MUSCULAR SYSTEM
By:
ROMMEL M. BANA-AY, MAN, RN
Muscular System
FUNCTION:
Body movement
Maintenance of posture
Respiration
Production of body heat
Communication
Constriction of organs and vessels
Heart beat
Types of Muscle and Neural Control
Characteristics
of Muscle
1. Contractility
2. Excitability
3. Extensibility
4. Elasticity
CONTRACTILITY
EXCITABILITY
EXTENSIBILITY & FLEXIBILITY
Principles of Skeletal Muscle
Actions
Skeletal muscles contract only if stimulated, pulls on its bone to
mobilize movement.
Bones that moves is called as muscle’s insertion bone but is stationary in origin.
Bones serves as levers (bar or point of attachment) and joints as
fulcrum (support or point of rest) of the levers.
Skeletal muscle attached to bone on each end by tendons.
▪ Insertion: more movable attachment; pulled toward the origin.
▪ Origin: less movable attachment
Muscle tension on tendons by contracting muscles cause movement of the bones at a joint.
Skeletal muscles act in group and classified as:
Agonist /Prime mover
➢ muscles mostly responsible for the movement.
Synergist
➢ muscles that work with prime movers to stabilize the muscle.
Fixators
➢ muscles that work with prime movers to stabilize bone or origin and are mostly
found around the hip and shoulder joint.
Antagonist
➢ flexors and extensors that act on the same joint to produce opposite actions or
reverse movements
Muscles does not lie over the part that moved by the
muscle but instead above or below or anterior or posterior
to the part.
Muscle contractions are classified as isometric or
isotonic contractions.
Isotonic contraction can be concentric or eccentric.
Muscle Tone
• Refers to the constant tension
produced by muscles of the body over
long periods of time.
…
Muscle Twitch
➢ the contraction of all muscle fibers in a
motor unit in response to a stimulus.
3 Phases:
▪ Lag phase – time between stimulus application &
beginning of contraction.
▪ Contraction phase – contraction time.
▪ Relaxation phase – muscle relaxation time.
Classification of Muscle Fibers
Slow-twitch fiber (type I)
➢ slow oxidative (SO)
➢ more resistant to fatigue
➢ requires greater time to generate force
➢ primarily associated with long duration, AEROBIC activities
Fast – twitch fiber (type II)
➢ Produce quick, forceful contractions
➢ Short-term, high intensity activities, ANAEROBIC activities
▪ Type IIa (Fast Oxidative Glycolytic) – moderately resistant to
fatigue
▪ Type IIb – fatigues rapidly; true fast twitch
▪ Type IIx – fatigue-resistant with force capacity
Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Shivering
Rigor mortis
Range of Motion Exercises
Active
Passive
Active Assistive
Active Resistive
Isometric
Isotonic
– done by patient. Increases and maintains muscle tone and joint mobility.
– done by the nurse for immobile and unconscious clients. Maintain joints
mobility only to maintain circulation.
– patient moves body parts as possible and nurse completes the exercise.
Stronger arm and leg perform exercise to weaker arm and leg.
Increases motion of joints.
– contraction of muscle against an opposing force to increase muscle
power.
– active exercise through contraction or relaxation of muscles with no joint
movement to maintain muscle strength.
– involve change in both muscle tension and length with joint movement.
