International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 4, No.1, 2012
Linear and nonlinear stability of Couple-Stress
Fluid heated from below under the effect of Rotation
* Kapil kumar, # Anand kumar
* Department of Engineering Mathematics, K.I.M.T. Moradabad, INDIA.
[email protected] # Department of Engineering Mathematics, K.I.M.T. Moradabad, INDIA.
[email protected] Abstract
Both linear and nonlinear stability analyses are performed to study uniform rotating couple-stress
fluid. For the case of stationary convection, the rotation postpones the onset of convection.
Following the linearized stability theory and normal mode analysis, the dispersion relation is
obtained. For stationary convection, rotation has stabilizing effect for thermal convection problem.
It is found that principle of exchange of stabilities is satisfied in the absence of rotation. Nonlinear
stability analysis is carried out by introducing a suitable energy functional and the sufficient
conditions for stability and instability in the presence and absence of Couple-Stress and Rotation are
also obtained.
Keywords: linear stability, couple-stress fluid, rotation, nonlinear stability
1. Introduction
Hydrodynamic stability has been recognized as one of the central problems of fluid mechanics. This
branch of knowledge has many applications in meteorology, oceanography, astrophysics and
geophysics. The essentials of the problem of hydrodynamic stability were recognized and formulated
in the nineteenth century, by Helmholtz (1868), Kelvin (1887), Rayleigh (1880) and Reynolds (1883).
In the earlier part of the nineteenth century studies on hydrodynamic stability were connected with the
Bnard (1900) experiments on thermal convection in thin liquid layers. Rayleigh (1916) laid the
foundation of the linear theory of the hydrodynamic stability and was the first to apply the method of
small perturbations. Stokes (1966) has formulated the theory of couple-stresses in fluids. The theory
due to Stokes allows for polar effects such as the presence of couple stresses and body couples. The
theory has been applied to the study of some simple lubrication problems. One of the applications of
couple-stresses in fluid is its use in the study of the mechanism of lubrication of synovial joints, which
has become the objective of the scientific research because of their importance in human locomotion.
The two important parts of synovial joints are cartilage and rheological nature of synovial fluid. The
cartilage forms the covering on the bone ends in synovial joints and plays a significant role in normal
joints functioning. The most important aspect of synovial joints is to understand different aspects
including its lubrication mechanism in human locomotion because the results obtained may through
light on understanding the degenerative changes in synovial joints which directly affect the normal
physiological functioning of an individual. These changes can cause arthritis. Lin (1997) showed that
the bearing with couple stresses in fluid as the lubricant improves the squeeze film characteristic and
results in a longer bearing life. The problem of a couple-stress fluid heated from below in porous
medium in hydromagnetics is considered by Sharma and Thakur (2000). Sunil et al. (2004) have
studied the effect of suspended particles on couple-stress fluid heated and soluted from below in a
porous medium. All diseases of joints are caused by or connected with a malfunction of the lubrication.
Two methods have been found useful in hydrodynamic stability theory, namely, the linear stability
method and the energy method. Both of these methods have been used extensively, and, in-fact,
complement each other. In linear stability method one determines a critical dimensionless bound above
which the disturbances of a basic flow are unstable, whereas in the energy method one predicts a
critical bound below which a basic flow is stable. The linear theory of hydrodynamic stability suffers
from the defect that one cannot make judgments regarding the growth potential of finite disturbances as
the nonlinear terms are not present. Thus linear theory gives conditions under which hydrodynamic
systems are unstable. It cannot conclude stability. Suffering from its basic assumptions, the validity of
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Vol. 4, No.1, 2012
the linearized stability theory becomes questionable. Hence, the nonlinear approach becomes inevitable
to investigate the effects of finite disturbances. Indeed, there are cases for which the two theories
coincide or nearly coincide. In these cases, the energy method yields bounds for stability and hence the
instability conditions cannot be obtained by this method.
The energy method is essentially due to Orr (1907), but its recent revival has been inspired by the
creative works of Serrin (1959) and Joseph (1965, 1966). Despite the success of this method in several
stability problems, there is some skepticism about its ongoing indiscriminate use. Situations have been
encountered, for example, in the magnetic Benard problem (Rionero 1968; Galdi 1985) and the
rotating Benard problem (Galdi & Straughan 1985), where the classical energy theory did not produce
the expected results. Rapid improvements of the classical energy theory have been made in the recent
years (Galdi & Padula 1990; Straughan 2004), and the Lyapunov direct method employed by Galdi
(1985), Galdi & Straughan (1985), Rionero & Mulone (1988), Galdi & Padula (1990) and Qin &
Kaloni (1995) appears to have been the most successful one. It is now believed that the generalized
energy method is superior to the classical energy method. The instability problem of non-linear
convective flow in porous media with inclined temperature and variable gravity effects have been
investigated by Kaloni & Qiao (2001). Joseph (1976), using the energy method, considered the
problem of finding the critical Rayleigh number for a fluid-saturated porous layer which is subjected to
an internal heat source. His results have been extended by Rionero and Straughan (1990) by allowing
variable gravity effects in their calculations. A nonlinear stability analysis for thermal convection in a
rotating porous layer has been performed by Straughan (2001). Shivakumara et al. (2009) have
investigated the effect of Coriolis force on thermal convection in a layer of Newtonian fluid-saturated
porous medium using the BrinkmanLapwoodDarcy model with fluid viscosity different from
Brinkman viscosity. Recently, Shivakumara et al. (2011) have investigated the Coriolis effect on
thermal convection in a couple-stress fluid-saturated rotating rigid porous layer. Energy stability theory
intended to an intense research in ocean, circulation models, mathematical biology and in control
theory. The importance of the energy method also lies in a variety of complex problems such as
geophysical problems, convection driven by surface tension, electrohydrodynamics,
magnetohydrodynamics, convection with chemical reactions, convection with temperature dependent
viscosity, thermal diffusivity and water circulation in the oceans. Energy stability inspired by the works
of Serrin (1959) and Joseph (1965, 1966) and is very useful in many areas of mathematics.
The interest in the present study is to investigate systematically the effect of rotation on couple-
stress fluid heated from below. When rotation and couple-stress are absent, there is a coincidence
between the linear and nonlinear stability results. This in turn implies exclusion of the occurrence of
subcritical instability. Both linear and nonlinear stability analyses have been performed. From the study
of linear stability analysis, it is established that principle of exchange of stabilities is valid for couple-
stress fluid heated from below in the absence of rotation. By performing nonlinear stability analysis,
conditions for Rayleigh number of rotating couple stress fluid heated from below are obtained. In this
paper after presenting the system of equations, the evolution equation for energy functional is derived.
We then solve the variational problem and carry out numerical calculations to determine the critical
Rayleigh number. The results for the linear and nonlinear stability analysis have been discussed finally.
Also, sufficient conditions for stability and instability in the absence of Couple-Stress and Rotation are
obtained.
2. Formulation of the problem
We consider an infinite horizontal layer of an incompressible couple-stress fluid which is kept
rotating at a constant rate. The fluid layer is heated from below where the vertical distance between the
top and bottom boundaries is d. A fixed uniform temperature gradient T A is maintained across the
layer. The layer is acted upon by the gravity field g (0, 0,-g) and a uniform rotation (0, 0, ). A
Cartesian coordinate system (x, y, z) is used with the origin at the bottom of the porous layer and the z-
axis vertically upward in the gravitational field.
Under the Boussinesq approximation, the equations governing the motion, continuity and heat
conduction of couple-stress fluid are, respectively
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Vol. 4, No.1, 2012
k j ijk i i i j i j t i
u X u P u u u O + + + V V ' + = + c
o
u u
2 ) 1 ( ) (
1
0
2 2
,
0
, ,
(2.1)
0 . = V
i
u (2.2)
T
x
T
u
t
T
2
j
j
V k =
c
c
+
c
c
(2.3)
The equation of state is ( ) | | T T + =
0 0
1 o (2.4)
The initial stationary state is defined by,
( )
|
.
|
\
|
+ = + = = =
2
0 0 0 0
2
1
, 1 , , 0 z z g P P z z T T u
j
o| o| | (2.5)
Linear stability analysis
To study the stability of the basic state (2.5), we superimpose infinitesimally small
perturbations ( ) p w v u u , , , , , o u in the basic state (2.5). Following the standard linear
stability analysis procedure, the perturbation equations are
( )
k j ijk i i
i
t i
u u k g
x
p
u O + V V ' + +
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
= c u u ou
2
1
2 2
0
,
(2.6)
0 . = V
i
u (2.7)
u k | u
2
,
V + = w
t
(2.8)
By operating curlcurl in equation (2.6), we have
( )
z
w
y x
g w
t
c
c
O V V ' +
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= V
,
u u
u u
o 2
4 2
2
2
2
2
,
2
(2.9)
u k | u
2
,
V + = w
t
(2.10)
, u
,
2
2 V +
c
c
O =
c
c
z
w
z
(2.11)
Analyzing the perturbations into normal modes, we assume that the perturbed quantities have
a space and time dependence of the form
| | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } pt y ik x ik z Z z z W W
y x
+ + = exp , , u , u (2.12)
Where
2 2
y x
k k k + = is the overall horizontal wave number of the disturbance and n is the
growth rate of harmonic disturbance which is, in general, a complex constant and
y
u
x
v
c
c
c
c
= , be the z-components of the Vorticity.
For perturbations of the form (2.12), equations (2.9) (2.11) becomes
dz
dZ
W k
dz
d
k
dz
d
k g W k
dz
d
p O
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
' + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
u u u o (2.13)
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u | u
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
2
2
k
dz
d
k w p (2.14)
dz
dW
Z k
dz
d
pZ O +
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 2
2
2
2
u (2.15)
Where
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
, , k
dz
d
k
y x
p
t
= V =
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
(2.16)
Introducing nondimensional variables of the forms
dD D
d
F
pd
kd a =
'
= = P = =
-
, , , ,
2
2
u
u
k
u
u
o and dropping the asterisk for
convenience gives
( )( ) ( ) { } | | u
u
o
u
o
2
2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1 a
d g
Dz
d
W a D F a D a D
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
| O
(2.17)
( ) W
d
a D
|
|
.
|
\
|
= P
k
|
u o
2
2 2
(2.18)
( ) DW
d
Z a D |
.
|
\
| O
=
u
o
2
2 2
(2.19)
Discussion
To analyze stationary convection, the marginal state will be characterized by 0 = o . So
equations (2.17) (2.19) reduces to
( ) ( ) { } | | W Ra W TD W a D F a D
2 2 2 2
3
2 2
1 = + (2.20)
Where
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
ku
o|
4
d g
R is the thermal Rayleigh number and
|
|
.
|
\
| O
=
2
4 2
4
u
d
T is the Taylor
number.
The boundary conditions are as . 1 0 0
6 4 2
and z at DZ W D W D W D W = = = = = = (2.21)
The exact solution to the equation (2.20) subject to the boundary conditions (2.21) can be
written in the form z W t sin = (2.22)
Substituting solution (2.22) into equation (2.20), we obtain
( ) ( ) | |
x
T x F x
R
1
4
1
3
1
1 1 + + + +
= (2.23)
Where
4
1
2
1
4
1
2 2
, , , t t t t R R F F T T x a = = = = . Equation (2.23) express the
modified Rayleigh number
1
R as a function of couple-stress parameters
1
F , rotation
parameter
1
T and dimensionless wave number x. To study the effect of couple stress and
rotation, we study the behavior of
1
1
1
1
dT
dR
and
dF
dR
analytically.
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From equation (2.23), we get
( )
x
x
dF
dR
4
1
1
1+
= (2.24)
Which shows that the couple stress has a stabilizing effect on the thermal convection in the
absence of rotation.
Again, from equation (2.23), we have
x dT
dR 1
1
1
= (2.25)
Which shows that the rotation has a stabilizing effect on the thermal convection.
Principle of exchange of stabilities
We now show that, for the problem under consideration, the principle of exchange of
stabilities is valid in the absence of rotation i.e. o is real. In the absence of rotation equations
(2.17) - (2.18) gives
( )( ) ( ) { } | | u
u
o
o
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 a
d g
W a D F a D a D
|
|
.
|
\
|
= (2.26)
( ) W
d
a D
|
|
.
|
\
|
= P
k
|
u o
2
2 2
(2.27)
Eliminating u between equations (2.26) and (2.27), we get
( )( ) ( ) { } | |( ) W Ra W a D a D F a D a D
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 = P o o (2.28)
Where
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
ku
o|
4
d g
R is the thermal Rayleigh number.
From equation (2.28), we have
( ) W Ra H a D
2 2 2
= P o (2.29)
Where
( ) ( ) { } | |
( )
)
=
=
W a D G
G a D F a D H
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 o
(2.30)
The boundary conditions are as . 1 0 0 , 0 and z at H = = = u (2.31)
Multiplying equation (2.29) by
-
H (the complex conjugate of H) and integrating over z using
the boundary conditions, we have
| | 0
5 4 3
2
2 1
= + P +
-
I FI I Ra I I o o (2.32)
Where
( )
( )
} }
} } }
+ = |
.
|
\
|
+ =
= = + =
dz W a DW I dz W a DW a w D a W D I
dz G I dz H I dz H a DH I
2
2
2
5
2
6
2
4
2
2 2
2
3
4
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
, 3 3
, , ,
All the integrals
5 1
I to I are positive definite. Putting
i r
io o o + = in equation (2.32) and
equating the imaginary part, we obtain | | 0
5
2
2
= + P I Ra I
i
o (2.33)
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From equation (2.33), it is clear that all the terms in the bracket are positive definite for R>0.
Thus 0 =
i
o , which means that oscillatory modes are not allowed in the system and principle
of exchange of stabilities is satisfied in the absence of rotation.
3. Nonlinear stability analysis
To investigate the nonlinear stability analysis, the governing equations (2.1) - (2.3) in non-
dimensional form (Omitting the stars) can be written as
( )
i i i j i j t i
u F k R p u u u
2 2
, , ,
1 V V + + = + u (3.1a)
0 . = V
i
u (3.1b)
u u u
2
, ,
V + = + Rw u P P
j j r t r
(3.1c)
The boundary conditions are . 0 0 , 0 d and z at u
i
= = = u (3.2)
Where the following non-dimensional quantities and parameters are introduced:
2
1
2
3
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
0
2
, ,
, , , ,
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
'
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= = = =
- -
- - - -
d g d
F
d g
T T
d
p p
d
u u
d
t t d x x
ok
|u
u u
u
u
ok
|u
u
u
u
And the following dimensionless numbers are defined by
( )
( ) number andtl Pr P
number Rayleigh
d g
R
r
4
2
k
u
=
ku
o|
=
Energy Functional
Now we construct energy functional by adding the kinetic and thermal energies of the
perturbations defined by ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), t P t u
2
1
t E
2
r
2
i
u + = (3.3)
Where the symbol . denotes the
2
L ( ) V norm.
Differentiating ( ) t E with respect to time t and substituting the values of
t
and
t
u
i
c
u c
c
c
from
equations (3.1a) - (3.1c) and using boundary conditions (3.2), we obtain
( )
|
.
|
\
|
V + V + V =
2
2
2
2
2 u u u F u w R
dt
t dE
i
, (3.4)
Where . denotes the integration over V.
Now, let
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|
.
|
\
|
V + V + V = =
2
2
2
2
2 u u
i i
u F u D and w I
Then
( )
D RI
dt
t dE
=
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
s
E
R
1
R
1
RD
dt
t dE
(3.5)
Where
E
R is defined by
D
I
max
R
1
E
= (3.6)
If
E
R R < then 0 a
R
R R
R
1
R
1
R
E
E
E
> =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
(3.7)
From equation (3.5),
( )
aD
dt
t dE
s
( )
( ) t E a 2
dt
t dE
1
s (3.8)
Where we used Poincare inequality
2
1
2
u u > V in equation (3.8) and
1
is called the
Poincare constant.
Integrating equation (3.8), we obtain ( ) ( ) ( ) t a 2 exp 0 E t E
1
s (3.9)
From equation (3.9), we conclude that ( ) t as 0 t E , thus the energy of the
perturbation decays exponentially with time t. Hence the conduction solution is nonlinearly
stable for all initial disturbances. So the condition for nonlinear stability is
E
R R < .
Variational problem
Now the determination of
E
R is a Variational problem and the associated Euler-Lagranges
equations are found from equation (3.6), which are of the form
0 2
2 4
1
= + V + V
i E i i
k R u u F u (3.10)
0 u .
j
= V (3.11)
0 w R
E
2
= + u V (3.12)
Where
i i
k u w = is the z-component of the velocity, p is a Lagranges multiplier introduced,
since
i
u is solenoidal.
On taking curlcurl of equation (3.10), we find the equations in w and u of the form,
0 2
2 3
1
= A A + A
-
u
E
R w w F (3.13)
0 w R
E
= u A + (3.14)
Where
2
2
2
2
2
k
y x
=
c
c
+
c
c
= A
-
and
2
2
2
2
2
2
z y x c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= A
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Eliminating u between equations (3.13) and (3.14), we find
w k R w w F
E
2 2 3 4
1
2 = A + A
( ) ( ) w k R w k D w k D F
E
2 2
3
2 2
4
2 2
1
2 = + (3.15)
Where k is the wave number.
Thus the exact solution to the equation (3.15) subject to the boundary conditions
( ) d and z at w D w
n
0 0 , 0 , 0
2
= = = = u
is written in the form ( ) .. ,......... 3 , 2 , 1 n z n sin w = t = (3.16)
Substituting solution (3.16) into equation (3.15), we obtain
( ) ( )
2
3
2 2 2
4
2 2 2
1
2
2
k
k n k n F
R
E
+ + +
=
t t
For a given
2
k , the lowest value of
E
R occur when , 1 n = then
( ) ( )
2
3
2 2
4
2 2
1
2
2
k
k k F
R
E
+ + +
=
t t
(3.17)
Letting
6
2
2 4
1 2
2 2
, , t t t
-
= = =
E E
R R F F x k and dropping the asterisk for
convenience, we get
( ) ( )
x
x x F
R
E
3 4
2
2
1 1 2 + + +
= (3.18)
As a function of x,
E
R given by equation (3.18) attains its minimum when
0 1
2
2
A x A x A = + (3.19)
Where the coefficients
0 1 2
, , A A A depends upon the couple-stress parameter
2
F . With x
determined as a solution of quadratic equation (3.19), equation (3.18) will give the required
critical Rayleigh number and is achieved by performing the
optimization ( )
2
2 2
, min F x R R
E
x
EC
= . (3.20)
Equation (3.20) shows that Rayleigh number has stability or instability under the
conditions
EC E
R or R > < .
In the absence of couple stress parameter ( 0
1
= F ), equation (3.17) give
( )
2
3
2 2
2
k
k
R
E
+
=
t
(3.21)
Now the value of critical wave number in nonlinear stability result is determined by the
condition 0
k
R
2
E
=
c
c
and is found to be
2
2
2
t
= k
Substituting this value in equation (3.21), we obtain critical Rayleigh number
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Vol. 4, No.1, 2012
4 2
4
27
t =
EC
R (3.22)
Hence for a Rayleigh number less than
4
4
27
t , we have stability i.e. all perturbations decay to
zero. On the other hand, if the Rayleigh number is greater than
4
4
27
t , we obtain instability.
There are cases for which the linear and nonlinear theories coincide or nearly coincide. This is
true for the classical Benard problem. In the absence of rotation and couple stress parameters
( 0 0
1 1
= = T and F ), we obtain
( )
L E
R
x
x
R =
+
=
3
1
(3.23)
i.e. the linear instability boundary= the nonlinear stability boundary.
So the energy method leads to the strong result that arbitrary subcritical instabilities are not
possible, which is in good agreement with the previous published work (Joseph 1965. 1966).
4. Conclusions
The linear and nonlinear Stability of Couple-Stress Fluid heated from below under the effect
of Rotation are investigated in depth. Following the linearized stability theory and normal mode
analysis, it is also found that principle of exchange of stabilities is satisfied in the absence of
rotation. The stability and instability conditions for Rayleigh number of energy theory under the
effect of Rotation and Couple-Stresses are obtained. Also, the conditions for nonlinear thermal
stability in the absence of Couple-Stress and Rotation are obtained using energy method.
Finally, in the absence of rotation and couple stresses, the best possible result is verified in that
we show that the nonlinear stability Rayleigh number is same as that for linear instability
5. References
[1] Bansal, J.L., Viscous Fluid Dynamics, Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, Delhi, India, 2004.
[2] Batchelor, G.K., An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
1997.
[3] Chandrasekhar, S.C., Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability, Oxford University Press,
London, 1970.
[4] Deo, B., and Richardson, A., Generalized Energy Methods in Electrohydrodynamic Stability
Theory, J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 137, pp.131-151, 1983.
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Authors Profile
Mr. Kapil kumar is an Asst. Professor in the Department of Engineering
Mathematics, Krishna Institute of Management & Technology, Moradabad, India.
He is pursuing Ph.D. from Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, (U.K.). He
has done M. Phil from Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, (H.P.). He received his
M.Sc from Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, (U.K.). He has a good
Gate Score-2011. He has more than 3 years of experience in teaching and research.
His current area of research includes Fluid Dynamics, Operation Research and
Mathematical Modeling. He has presented two research articles in national and
international conferences.
Mr. Anand Kumar - He has done M. Phil from Dr. B.R.Ambedkar Univ., Agra
(U.P). He received his M.Sc and B.Sc degree from M. J. P. Rohilkhand Univ.,
Bareilly (U.P). He has more than 3 years of teaching experience. His research
interest areas are Bicomplex number and Fluid Dynamics. He has published two
papers in international journal of Engineering, science and Technology (IJEST) and
one in international journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET). He also has a
good Gate Score-2011. He is working as Assistant Professor in Krishna Institute of
Management & Technology, Moradabad, (U.P).
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