruses which cause one of the most infectious human ailments – the common
cold. They infect the nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs.
The common cold is characterised by nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat, hoarseness, cough,
headache, tiredness, etc., which usually last for 3-7 days. Droplets resulting from cough or sneezes of an
infected person are either inhaled directly or transmitted through contaminated objects such as pens, books,
cups, doorknobs, computer keyboard or mouse, etc., and cause infection in a healthy person.
Ques.1) Which organ in the humans get affected by pneumonial disease?
(a) Stomach (b) Heart (c) Lungs (d) Bladder
2) Rhino virus can infect _____ in the humans.
(a) Hand (b) Nose (c) Ear (d) Hairs
3) By which of the following reason, an healthy person can acquire pneumonia disease?
(a) By exhaling droplets of non-infected person. (b) By headache or leg pain.
(c) By eating fast food. (d) By inhaling droplets of infected person.
4) How long does common cold last?
5) Write any two symptoms of common cold and pneumonia.
Ans. 1).(c) Lungs 2) (b) Nose 3) (d) By inhaling droplets of infected person.
 4) Answer: Common cold usually last for three to Seven days.
5) Answer: Common cold manly infects respiratory passage and pneumonia mainly infects alveoli.
Symptoms of common cold are sore throat, cough and headache etc., and symptoms of pneumonia are
fever, cough and chills etc. Fingers and lips turn gray to bluish colour in severe cases.

3. Ascaris, the common round worm and Wuchereria, the filarial worm, are some of the helminths which are
known to be pathogenic to man. Ascaris, an intestinal parasite causes ascariasis. Symptoms of these disease
include internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anemia and blockage of the intestinal passage. The eggs of
the parasite are excreted along with the faeces of infected persons which contaminate soil, water, plants, etc.
A healthy person acquires this infection through contaminated water, vegetables, fruits, etc. Wuchereria (W.
bancrofti and W. malayi), the filarial worms cause a slowly developing chronic inflammation of the organs in
which they live for many years, usually the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs and the disease is called
elephantiasis or filariasis. The genital organs are also often affected, resulting in gross deformities. The
pathogens are transmitted to a healthy person through the bite by the female mosquito vectors.
Many fungi belonging to the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton are responsible for
ringworms which is one of the most common infectious diseases in man. Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on
various parts of the body such as skin, nails and scalp are the main symptoms of the disease.
Ques.1) If a person is having dry and scaly lesions on various parts of the body, then the person is infected
by ____ disease.
(a) Ringworm (b) Roundworm (c) Filarial worm (d) Earthworm
2) A healthy person can have infection of Ascaris through ______.
(a) moisture (b) mosquito (c) gases (d) contaminated food and water
3) The disease filariasis can transmit to a healthy person through ______.
(a) fungi (b) round worm (c) female mosquito bite (d) ringworms
4) Name any two genera of the fungi which are responsible for causing ringworms.
5) Give an example of filarial worm and round worm.
Ans. 1)(a) Ringworm 2) (d) Contaminated food and water 3) (c) Through female mosquito bite.
4) Epidermophyton and Microsporum are the two genera of fungi which are responsible for causing
ringworms.
5) Example of filarial worm is Wuchereria and an example of round worm is Ascaris.

4. Every day we are exposed to large number of infectious agents. However, only a few of these exposures
result in disease. Why? This is due to the fact that the body is able to defend itself from most of these foreign
agents. This overall ability of the host to fight the disease-causing organisms, conferred by the immune
system is called immunity.
Immunity is of two types: (i) Innate immunity and (ii) Acquired immunity. Innate Immunity Innate
immunity is non-specific type of defence, that is present at the time of birth. This is accomplished by
providing different types of barriers to the entry of the foreign agents into our body. Innate immunity consist
of four types of barriers. These are — (i) Physical barriers: Skin on our body is the main barrier which
prevents entry of the micro-organisms. Mucus coating of the epithelium lining the respiratory,
gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts also help in trapping microbes entering our body. (ii) Physiological
barriers: Acid in the stomach, saliva in the mouth, tears from eyes–all prevent microbial growth. (iii) Cellular
barriers: Certain types of leukocytes (WBC) of our body like polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL-
neutrophils) and monocytes and natural killer (type of lymphocytes) in the blood as well as macrophages in
tissues can phagocytose and destroy microbes. (iv)Cytokine barriers: Virus-infected cells secrete proteins
called interferons which protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.
Ques. 1) A skin barrier that protects our body from entering micro-organisms is a _____ barrier.
(a) Cellular barrier (b) Physical barrier (c) Physiological barrier (d) Both (a) and (c)
2. When the host is able to fight against disease-causing organisms, then the ability is known as ______.
(a) Microbial growth (b) Immunity (c) Barriers (d) Interferon
3. What is meant by cellular barriers?
4. Which type of barrier include interferon that protects non-infected cells from further viral infection?
Ans. 1) (b) Physical barrier 2) (b) Immunity
 3) An Innate immunity which has specific types of leukocytes (Like monocytes, polymorpho-nuclear
leukocytes, and natural killer macrophages in tissue and in the blood) that can phagocytose and destroy
microbes in our body, this is known as Cellular barriers.
4) Cytokine is a type of barrier which includes interferon to protect non-infected cells from further viral
infection.

5. Your classmate complains of cough and headache to the doctor. The doctor confirms that he is suffering
from pneumonia and not just common cold.
(a) How did the doctor arrive at this conclusion?
(b) Write down the causative organisms of pneumonia.
(c) What is common about the transmission of the two diseases, common cold and pneumonia? (Or)
What are the two differences between infection of common cold and pneumonia?
Ans. (a) The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus, causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and
difficulty in breathing.
(b) Bacteria – Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae
(c) Droplets released by infected persons. (Or) Common cold is viral disease and infects nose & throat
whereas pneumonia is bacterial disease and infects lungs.

6. Our mind and mental state can affect our health. Of course, health is affected by- (i) genetic disorders –
deficiencies with which a child is born and deficiencies/defects which the child inherits from parents from
birth; (ii) infections and (iii) life style including food and water we take, rest and exercise we give to our
bodies, habits that we have or lack etc. When the functioning of one or more organs or systems of the body is
adversely affected, characterised by appearance of various signs and symptoms, we say that we are not
healthy, i.e., we have a disease. Diseases can be broadly grouped into infectious and non-infectious.
Diseases which are easily transmitted from one person to another are called infectious diseases. Infectious
diseases are very common and every one of us suffers from these at some time or other. Some of the
infectious diseases like AIDS are fatal. Among non-infectious diseases, cancer is the major cause of death.
Drug and alcohol abuse also affect our health adversely.
1) Which of the following thing mainly affects health?
(a) Life style (b) Education (c) Genetic disorder (d) Both (a) and (b)
2) When the child is born with some deficiencies then it is ______.
(a) Heart disease (b) Genetic disorder (c) Obesity (d) Infections
3) If a person’s organ or organ system is affected then the symptoms will appear. And the person can say
(a) I am healthy (b) I am in good state (c) I am unhealthy (d) I am resting
4) Define the term Infectious diseases and write an example.
5) Identify B
Disease Examples
1. AIDs Infectious disease
2. B Non-infectious disease

Ans. 1) (d) Both (a) and (b) 2) (b) Genetic disorder (c) I am unhealthy.
4) Transmission of the diseases from one person to another is called as Infectious diseases. AIDs is an
example of infectious disease.
5) Identify B
Disease Examples
1. AIDs Infectious disease
2. Cancer Non-infectious disease

HAPPY LEARNING CHILDREN!..