Sanusi Rahmat Final Thesis
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sanusiorahmatSanusi Rahmat Final Thesis
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sanusiorahmatAccess and Circulation of International Conference Center for Lead City
University, Ibadan.
Rahmat Olansile SANUSI
LCU/UG/20/16486
Being a Thesis in the Department of Architecture,
Faculty of Environmental Design and Management, Lead City University,
Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of Bachelor of Science
(B.Sc.) Degree in Architecture
2024
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Certification
This is to certify that this project report titled “Access and Circulation in the
International Conference Center, Lead City University, Ibadan” was carried out by
Rahmat Olansile SANUSI (LCU/UG/20/1686) in the Department of Architecture,
School of Environmental Studies, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
under the supervision of Arc. Awofodu Joseph. This Report has not been accepted in
any previous application for a higher degree. All citations and sources of information
are clearly acknowledged by means of references.
_____________________________________ _________________
Arc. Awofodu Joseph Date
(Supervisor)
_______________________________________ _______________
Dr. (Arc) Oludare Obaleye Date
(H.O.D)
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Dedication
I wholeheartedly dedicate this thesis to Almighty Allah, who has provided me with
endless insight, direction, and inspiration throughout my academic journey.
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Acknowledgement
I am grateful to the management of Lead City University for providing me with the
invaluable chance and platform to conduct this research.
I'd like to thank my supervisor, Arc. Awofodu Joseph, for dedicating his time to
mentoring and supporting the success of my thesis and the design of the proposed
conference Centre.
I also want to thank the Department of Architecture, particularly the Department Head,
Dr. Obaleye, and all of my lecturers, for their contributions to my program.
I am eternally grateful to my parents, Mr Musibau Popoola Sanusi and Mrs. Abibat
Abioye Sanusi, and my dear sibling for their financial and emotional support during the
program.
And to my Dear friends and colleagues who have helped and supported me throughout
this program in one way or another, I appreciate you all.
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Abstract
This dissertation examines the access and circulation of the proposed International
Conference Center for Lead City University in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study aims to
explore the design considerations and best practices for an effective conference center
layout that prioritizes access and efficient circulation. The research methodology
involves a case study analysis of four existing conference centers, including the
Obafemi Awolowo University Conference Centre, the International Conference Centre
at the University of Ibadan, the IFF Convention Centre, and the Dakar International
Conference Centre. The case studies are analyzed in terms of site planning, building
envelope and materials, building forms, and overall architectural appraisal. The
findings from the case studies inform the design synthesis for the proposed International
Conference Center at Lead City University. Key design considerations addressed
include access, circulation, sustainability, technology integration, acoustics, and
lighting. The study concludes with recommendations for the successful implementation
of the proposed conference center design, ensuring it meets the functional requirements
and enhances the overall user experience.
Key words: Access, Circulation, Conference Center, Design Considerations, Case
Study Analysis
Word Count: 158 words
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Table of Content
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Chapter One: Introduction 1
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Aim & Objectives 4
1.4 Research Questions 4
1.5 Significance of the Study 4
1.6 Scope of Study 5
1.7 Definition of Terms 5
Chapter Two: Literature Review 6
2.1 Conceptual Review 6
2.1.1 Access 6
2.1.2 Circulation 6
2.1.2.1 Types of Circulation 7
2.1.3 Conference center 8
2.1.3.1 History Of Conference Centers 8
2.1.3.2 Types of Conference Centre 10
2.1.3.2.1 Executive Conference Centre 10
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2.1.3.2.2 The Resort Conference Centre 10
2.1.3.2.3 The Corporate Conference Centre 11
2.1.3.2.4 The University Conference Centre 11
2.1.3.2.5 The Non-Residential Conference Center 11
2.1.3.2.6 The Non-Profit Conference Centre 12
2.2 Design Consideration for a Conference Centre 12
2.2.1 Access 12
2.2.2 Circulation 14
2.2.3 Sustainability 15
2.2.4 Technology integration 15
2.2.5 Acoustics 15
2.2.6 Lighting 16
2.3 Empirical Reviews 18
Chapter Three: Methodology 22
3.1. Research Design 22
3.2. Case Study Method 23
3.2.1. Case studies selection criteria 23
3.3. Case Studies Analysis 24
3.2 Case Study 1: Obafemi Awolowo University Conference Centre 24
3.1.1 Description of the building 24
3.1.2 Site Planning and Landscape 25
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3.1.3 Building envelop and material types 26
3.1.4 Building and forms 28
3.1.5 Appraisal of the building 33
3.3 Case Study 2: International Conference Centre, University Of Ibadan 33
3.3.1 Description of the building 33
3.3.2 Site Planning and Landscape 33
3.3.3 Building Envelop and Material Types 36
3.3.4 Building and Form 38
3.4 Case Study 3: Iff Convention Centre 41
3.4.1 Description of the Building 41
3.4.2 Site Planning and Landscaping 41
3.4.3 Building Envelope and Material Types 42
3.4.4 Building and Forms 43
3.4.5 Appraisal of the building 50
3.5 Case Study 4: Dakar’s International Conference Centre 50
3.5.1 Description of the Building 50
3.5.2 Site Planning and Landscaping 50
3.5.3 Building Envelop and Material Types 51
3.5.4 Building and Form 53
3.5.5 Appraisal of the Building 57
3.6 Case Study Synthesis 58
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3.6.1 Common Spaces and Facilities 58
3.6.2 Special Spaces and Facilities; 58
3.6.3 Deduction from Case Study 58
Chapter Four: Site Analysis and Design Synthesis 61
4.1. Study Area 61
4.1.1. Site Location 61
4.2. Project Analysis and Design Synthesis 63
4.2.1 Brief Analysis 63
4.2.2. Brief Development 63
4.2.3. Design Criteria 65
4.2.3.1 Access 66
4.2.3.2 Circulation 67
4.2.3.3 Sustainability 67
4.2.3.4 Technology integration 68
4.2.3.5 Fire safety 68
4.2.3.6 Acoustics 68
4.2.3.7 Lighting 69
4.2.4. Conceptual Development 69
4.2.5. Functional Relationship 72
4.2.6. Space Allocation / Schedule of Accommodation 73
4.2.7. Construction Methods and Materials 73
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4.2.7.1 Pre-Construction Operations 73
4.2.8. Building Services 74
4.2.8.1 Water Supply 74
4.2.8.2 Electrical Systems 74
4.2.8.3 Fire Protection 74
4.2.8.4 Drainage 75
4.2.8.5 Materials 75
Chapter Five: Conclusion 76
5.1 Appraisals 76
5.2 Conclusion 76
5.3 Recommendation 77
References 79
Appendix 82
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List of Tables
Table Title Page
1 Functional Relationship 72
2 Showing space Allocation 73
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List of Figures
Figures Title Page
2.1 Showing access into a building 14
2.2 A circulation diagram 15
2.3 Daylighting 17
2.4 A conference hall aided with artificial lighting 18
3.1 Site plan 25
3.2 Ground floor plan 32
3.3 Showing site plan 35
3. 4 Approach view 36
3.5 Showing Interior (Conference room) 39
3.6 Showing ground floor plan sketch 40
3.7 Showing Picture of the roof 42
3.8 Showing picture of the building exterior 43
3.9 Showing interior (a conference room 44
3.10 Showing exterior 44
3.11 Showing interior 45
3.12 Showing interior 45
3.13 Ground floor plan 46
3.14 First floor plan 47
3.15 Second floor plan 48
3.16 Showing front view 49
3.17 Showing section 49
3.18 Showing site plan 51
3.19 Showing exterior 52
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Figures Title Page
3.20 Showing exterior 53
3.21 Showing interior (the auditorium) 54
3.22 Showing corridor 55
3.23 Showing board room 55
3.24 Showing floor plan 56
3.25 Showing Section 57
4.0 Showing site location map 61
4.1 Showing site analysis 62
4.2 Design Consideration 65
4.3 Design Consideration 66
4.4 A butterfly dragon koi fish in its fluid element 70
4.5 Showing a fluid sketch 71
4.6 Heydar Aliyev Cultural centre by Zaha Hadid 71
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List of Plates
Plates Title Page
3.1 Showing approach view 26
3.2 Showing exterior work 27
3.3 Showing exterior 27
3.4 Showing courtyard 30
3.5 Showing mosaics 30
3.6 Showing interior (a board room) 31
3.7 Showing interior (Main hall) 31
3.8 Showing landscape 35
3.9 Exterior view 37
3.10 Exterior buttress view 37
3.11 Showing interior (Prof. Oritsejolomi Hall) 38
3.12 Showing hallways 39
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Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
A good design reflects the diverse nature of people and does not impose barriers of any
kind.
David Littlefield, 2008.
A building not imposing barriers is a building with good access and circulation. The
lack of access and circulation in a building can significantly impact its usability and
inclusivity. Studies emphasize the importance of barrier-free environments for users,
highlighting the need for inclusive and universal design approaches in public spaces
and buildings. (Yılmaz, 2018)
Access refers to the ability to enter, use, or make use of something. It describes a
person's capacity to enter, utilize, and move through a physical area, setting, or system.
For all people to be able to interact with and navigate a built environment in a
comfortable and safe manner, regardless of their physical capabilities or disabilities,
access is essential in the context of architecture and design. When a space is designed
with accessibility in mind, it includes elements that help everyone use and traverse it,
like tactile paving, elevators, Braille signage, visual alerts, ramps, and clear signage.
(Marchigiani, 2023)
Access to a space is provided via an entrance, across a threshold. Alongside with other
border elements, the threshold separates the spaces of different quality or purpose. As
opposed to the border and threshold, circulation does not define these spaces but
facilitates the transition between them therefore, there is little doubt that access and
circulation are inextricably related.
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Circulation is the orderly flow of matter and energy across a network of channels.
Circulation in architecture is frequently thought of as the way by which access is
granted through and around a space (Renee Puusepp, 2011). Buildings require safe,
convenient, and efficient circulation under regular and emergency situations. Such
circulation may be conducted by any of several different types of passageways, such as
lobbies, hallways, ramps, stairways, and elevator hoist ways.
(Edgett & Williams, 2001)
The prestigious Lead City University, located in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, is one of
Ibadan's first private university. It was founded in 2005 and has produced over 12,000
graduates. Inside the University, there is a multi-purpose conference center with a
seating capacity of around 500 that is utilized by the school for a variety of activities
such as symposiums, lectures, banquets, convocations, and so on.
Conference means a bringing together, for the purpose of discussion and sometimes
decision, of representatives of sovereign states or of delegates of all sorts of bodies and
societies, therefore a conference center is where all these take place. (Ogbonna &
Collins, 2010) A well-thought-out circulation system in a conference Centre improves
user experience overall, accessibility, and connectivity.(Igwegbe et al., 2023)
1.2 Problem Statement
Although circulation is a critical issue in architecture, there is surprisingly little
thorough literature accessible on the topic. There are many publications that
recommend standards and guidelines for developing circulation systems, but detailed
overviews of the subject are rare. It is pointed out that most analytical studies and design
guidebooks appear to accept the reductive logic. This reductionist approach tends to
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over constrain the architectural brief and limit the possible solution space.(Puusepp,
2011)
According to Izobo & Oluwole, 2020, designers are faced with creating the appropriate
circulation system for public buildings. Excessive provision for circulation spaces in
private buildings could result into inability of the users to maximize the space and also
leads to an increase in cost of the building which
might be a waste. Also, it is possible for an architect to under design for circulation in
public buildings as he may tend to consider average number of people that make use of
the circulation space and may not be comfortable for use during peak periods or special
events in public buildings.
People face circulation challenges when moving are in the external part of a facility,
around entrances and exits of a facility, when moving within a building and even when
making use of spaces within the facility. However, these challenges should be
addressed because a lot of public building designs that are done disregard the unique
building circulation need of some building types of disabilities, age group and sexes.
(Izobo & Oluwole, 2020)
According to Ajobiewe, Adeleye, & Shaibu, 2019, most public buildings are not
inclusive, especially for people who use wheelchairs or have physical impairments.
Most of the time, places like banks, hospitals, government buildings, marketplaces,
retail centers, higher institutions, and places of worship are difficult for people with
disabilities to visit. Only 29% of the banks with ramps are accessible to physically
challenged people who use wheelchairs for mobility, according to the survey. The
wheelchair would only be able to access the ground floors of multi-story structures, and
in certain cases, even these would be inaccessible unless there were additional
complementing requirements.
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1.3 Aim & Objectives
The aim of this study is to analyze the use of access and circulation in the design of
conference centres, this is with a view to propose a design of an international conference
center for Lead City University, Toll gate, Ibadan, Oyo state.
The objectives are;
I. To identify conference centres in Nigerian Universities.
II. To identify access and circulation elements that can be used in the design of an
international conference center.
III. To investigate the applications and effects of identified access and circulation
elements in the design of an international conference center designs.
IV. To incorporate identified access and circulation features or elements into the
design of Lead City University's international conference center.
1.4 Research Questions
I. How are conference Centers in Nigeria built?
II. What are the key elements used for access and circulation in buildings?
III. How can identified access and circulation elements be applied in the design
of an international conference center and what are the effects?
IV. How can access and circulation elements be incorporated in the design of an
international conference center?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The significance of investigating Access and circulation for the design of an
international conference center in LCU is to provide equitable and nondiscriminatory
chances for people with or without disabilities and other users to navigate and interact
with the environment without difficulty. Furthermore, examining access and circulation
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in a Conference Centre is critical for improving user experience, increasing energy
efficiency, fostering inclusivity, and optimizing building design. It also ensures the built
environment caters to diverse attendee needs, facilitates smooth movement and flow,
accommodates various event configurations, and prioritizes safety and emergency
preparedness - all of which contribute to an enhanced overall attendee experience.
1.6 Scope of Study
In addition to developing a proposal for an international conference center for LCU,
which is located at the Toll Gate in Ibadan, a vibrant city in Oyo State, Nigeria, the
scope of this research project is to identify access and circulation components and
elements that must be taken into consideration when designing a conference Centre.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Access refers to the ability or right to enter, use, or make use of something. . It describes
a person's capacity to enter, utilize, and move through a physical area, setting, or system.
(Marchigiani, 2023)
Circulation refers to the orderly flow of matter and energy across a network of
channels.(Puusepp, 2011)
Conference means a bringing together, for the purpose of discussion and sometimes
decision, of representatives of sovereign states or of delegates of all sorts of bodies and
societies.(Ogbonna & Collins, 2010)
A conference center is a building or group of buildings designed, in most cases, for the
purpose of conducting meetings, rallies, or seminars. It may also be adapted for specific
events, such as appearances by well-known speakers or musicians. In some cases,
meetings or other events take place in centers or buildings not specifically designed for
conventions, but large enough to accommodate attendees.(Ikechukwu, 2023)
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Chapter Two
Literature Review
2.1 Conceptual Review
2.1.1 Access
According to (Titchkosky, 2018), access is a person's relationship to their embodiment
as beings in the specific locations where they find themselves. He went on to describe
Access as a means of becoming aware of who, what, where, and when we are in social
space, as well as a means of becoming oriented to it. People view social life as a realm
of concerns about who belongs where, under what circumstances or qualifications, at
what times, and across what specific thresholds through the perceptual knowledge of
"access."
Access must be understood as a complex type of perception that organizes socio-
political relations between people in social space. It also needs to be actively sought
after, battled for, legally secured, physically measured, and politically
safeguarded.(Titchkosky, 2018)
Access consist of more than just functional ease of movement to a destination; rather it
can be integral to our meaning-making around, and experiences of, material
space.(Fitzsimons, 2016)
2.1.2 Circulation
The term "circulation" in architecture describes how people move through, around, and
between structures or areas. Another meaning of circulation is how people move
through a building. This mostly refers to areas like hallways, corridors, elevators,
escalators, walkways, landings, foyers, lobbies, and so on. A circulation space's
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dimensions can be influenced by a variety of elements, including the kind of usage, user
volume, transit direction, crossing flows, and more.(Ochioha et al., 2022)
Circulation, as defined by Ikechukwu (2023), is the flow of people through a conference
center, including through its hallways, doors, and common areas. For participants to
move through the center smoothly and continuously, an effective circulation design is
essential. Efficient circulation patterns reduce wait times, increase accessibility, and
boost visitor happiness in general.
2.1.2.1 Types of Circulation
Vertical circulation: This refers to the system of steps, elevators, ramps, ladders, and
escalators that facilitates people's movement up and down within a building. These
features enable us to go from one level to another. In general, vertical circulations are
crucial for a practical design, both during regular use and during crises. In actuality, the
layout of steps, escalators, elevators, and ramps has a significant impact on the design
of the floor plan. Other factors to take into account include the quantity and kind of
vertical circulation required, as well as the placement, arrangement, and layout of the
units.
Horizontal Circulation: According to Kocabaş, 2013, horizontal circulation consists
of components like corridors and doors. These elements give horizontal access within
a space and support the continuity of circulation in the buildings. He further described
it as “all walking areas on all floors of a building which are required for physical access
to some space including the features like corridors, lobbies, verandas, porches, doors,
entrance foyers, and balconies”. Components of horizontal circulation includes Parking
spaces, Pavements, Main entrances, Entrance halls, Corridors, Internal doors and
passageways.
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2.1.3 Conference center
A conference center, sometimes referred to as a convention center, is a structure or
collection of structures that are typically used to host conferences, protests, or meetings.
It could also be modified for certain occasions, such as celebrity speakers' or artists'
appearances. Meetings and other events occasionally take place in spaces or buildings
that aren't intended for conventions but are nevertheless big enough to fit guests. A
conference center is essential for hosting a range of gatherings, seminars, and exhibits.
It offers a venue for companies to display their goods and concepts. (Ikechukwu, 2023)
We now have purpose-built conference centers as a result of the increase in demand for
conference facilities and the growing competition to meet that demand. There is now a
need for exhibitions, lodging, entertainment, and communication in addition to a space
to convene and discuss matters impacting the parties concerned. The issues that meeting
organizers and delegates may have had are largely resolved by the complex's offering
of all these amenities.
Modern conference centers provide a wide range of facilities. In catering for both small
and large groups, the conference facilities include one or two large auditoria, medium
sized halls or lecture theatres and committee rooms. In most cases, the halls may be
capable of being divided or extended. For good acoustics and unobstructed sight lines,
the floors of the main auditoria are almost always raked or stepped in tiers. To provide
flexibility in use, other halls may be separated by movable partitions, although high
standards of sound insulation and fire separation must be ensured.(Ogbonna & Collins,
2010)
2.1.3.1 History Of Conference Centers
'The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you are likely to see.'
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Winston Churchill, 2021
In the history of architecture, architects and planners of ancient towns created space for
formal and casual meetings. Agoras and Stoas were ancient Greece's meeting venues.
The Agora was the public square or marketplace in any ancient Greek city. It was
formerly the site of a popular assembly, but it has since become increasingly
commercial. Large, open, and easily accessible, it was regarded as the city's political,
commercial, religious, and social hub. The agora was surrounded by public buildings
and temples, many of which included colonnades (stoai) on the side facing the square.
In Athens, the Assembly of all thousands of residents met in the agora until 500 BC,
when the Pynx was constructed for the purpose, in a form afterwards universally
adopted for theatres.
The most famous agora is the Athenian, located northwest of the Acropolis. The
function of the Stoas, which were indispensable adjuncts of the agora, was primarily to
offer shelter from the sun and rain, but they were also regularly used as meeting places
for business purposes; In a building of such length several groups of people could
discuss their affairs in comparative privacy, even when there were no partitions across
it. Eventually it became customary to divide the interior into a large number of market
stalls, shops, and offices by means of partitions of wood.
The Romans constructed the Forum (Latin for "marketplace" or "out-of-doors place"),
a vast, open, rectangular space in the center of a city that served as the common place
of gathering for the people. Originally an open space with no structures where people
gathered on market days and for religious festivals, elections, and other public events,
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it evolved into the political center, housing civic and administrative buildings as well
as the more important temples.(Ogbonna and Collins, 2010)
In Nigeria, the Yoruba traditional architecture utilized public spaces as the forecourt of
palaces, where important meetings and congregations were held. These open and
accessible spaces played a crucial role in facilitating community gatherings, allowing
the people to come together, discuss matters of importance, and participate in cultural
and social events.
2.1.3.2 Types of Conference Centre
Time Savers Standards for Building Types lists the different types of conference centers
and they are classified according to their usage. They include:
2.1.3.2.1 Executive Conference Centre
This is the most common mid-range facility, with a focus on corporate meetings,
training, and management development. It is primarily for corporate meetings. This sort
of conference center contains a significant number of conference rooms and a moderate
leisure facilities.
2.1.3.2.2 The Resort Conference Centre
This type of meeting center has expanded as a result of marketing for its leisure facility.
They can have as many as 500 rooms in their facilities. They feature fewer meeting
rooms but more leisure space than the executive conference center. Because of the high
costs of land and recreational facilities, these centers are frequently cooperative
ventures.
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2.1.3.2.3 The Corporate Conference Centre
These are the largest conference centers with as much as five hundred rooms and more
conference spaces than the other type of Conference centers, because they meet
particular training needs. Major corporations like those in telecommunications,
insurance and banking, oil and gas, in their need to train their staff, patronize this type
of conference Centre most especially. The recreational facilities of this conference
Centre are moderate.
2.1.3.2.4 The University Conference Centre
This type of conference Centre provided by higher institutions, serves three major
needs:
• To cater for executive educational programmes
• To provide facilities for campus visitors and educational Conferences.
• To provide for continuing educational programmes
These centers can have as much as two hundred rooms depending on the institution and
provide the same facilities as other conference centers. These centers also serve as a
means for generating funds for the institution when patronized by external individuals
and bodies. This Centre serves as a means for bringing in business executives to the
institution.
2.1.3.2.5 The Non-Residential Conference Center
As the name says, this type of conference facility does not provide Guest room
facility and also does not provide recreational facilities. These are operated by
corporate bodies for low and mid-level training or for upper level management
development. They are usually located near the corporate headquarters or a site
convenient to the training department. Their conference facilities are also open
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to the public.
2.1.3.2.6 The Non-Profit Conference Centre
Religious groups, educational associations, foundations, research centers, private
humanitarian groups and government bodies may own the Non-Profit Conference
Centre. They are normally located in remote areas having as much as one hundred
rooms. Their recreational facilities are limited. This facility, reflects the missions of
their owners.
From the different types of conference centers listed above, the proposed Conference
Center for Lead City University, is purely under the category of the university
Conference Centre.
2.2 Design Consideration for a Conference Centre
Designing a conference center requires careful consideration of various factors to
achieve a successful conference center that meets the basic requirements. The main
requirements include:
2.2.1 Access
Designing the conference center to be welcoming, navigable, and inclusive for all users
is a critical priority. The primary access points, such as the main entrances, must be
strategically placed and clearly marked to intuitively guide visitors upon arrival. These
entry points should be accessible via multiple modes of transportation, whether by car,
public transit, bicycle, or on foot, ensuring the venue is easily reached by all.
Circulation routes throughout the building must allow for smooth, intuitive wayfinding.
Hallways, lobbies, and other pathways should be wide enough to accommodate persons
using mobility aids like wheelchairs or walkers. Elevators, in addition to stairs, should
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be available to facilitate vertical access between floors. Tactile paving and Braille
signage can further assist visitors who are visually impaired. Ramps, in addition to
stairs, provide an accessible route for wheelchair users and others who may have
difficulty with steps.
Clear, comprehensive signage is essential for navigating the conference center.
Directional markers, room identifiers, and other wayfinding cues should be prominently
displayed and designed for maximum legibility. This ensures all visitors, regardless of
their physical, cognitive, or sensory capacities, can easily find their way to their desired
destinations.
Fig 2.1: Showing access into a building
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2.2.2 Circulation
The design focuses on creating intuitive, accessible, and efficient movement systems
that guide users through a building or space. Key considerations include wayfinding,
hierarchy of paths, user experience, and flexibility to adapt to changing needs.
Sustainability focuses on designing a conference centre that will minimize
environmental impact and resource consumption throughout its lifecycle. Key
strategies include optimizing energy efficiency, water conservation, sustainable
material selection, promoting indoor environmental quality, and integrating the
structure with the surrounding site.
Figure 2.2 A circulation diagram
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2.2.3 Sustainability
Sustainability focuses on designing a conference centre that will minimize
environmental impact and resource consumption throughout its lifecycle. Key
strategies include optimizing energy efficiency, water conservation, sustainable
material selection, promoting indoor environmental quality, and integrating the
structure with the surrounding site.
2.2.4 Technology integration
Sustainability focuses on designing a conference centre that will minimize
environmental impact and resource consumption throughout its lifecycle. Key
strategies include optimizing energy efficiency, water conservation, sustainable
material selection, promoting indoor environmental quality, and integrating the
structure with the surrounding site.
Sustainability focuses on designing a conference centre that will minimize
environmental impact and resource consumption throughout its lifecycle. Key
strategies include optimizing energy efficiency, water conservation, sustainable
material selection, promoting indoor environmental quality, and integrating the
structure with the surrounding site.
2.2.5 Acoustics
According to Peter & Pepple, 2020,Convention centers and auditoria need to be given
special attention when it comes to acoustics. In designing a conference centre, acoustic
considerations are mostly given to the design of the halls, auditorium and seminar and
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meeting rooms. But necessary considerations must be given to other parts of the facility
like gallery, lobbies and restaurants.
Peter & Pepple, 2020, further mention that the first set of minimum acoustic
requirement is that the direct sound be loud enough meaning it replicates conversation
sound level. Hall acoustics should be free from echoes and other types of reflections.
Noise from the hall should be fairly quiet.
The main objectives as needed in a conference hall include moderate reverberation
time, high speech intelligibility and high strength value – which are quite different from
the optimal parameters for a concert hall. The acoustician has to combine these
contradictory objectives within one room. (Nagy, Tam´as & Kotschy, 2008)
2.2.6 Lighting
This is divided in two:
2.2.6.1 Natural lighting: This is lighting from the sun. It is an important aspect to
consider when designing a building with lighting in mind. This involves determining
the amount of daylight, the variation in the position of the sun, site orientation, exterior
obstruction, climate, adverse effect of glare and means to cope with it. Window design
(types, sizes and orientation) is the basics of daylighting in any building design.
Daylight when applied skillfully gives the architect the most effective modes of
aesthetic architectural expression.(Peter & Pepple, 2020)
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Figure 2.3. Daylighting
Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/922886148623693063/
2.2.6.2 Artificially lighting: This is widely used today. This is so, according to Peter
& Pepple, 2020 because, although natural lighting allows for some of control in certain
areas, artificial lighting is totally the architect’s doing since it allows for control in the
areas of illumination in a building space.
A well designed conference center should be able to strike a balance between the two
forms of lighting.
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Figure 2.4 A conference hall aided with artificial lighting
Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/616993217727097116/
2.3 Empirical Reviews
Efficient circulation is equally critical in ensuring the smooth movement of people,
goods, and services within the conference Centre. Research by Hsu and Lee (2020)
emphasizes the significance of well-designed circulation paths and flow patterns to
minimize congestion and optimize visitor experience in large-scale public spaces.
International Market Convention Centre, strategically placed entrances, exits, and
circulation routes can help direct foot traffic, manage queues, and provide clear
wayfinding for attendees, thus contributing to a seamless experience within the facility.
One of the main things that makes the conference center successful is circulation. Good
circulation makes it easy for guests to move about the room, preventing crowding and
encouraging a free exchange of ideas. In order to maximize circulation patterns, the
conference center's architects and designers carefully planned the layout, establishing
18
distinct routes and placing doors and windows in key locations to promote effective
movement.
Lopes, Chaminé, and Gonçalves's (2019) research indicates that a conference center's
overall performance and user experience may be greatly improved by strategically
allocating and utilizing available space. Its multipurpose areas must be thoughtfully
planned to host a variety of events, such as trade exhibits, product launches, and cultural
exhibitions. The conference center can enhance its usability and meet the various needs
of the market's stakeholders by including flexible and adaptable spaces.
In addition to improving the entire visitor experience, a well-thought-out circulation
system helps exhibitors display their goods and services efficiently. It makes sure that
participants have plenty of opportunities to engage with merchants, take in
presentations, and partake in networking events by letting them explore the various
areas and stalls. The conference center creates an atmosphere that is favorable for
corporate expansion and cooperation by placing a high priority on
circulation.(Ikechukwu, 2023)
(Singh & Saxena, 2023) used Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, a renowned institution also
known as The Bhavan, as an ideal example of inclusive design in a public setting. The
Bhavan has been designed with a commitment to creating a space that is accessible to
all, irrespective of their physical abilities, age, or other factors. (Singh & Saxena, 2023)
noted the key aspects of inclusive design that was implemented at The Bhavan to be;
Universal Access, Flexible spaces, Clear Signage, safety measures, Lighting and
Acoustics.
1) Universal Access: The Bhavan is designed to ensure that everyone, including persons
with disabilities, can access and navigate the space comfortably. This involves
wheelchair – accessible entrances, ramps, lifts, and accessible restrooms. There's also
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an emphasis on creating spaces that are easy to navigate for those with visual
impairments, such as tactile paving and braille signage.
2) Flexible Spaces: The Bhavan has various spaces like auditoriums, classrooms,
galleries, and libraries. These spaces are designed to be flexible and can be rearranged
to meet different needs. This allows the Bhavan to accommodate various events and
activities, catering to a diverse audience.
3) Clear Signage: Clear and accessible signage is an important aspect of inclusive
design. The Bhavan uses high - contrast, easy - to - read signs, and includes
braille and tactile signs for people with visual impairments.
4) Lighting and Acoustics: The Bhavan pays special attention to lighting and acoustics
to create an inclusive environment. Adequate lighting aids those with visual
impairments, while well - designed acoustics benefit individuals with hearing
impairments.
5) Safety Measures: Safety measures at The Bhavan, such as emergency evacuation
plans, consider the needs of all individuals, including those with disabilities.
By implementing these inclusive design features, The Bhavan ensures that it is a space
open to all, truly reflecting the diversity and inclusivity of Indian society. The Bhavan
serves as a model for how public spaces can and should be
designed with accessibility in mind.(Singh & Saxena, 2023)
(Kocabaş, 2013) examined accessibility standards of public buildings, and he analyzed
public historic buildings to have important role among public buildings of a country,
because they have both local and foreign users. It is important to re-use these buildings.
However, they generally have problematic conditions about accessibility, and for this
20
reason, people cannot access to these buildings. Accordingly, it is required to improve
existing conditions in terms of accessibility.
For the purpose of accessibility, (Kocabaş, 2013.) selected public historic buildings and
analyzed them according to relation between circulation paths within spaces. When
analyzing these buildings, the categorization of spaces as outdoor spaces, indoor spaces,
semi open spaces, and defined open spaces was used. Circulation was revied as
horizontal and vertical. When buildings were analyzed, people with mobility
impairments were selected as users, to increase the rate of accessibility.
As a result of Kocabaş’s observations on the sites, it is understood that there are several
problems about both horizontal and vertical circulation of buildings. Especially, steps
and stairs, ramps, restrooms, doors and passageways have various problems about
accessibility. His research concludes that it will be better to settle regulations about
facilities of buildings both historical and contemporary, in terms of accessibility
standards, to make them accessible for all, and these regulations are also important for
increasing the awareness of society. Moreover, interior designers and interior architects
are expected to design with the awareness of accessibility standards, accordingly these
standards are expected to be a part of related education fields as theoretical.
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Chapter Three
Methodology
3.1. Research Design
Research design is the framework of procedures and strategies that the investigator has
selected to carry out the study. The phrase "research" refers to gathering information,
providing evidence relevant to the research problem, interpreting the data, and drawing
conclusions while taking research procedures into account. By minimizing the
ambiguity as much as feasible, it guarantees the researcher that the evidence gathered
from the investigation efficiently addresses the research problem. Evidence pertinent to
the study problem must be gathered for social science research, particularly evidence
needed to assess an issue, test a theory, or explain a phenomenon. Accurate and
objective research insights should be produced by a well-designed study.(Wisenthige,
2023)
By using research processes and techniques, researchers were able to gather data for
their study through the use of research design. It is possible to identify a wide variety
of research methods, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. Depending on
the study issue that needs to be answered, the researcher must decide which approach
is best. The key factors in determining the best research method for a given study are
the question being addressed and the type of data being collected. While there are many
various kinds of research methodologies, they all aim to produce data that may be
utilized to solve issues, advance knowledge, and draw conclusions. Three categories of
research designs were identified by (Wisenthige, 2023); Quantitative, Qualitative and
Mixed methods research design.
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3.2. Case Study Method
The case study method in architecture is a valuable approach that allows for an in-depth
analysis of specific projects, fostering a deep understanding of architectural concepts
and design principles. This method is particularly beneficial in fields like construction
culture, where the complexity of the subject matter requires detailed guidelines for
implementation and reporting of findings. Additionally, the case study method has been
a longstanding teaching tool in economics and management, demonstrating its
versatility across disciplines. By utilizing case studies, researchers can explore unique
architectural projects, analyze cultural influences on design, and develop a
comprehensive understanding of the processes involved in creating architectural
masterpieces. The case study method not only aids in academic research but also
provides practical insights for industries like tourism and enterprise architecture, where
complex systems and strategic alignment are crucial for success.
3.2.1. Case studies selection criteria
The case studies for this research is selected based on:
1. Functionality
2. Site location, planning and landscaping
3. Spatial organization of buildings
4. Form and material types.
5. Architectural style and size
6. Aesthetics
These selection criteria ensure a comprehensive exploration of functional and spatial
considerations, encompassing diverse design approaches, user demographics, and
regional influences.
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3.3. Case Studies Analysis
For the purpose of this research, four (5) case studies are carried out; two existing
Conference Centre’s in Nigeria and two foreign conference Centre’s. The case studies
carried out are to serve as existing example or as a guide towards achieving a realistic
design and also to learn through their analysis, the merits and demerits of their design
so that the proposed design can inculcate some of these merits and then improve on the
demerits especially in attaining a unique designed form that will provide comfort and
easy accessibility to the user.
The case studies are however carried out on the following conference centers:
1. OAU Conference centre, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile - Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
2. International Conference centre, University of Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria.
3. IFF convention centre, Guangzhou, China
4. Dakar’s International Conference Centre, Senegal.
3.2 Case Study 1: Obafemi Awolowo University Conference Centre
3.1.1 Description of the building
It is location inside Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile - Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
The Facilities provided include; Reception, Waiting room, Account room, Board room,
Credit control room, Sound control room, Account section, Seminar room 1, Seminar
room 2, Seminar room 3, Seminar room 4, Seminar room 5, Conference hall , Changing
room, Sound room, Café, Offices, Restaurant + room service, Bar, Cloak room, Chef’s
office, Store, Janitor’s closet, Garden bar, Purchaser’s office, Laundry room, Linen
room, Driver’s office, Power house, Generator house, Executive suites, Luxury suites,
Mini suites, Royal suites, Deluxe chalets.
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3.1.2 Site Planning and Landscape
The Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) Conference Centre stands as an example of
how heritage, sustainability, and architectural excellence can be seamlessly woven
together to create a truly remarkable and captivating space. Situated in the heart of the
university's lush and verdant campus, this structure has become a beloved landmark,
hosting series of seminars, conference, and exhibitions.
The conference Centre’s exterior immediately captivates the eye, with its elegant and
harmonious blend of traditional elements and modern sensibilities. As one approaches
the conference Centre, the surrounding landscape comes into focus, revealing a verdant
oasis that envelops the building. Towering trees, their branches laden with vibrant
foliage, cast gentle shadows over the winding pathways and verdant lawns, creating a
serene and inviting atmosphere that seamlessly integrates the built environment with
the natural world.
Fig 3.1:Site plan
Source: Google earth
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3.1.3 Building envelop and material types
The conference Centre’s exterior immediately captivates the eye, with its elegant and
harmonious blend of traditional elements and modern sensibilities. The building's
striking silhouette, characterized by its gently sloping roofs and clean, geometric lines,
pays homage to the rich architectural heritage of the region, while the use of locally
sourced materials, such as the warm, earthy tones of the stones, firmly root the structure
in its geographic and cultural context. Stone mosaics and Lazer cut aluminum boards
were used as well. The cultural integration commitment is further beautifully
manifested through the strategic incorporation of traditional murals and paintings as
decorative elements throughout the building, creating a seamless blend of modernity
and timeless cultural expression.
Plate 3.1: Showing approach view
Source: Author’s Field work
26
Plate 3.2: Showing exterior work
Source: Author’s field work
Plate 3.3: Showing exterior
Source: Author’s field work
27
3.1.4 Building and forms
The conference Centre’s commitment to sustainability is evident in every aspect of its
design. The strategic placement of the building, oriented to take advantage of the
prevailing winds and natural light, minimizes the need for artificial cooling and lighting,
reducing the structure's environmental footprint and promoting energy efficiency. The
use of passive design strategies, such as the incorporation of wide corridors and open
courtyards, further enhances the building's ability to harness natural ventilation and
moderate internal temperatures, creating a comfortable and thermally efficient space
for occupants.
The interior of the conference Centre is a masterclass in architectural brilliance, with
each element carefully crafted to enhance the overall experience of the space. The wide,
airy corridors and expansive courtyards serve as the building's circulatory system,
guiding visitors through the various function rooms and amenities with a sense of ease
and fluidity. The strategic placement of large windows bathes the interiors in a warm,
natural glow, creating a bright and inviting atmosphere.
One of the standout features of the conference Centre is its impressive array of function
spaces, each designed to cater to the diverse needs of its users. The main hall, with its
tiered seating and state-of-the-art audio-visual equipment, is a hub for conferences,
lectures, and cultural events.
The conference hall has a distinct jaggered concrete wall, jaggered wooden ceiling and
sound absorbing flooring. These work together to create a conference hall that is not
only visually striking and culturally resonant but also highly functional and optimized
for acoustic performance. This holistic design approach celebrates the region's
architectural heritage while meeting the practical needs of a modern conference facility,
providing an exceptional experience for attendees.
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Beyond the main hall, the conference Centre boasts a series of smaller meeting rooms,
each meticulously designed to foster collaboration, discussion, and intimate exchanges.
These spaces offer an ideal environment for workshops, seminars, and private meetings,
catering to the varied needs of the academic and professional communities that frequent
the facility.
The attention to detail and the commitment to user experience are evident throughout
the conference Centre’s design. The carefully curated selection of furniture and
furnishings, from the ergonomic seating in the auditorium to the sleek and modern
workstations in the meeting rooms, reflects a deep understanding of the needs and
preferences of the building's occupants. The strategic placement of amenities, such as
the well-equipped catering facilities and the accessible restrooms, further enhances the
overall user experience, ensuring that every aspect of the conference Centre is tailored
to the comfort and convenience of its visitors.
Beyond its functional and aesthetic qualities, the Obafemi Awolowo University
Conference Centre also holds immense historical significance, serving as a testament
to the university's rich heritage and the enduring legacy of its founding fathers. The
building's design pays homage to the architectural styles and traditions that have shaped
the region, seamlessly blending the past and the present to create a truly timeless
structure that resonates with both local and global audiences.
The conference centre at Obafemi Awolowo University is great example of an heritage
site, surrounded by trees and flowers promoting sustainability. the design of the
building prioritizes light and ventilation, with the open courtyards and wide corridors
serving as the medium while adding an aesthetic touch.
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Plate 3.4: Showing courtyard
Source: Author’s field work
Plate 3.5: Showing mosaics
Source: Author’s field work
30
Plate 3.6: Showing interior (a board room)
Source: Author’s Field work
Plate 3.7: Showing interior(Main hall)
Source: Author’s field work
31
Fig 3.2: Ground floor plan
Source: Author’s Field work
32
3.1.5 Appraisal of the building
A. Merits
1. The building was designed to follow the topography of the site,preserving landscape
and integrating within it as much as possible without physical or visual destruction.
2. Fire Safety was Considered as Fire Suppression And Alarm Systems Were
Strategically Placed Throughout The Building.
3. Cultural integration as traditional mosaics and paintings were used throughout the
building.
4. Varying Scales Of Courtyard Within The Building, Allowing Fluidity Between The
Interior And Exterior Spaces
B. Demerits
1. Leakage Due to Concrete Roofing
3.3 Case Study 2: International Conference Centre, University Of Ibadan
3.3.1 Description of the building
It is located in the University Of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo state. Facilities provided include;
Reception, Account room, Offices, Mr Gamaliel Onosode hall (500 sitting capacity),
Prof. Oritsejolomi hall (5000 sitting capacity), Dr. Segun Aganga hall (300 sitting
capacity), Dr M. O Omolayole hall (600 sitting capacity), Olola F.O Ogunlana hall (600
sitting capacity), Control room, Changing room, Gallery, Board room, Janitor’s space,
Outdoor suya spot, Outdoor bar, Outdoor kitchenette.
3.3.2 Site Planning and Landscape
The conference Centre site showcases a blend of "hard" and "soft" landscape elements.
The site features prominent rocky outcroppings and stone formations, characteristic of
33
the local geology found in the Ibadan region. These hard landscape features add visual
interest and a sense of natural, rugged beauty to the overall environment.
Complementing the hard landscape, the grounds are adorned with expansive green
areas, lush with a variety of trees, shrubs, and other vegetation. This soft landscape
softens the built environment, creating a serene and visually appealing setting for the
conference Centre. The abundance of greenery not only enhances the aesthetic appeal
but also contributes to the site's environmental sustainability, promoting a harmonious
coexistence between the facility and the local ecosystem.
To accommodate the high volume of visitors and guests attending events, the site
includes a sizeable car park capable of housing approximately 700 vehicles. The design
and layout of this extensive parking space have been carefully considered. This level of
car parking capacity ensures the International Conference Centre is easily accessible
and can cater to the needs of a large number of attendees, facilitating the smooth
operation of conferences, seminars, and other events hosted at the facility.
Outdoor auxiliary facilities; bar, suya spot and Kitchenette are spotted on the site to
support the functions of the conference Centre.
34
Fig 3.3 Showing site plan
Source: Google earth
Plate 3.8: Showing landscape
Source: Author’s field
35
3.3.3 Building Envelop and Material Types
The main walls of the building are constructed using sand-crete blocks, a versatile and
cost-effective composite material made by mixing sand, cement, and water. This choice
of walling material allows for flexible spatial planning and efficient interior layouts
within the conference centre.
Complementing the solid sand-crete walls, the building envelope incorporates
expansive glass elements, such as large windows and doors. The generous use of glass
enables an abundance of natural light to permeate the interior spaces, creating a sense
of openness and visual connectivity between the indoors and the surrounding
environment.
Other material used includes; Wood, Steel, Stone, Aluminium, Vitrified floor tiles,
Ceiling board
Figure 3. 4: Approach view
Source: Google map photos
36
Plate 3.9 : Exterior view
Source: Author’s Field work
Plate 3.10: Exterior buttress view
Source: Author’s Field work
37
3.3.4 Building and Form
The quadrilateral-shaped form provides an efficient and visually appealing layout.
Concrete buttresses, strategically positioned along the sides of the building, lend
strength and stability to the overall construction. These robust concrete supports help
to reinforce the structure, ensuring the conference Centre can safely accommodate large
gatherings and events.
The conference centre has 5 halls of different configuration and sizes which serve as a
hub for seminars, conferences and other events.
The main halls can accommodate between 3000 and 7000 guests depending on the
seating configuration.
Plate 3.11: Showing interior ( Prof. Oritsejolomi hall)
Source: Author’s field Work
38
Plate 3.12: Showing hallways
Source: Author’s field work
Fig 3.5: Showing Interior ( Conference room)
Source: Google map photos
39
Fig 3.6: Showing ground floor plan sketch
Source: Google map photos
40
Building Appraisal
A. Merits
1. Adequate parking facility
2. Flexible spaces
B. Demerits
1. No inclusivity: Absence of vertical circulation for the physically challenged.
3.4 Case Study 3: Iff Convention Centre
3.4.1 Description of the Building
It is Located in Guangzhou, China with an area of 257,197 M²
Facilities Provided include; Meeting hall, Banquet hall, Council hall, Multi-function
hall and 40 flexible conference rooms.
3.4.2 Site Planning and Landscaping
The Conference Centre is situated in a landscaped park. The park is filled with trees
and shrubs, and there are a few smaller buildings scattered throughout. A large river
runs in the background, and the city skyline is visible in the distance.
The site planning and landscaping of this project are designed to create a harmonious
and welcoming environment for visitors. The curved roof of the building echoes the
shape of the surrounding landscape, while the plaza and walkways provide a clear and
inviting path to the building's entrance. The trees and shrubs provide shade and privacy,
while the river and city skyline offer a sense of place and context.
The landscaping is designed to be sustainable, using native plants and drought-tolerant
species. The park is also designed to be accessible to people with disabilities, with
ramps and pathways that are easy to navigate.
41
3.4.3 Building Envelope and Material Types
The design of the building incorporates the grand architectural essence of traditional
Chinese structures. It blends it with the organic motif of the kapok to create a
contemporary architectural language that rejuvenates traditional forms. The main
entrance is located at the center and serves as the focal point, with building wings
extending horizontally like blossoming flowers on the sea or the outspread feathers of
a roc. The undulating roof adds to the overall atmosphere of magnificence and
solemnity. The structure also incorporates traditional Chinese architectural elements
such as flying cornices and bucket arches in an abstract manner while preserving the
proportion and beauty of Chinese architecture in a modern interpretation.
The IFF Convention Center features a four-story glass curtain wall that is seamlessly
integrated with the daylighting ceiling. This transparent design allows for scenic views
to be framed within the building, creating a strong visual connection between the
interior and the surrounding environment, including the sky, earth, city, and sea.
Fig 3.7: Showing Picture of the roof
Source: https://www.arch2o.com/iff-convention-center/arch2o-iff-convention-center-
biad-aaupc-tjad-22/
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Fig 3.8: Showing picture of the building exterior
Source: https://www.arch2o.com/iff-convention-center/arch2o-iff-convention-center-
biad-aaupc-tjad-29/
3.4.4 Building and Forms
The IFF Convention Center is inspired by traditional Lingnan architecture and
incorporates raised, semi-outdoor spaces on both sides that are reminiscent of local
Lingnan arcades. This maintains a connection with the regional context while adapting
to the local climate. The convention center also employs the traditional Lingnan
architectural layout, integrating “Cooling Allies” within the internal space. The ship-
shaped halls between the structures allow fresh air and sunlight through skylights while
the curtain beneath the glass roof, constructed from PTFE, delicately filters and softens
sunlight.
43
Fig 3.9: Showing interior (a conference room)
Source: https://www.archdaily.com/1011224/iff-convention-center-tjad
Fig 3.10: Showing exterior
Source: https://www.archdaily.com/1011224/iff-convention-center-tjad
44
Fig 3.11: Showing interior
Source: Archdaily
Fig 3.12: Showing interior
Source: Archdaily
45
Fig 3.13: Ground floor plan
Source: Archdaily
46
Fig 3.14: First floor plan
Source: Archdaily
47
Fig 3.15: Second floor plan
Source: Archdaily
48
Fig 3.16: Showing front view
Source: Archdaily
Fig 3.17: Showing section
Source: Archdaily
49
3.4.5 Appraisal of the building
A. Merits
1. multiple advanced technologies and materials were utilized in the project
throughout the design and construction process.
2. flexible spaces
3. skylight, glass curtain wall and daylighting ceiling connects the visitors in the
building to the sky, earth, city and the sea.
B. Demerits
1. Solely dependent on mechanical aids for lighting and ventilation.
2. The open and transparent design approach, while promoting an inviting
atmosphere, may compromise privacy in certain areas, potentially affecting the
comfort and confidentiality of staff members.
3.5 Case Study 4: Dakar’s International Conference Centre
3.5.1 Description of the Building
The building is located in Dakar, Senegal with area of 77,446 sqm
The Facilities Provided includes; Conference hall, Meeting facilities, Restaurant, VIP
units and Museum
3.5.2 Site Planning and Landscaping
Positioned atop a water mirror, the whole structure seems to float in the landscape.
The Center which is located in the capital city of Senegal, sits on 77,446 sq m of land,
occupying about 16, 270 sq m.
50
The design is inspired by typical geography and the nature of the region, most notable
of which is the distinctive Baobab Trees of Senegal, which are famous for the
extraordinarily massive girths and supremely long-life span (up to a thousand years).
Fig 3.18: Showing site plan
Source: Google earth
3.5.3 Building Envelop and Material Types
The rectangular blocks are nested in a semi- transparent metal envelops as a shield
protecting from strong lights and create an implication of security, protecting the
interiors from sharp sun beams yet benefiting the daylight at optimum. Mesh
application flows around the building, protects the inner glass walls to reduce the heat
in order to improve building’s energy efficiency.
The twisted blades forming the texture of the mesh screen behaves like sun-break and
grants a shady interior without hindering the accent of transparency. The building with
its elegant veil visually merges to the surrounding water and creates eternal reflections
over the water. Through the placement of panels in variation sat different levels and
51
angles, the façade is perceived as an assortment of playful geometries glittering with
day light, echoing the colors and tones of the sky.
The three-dimensional effect of the mesh curtain grants the building a feeling of floating
expression over the surrounding reflection pool which becomes a dramatic illustration
with the sea breeze gliding through the facades. At night, when interiors are illuminated,
the oozing beams through incise patterns become even more playful on the water.
The roof’s upper section is intricately designed with perforated patterns that mimics
woven-like material, whose weight is effectively supported by massive columns which
altogether adds to its aesthetic appeal, giving the structure an iconic prominence.
Fig 3.19: Showing exterior
Source: Archdaily
52
Fig 3.20 Showing exterior
Source: Archdaily
3.5.4 Building and Form
Entering the complex is made possible at all sides, one being the service entrance on
the north. Presidential entrance directs to the main conference hall, a rectangular space
at the first floor. The auditorium where 1500 delegates can gather, presidents’ seats face
the audience as a long head table. The hall is situated amid the structure and accessed
through the main lobby. The public entrances are given through the public restaurant
and before the open-air fair zone, adjacent to the press & administration building, both
units on the west-side of the complex.
All interiors grant a feeling of spaciousness, and create a wide circulation zone.
The balance of light and shadow, transparency of a communal space and confidentiality
of affairs of state is carefully practiced in the physical existence of the project.
An understanding of contemporary architecture is proposed for the building which is
supported by all means of technological infrastructure, the acoustic concerns are
53
supported by architecture, as well as the quality of technical equipment. High
technology and high security systems will be applied in the building.
Align with its function as a meeting place for the presidents, the building is strong and
symbolizes to be modern; it is simple but functional and finds its expression in elegance.
The genuine construction gains gestures of its own and uses the language of
contemporary architecture.
The main auditorium, named after the late Senegalese president Leopold Sedar Senghor,
can seat up to 1,300 people and is equipped with the latest audiovisual equipment. The
Centre also has smaller conference rooms that can accommodate between 150 and 500
people each. Additionally, there is an exhibition hall that covers an area of 2,000 square
meters and can be used for various events
Fig 3.21: Showing interior (the auditorium)
Source: Archdaily
54
Fig 3.22: Showing corridor
Source: Archdaily
Fig 3.23: Showing board room
Source: Archdaily
55
Fig 3.24: Showing floor plan
Source: Archdaily
56
Fig 3.25: Showing Section
Source: Archdaily
3.5.5 Appraisal of the Building
A. Merits
1. Unique and Inspiring Design
2. Sustainable Design
3. Harmonious Integration with Landscape
4. Functional and Flexible Space
5. High-Tech and Secure
6. Elegant and Modern
57
B. Demerit
1. Potential for Overheating
2. Limited natural ventilation
3.6 Case Study Synthesis
3.6.1 Common Spaces and Facilities
Common spaces and facilities include:
1. Reception
2. Conference Hall
3. Restaurant/Kitchenette
4. Meeting Rooms
3.6.2 Special Spaces and Facilities;
1. VIP units – CASE STUDY 4
2. Museum – CASE STUDY 4
3. Council Hall – CASE STUDY 3
4. Outdoor Kitchenette- CASE STUDY 2
5. Outdoor Bar- CASE STUDY 2
6. Outdoor Suya Spot – CASE STUDY 2
7. Accommodation – CASE STUDY 1
8. Linen Room – CASE STUDY 1
3.6.3 Deduction from Case Study
3.6.3.1 Case Study 1: Obafemi Awolowo Conference Centre
1. Designed to follow the topography of the site, preserving landscape.
2. Cultural integration.
58
3. Adequate Courtyards
4. Heritage Preservation
5. Sustainable Design
6. Functional and Flexible Spaces
7. User-Centric Design
8. Fluid Interior-Exterior Connection
9. Potential for Leakage
3.6.3.2 Case Study 2: International Conference Centre, University of Ibadan
1. Blending Hard and Soft Landscape
2. Abundance of greenery
3. Versatile Materials
4. Natural Light and Openness
5. Structural Strength and Stability
6. Variety of Materials
7. Multiple Halls
8. Large Capacity
3.6.3.3 Case Study 3: Iff Convention Centre
1. Harmonious Integration with Surroundings
2. Sustainable Design
3. Accessibility
4. Blending Tradition and Modernity
5. Emphasis on Natural Light and Views
6. Regional Context and Climate Adaptation
7. Advanced Technologies and Materials
59
8. Flexible spaces
9. The open and transparent design may compromise privacy in certain areas,
potentially affecting the comfort and confidentiality of staff members.
3.6.3.4 Chapter 4: Dakar’s International Conference Centre
1. Unique cultural element
2. Playful Geometry and Light
3. Woven-Like Roof
4. Multiple Entrances and Circulation.
5. Spacious Interiors and Circulation Zones
6. Balance of Transparency and Confidentiality
7. High Technology and Security
8. Diverse Function Spaces
9. Elegant and modern aesthetic.
10. Potential for overheating due to the extensive glass surfaces and the lack of
natural ventilation.
60
Chapter Four
Site Analysis and Design Synthesis
4.1. Study Area
This section discusses the preliminary design proposal and the design decisions taken
to arrive at the proposed International Conference Centre design. The solution for the
proposed design is based on the space requirements, case studies, site location
characteristics and the application of efficient access and circulation elements in
Architecture to ensure user wellness and sustainability.
4.1.1. Site Location
The site is located in the Enterprise Area within Lead City University, Toll Gate, Ibadan,
Oyo State.
In terms of the surrounding area, notable geographical and contextual features
contribute to the site location. On the left side of the proposed site is Cresta Restaurant.
Adjacent to the conference hall is Jackson Hall, a female hostel.
Fig 4.0: Showing site location map
Source: Google earth
61
4.1.2. Site Selection Criteria
Fig 4.1: Showing site analysis
Source: Author’s Preliminaries
A number of thoroughly studied factors were used in the conference center's site
selection process to make sure the choice was appropriate. The following elements were
crucial in the choice-making process:
1. Proximity to Other Facilities: An important criterion was the site's proximity to
other relevant facilities within the university campus. The conference Centre’s location
near the Faculty of Environmental Design, Faculty of Art, Faculty Of Engineering and
College of Medicine provides opportunities for collaboration, knowledge exchange,
and networking between staff members from different academic disciplines. The close
physical proximity fosters convenience and enhances the conference Centre’s potential
62
to serve as a hub for seminars, meetings social interactions and interdisciplinary
engagement.
2. Size and Capacity:
The site is large enough to accommodate the expected number of attendees, as well as
provide sufficient space for the main conference hall, breakout rooms, exhibition areas,
and other necessary facilities. The site also allows for future expansion or
reconfiguration to accommodate larger events or changes in the conference center's
requirements over time.
4.2. Project Analysis and Design Synthesis
4.2.1 Brief Analysis
A conference center is a special kind of venue intended to accommodate various
conferences, events, and meetings. For a university, a well-planned and well-placed
conference center may be a game-changer, promoting research, elevating the school's
profile, encouraging community involvement, and helping to ensure its long-term
financial viability. Lead City University (LCU) is looking for a new International
Conference Center design that will act as a focal point for international academic
exchange and a noticeable landmark on campus. International conferences, symposia,
seminars, workshops, and other events will be held at the facility to promote
cooperation, knowledge exchange, and creativity among academics, researchers,
business experts, and students from all over the world.
4.2.2. Brief Development
During the development of the project brief for the conference Centre, modifications
and refinements were made to ensure that the design satisfies all the required facilities
and incorporates additional necessary features. As the design process progressed, the
63
functional and spatial considerations evolved and were further defined, taking into
account the desired amenities and the specific design features mentioned.
One significant modification I made was introducing Fluid Architecture into the design;
this facilitates free flow in the building, enhancing access and circulation within the
space. This was achieved by curvilinear floor plan and landscaping.
Based on the brief, literature review and case studies carried out, the conference Centre
will provide a range of amenities including the following facilities:
1. Reception
2. Registration
3. Retail store
4. Resource library
5. Exhibition booth
6. Office
7. Conference hall
8. Auditorium
9. Banquet hall
10. Restaurant
11. Conveniences
12. Training Workshop
13. Breakout rooms
14. Conference room
15. Lecture room
16. Gold Suite
17. Silver Suite
18. Bronze suite
64
19. Housekeeping Laundry
20. Check in & Bar
4.2.3. Design Criteria
Fig 4.2: Design Consideration
Source: Author’s preliminary
65
Fig 4.3: Design Consideration
Source: Author’s preliminary
The design of the conference Centre was guided by a set of particular design guidelines
that took into account a number of factors in order to guarantee a thorough approach.
The essential design criteria are outlined in the following overview:
4.2.3.1 Access
Designing the conference center to be welcoming, navigable, and inclusive for all users
is a critical priority. The primary access points, such as the main entrances, must be
strategically placed and clearly marked to intuitively guide visitors upon arrival. These
entry points should be accessible via multiple modes of transportation, whether by car,
public transit, bicycle, or on foot, ensuring the venue is easily reached by all.
Circulation routes throughout the building must allow for smooth, intuitive wayfinding.
Hallways, lobbies, and other pathways should be wide enough to accommodate persons
using mobility aids like wheelchairs or walkers. Elevators, in addition to stairs, should
66
be available to facilitate vertical access between floors. Tactile paving and Braille
signage can further assist visitors who are visually impaired. Ramps, in addition to
stairs, provide an accessible route for wheelchair users and others who may have
difficulty with steps.
Clear, comprehensive signage is essential for navigating the conference center.
Directional markers, room identifiers, and other wayfinding cues should be prominently
displayed and designed for maximum legibility. This ensures all visitors, regardless of
their physical, cognitive, or sensory capacities, can easily find their way to their desired
destinations.
4.2.3.2 Circulation
The design focuses on creating intuitive, accessible, and efficient movement systems
that guide users through a building or space. Key considerations include wayfinding,
hierarchy of paths, user experience, and flexibility to adapt to changing needs.
Sustainability focuses on designing a conference Centre that will minimize
environmental impact and resource consumption throughout its lifecycle. Key
strategies include optimizing energy efficiency, water conservation, sustainable
material selection, promoting indoor environmental quality, and integrating the
structure with the surrounding site.
4.2.3.3 Sustainability
Sustainability focuses on designing a Conference Centre that will minimize
environmental impact and resource consumption throughout its lifecycle. Key
strategies include optimizing energy efficiency, water conservation, sustainable
67
material selection, promoting indoor environmental quality, and integrating the
structure with the surrounding site.
4.2.3.4 Technology integration
Sustainability focuses on designing a Conference Centre that will minimize
environmental impact and resource consumption throughout its lifecycle. Key
strategies include optimizing energy efficiency, water conservation, sustainable
material selection, promoting indoor environmental quality, and integrating the
structure with the surrounding site.
Sustainability focuses on designing a conference Centre that will minimize
environmental impact and resource consumption throughout its lifecycle. Key
strategies include optimizing energy efficiency, water conservation, sustainable
material selection, promoting indoor environmental quality, and integrating the
structure with the surrounding site.
4.2.3.5 Fire safety
A Conference Centre is a public space so fire safety measures must be enforced. Fire
protective systems (alarms) and fire suppressive systems (extinguishers, sprinklers, etc.)
must be strategically implemented.
4.2.3.6 Acoustics
Acoustics consideration in a Conference Centre focuses on controlling sound through
isolation, room design, noise mitigation, and speech intelligibility to create comfortable,
functional spaces.
68
4.2.3.7 Lighting
A modern conference center should strategically incorporate natural and artificial
lighting solutions to create a dynamic, functional, and visually engaging environment.
Skylights, expansive curtain walls, and generously sized windows harness daylight to
reduce energy consumption and foster a sense of openness. Custom-made, energy-
efficient light fixtures and bulbs complement the natural lighting, allowing for tailored
illumination that highlights presentation areas, establishes ambient lighting, and
supports task-oriented activities. This holistic approach to lighting design enhances the
overall user experience, sustainability, and adaptability of the conference center.
4.2.4. Conceptual Development
The concept in architecture refers to the fundamental guiding principle that shapes the
design. In the design of the proposed Conference Centre, the aim was to create a
seamless, continuous and dynamic movement of space, form and function within the
facility.
"Fluid architecture is like jazz, in which you can improvise and create something new,"
said architect Frank Gehry. "Liquid architecture" and "liquid fractals" are terms used to
describe the fluid architectural thinking of architectural design. The name was mainly
influenced by the flowing shapes and delicate composition of living things, such fish
and snakes, as well as their numerous, ambiguous curves.
Fluidity as a concept in architecture refers to seamlessness where there is a movement
within the space without any obstruction. It gives a feeling of being in motion while
being in a solid, closed matter.
Key Aspects of incorporating fluidity includes:
69
1. Spatial Organization: Open floor plans, minimal partitions, and seamless transitions
between indoor and outdoor spaces to establish a continuous flow.
2. Form and Massing: Incorporation of organic, curvilinear, and sinuous architectural
forms to convey a sense of movement and dynamism and use of materials that evoke
continuity, such as glass and polished concrete.
3. Circulation and Movement: Sinuous staircases, meandering walkways, and smooth
transitions between levels to guide the movement of occupants.
4. Sensory Experience: Strategic use of natural lighting, views, and material textures
to create a fluid, immersive sensory experience. Also, the Integration of water
features or greenery to foster a connection with the environment.
Fig 4.4: A butterfly dragon koi fish in its fluid element
Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/492649950798765/
70
Fig 4.5: Showing a fluid sketch
Source: pinterest
Fig 4.6 : Heydar Aliyev Cultural centre by Zaha Hadid
Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/15340454973245878/
71
4.2.5. Functional Relationship
Table 1: Functional Relationship
Source: Author’s preliminary
72
4.2.6. Space Allocation / Schedule of Accommodation
Table 2: showing space Allocation
Source: Author’s preliminaries
4.2.7. Construction Methods and Materials
All structural works and configurations will be handled by a certified structural
engineer registered by COREN who also has a good experience in handling curvilinear
designs. Several analyses will also be required to determine the soil safe bearing
capacity, effect of wind load among others on the facility. The buildings will be made
up of sandcrete blocks, glass and PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) for the roof. The use
of each interior space shall also determine the choice of finishes.
4.2.7.1 Pre-Construction Operations
The Pre-construction operations are evaluation of health and safety aspects of the
project, provision of on-site documentation, provision of facility access and security. A
preconstruction conference should be organized to allow all the parties involved to get
73
clear understanding of the procedures involved in contractor submittals, sampling and
testing, construction surveys, inspections by outside agencies, payment requests, claims
and disputes, unforeseen job conditions and change order requests.
4.2.8. Building Services
4.2.8.1 Water Supply
To ensure a steady water supply for guests, water mains will be connected to dedicated
reservoirs. Additionally, boreholes and electric pumps will be installed to ensure
uninterrupted water supply to the building. To facilitate distribution, storage cisterns
will be strategically placed throughout the premises.
4.2.8.2 Electrical Systems
The building will be served by the Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company's
(I.B.E.D.C.) existing lines in the area. On-site, a distribution network will be provided
to supply power to each floor and area. In case of power outages, solar panels installed
in a solar farm will generate electricity to meet power requirements.
4.2.8.3 Fire Protection
The goal of fire protection is to avoid the ignition and spreading of flames, control the
spread of smoke, and ensure the safe evacuation or rescue of individuals. To effectively
extinguish fires in the event of an outbreak, both active and passive measures will be
implemented.
Active measures will involve the installation of heat-activated sprinklers. Additionally,
crucial fire safety precautions include marked exits, smoke and heat detectors, smoke
and fire alarms, water spray extinguishers, and CO2 extinguishers.
74
4.2.8.4 Drainage
In the conference centre, underground drainage pipes made of reinforced concrete will
be installed. These pipes have been specifically designed to conform to the site's
configuration and will ultimately discharge into outer channels.
4.2.8.5 Materials
1 Curved glass: Thermally bent or laminated glass for facades and windows.
2. Metal framing: Steel or aluminum frames with curved profiles.
3. Concrete: Poured or precast concrete for curved walls, roofs, and structures.
4. Wood: Bent or laminated wood for curved beams and arches.
5. Masonry: Curved brick, block, or stone walls.
6. Fabric: Tensile structures with curved surfaces, i.e. PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene)
membrane roofs.
75
Chapter Five
Conclusion
5.1 Appraisals
The thesis focuses on the designing a conference centre that excels in creating an
inclusive and welcoming environment, ensuring equal access for all users. The
thoughtful incorporation of curvilinear form, ramps, wide corridors, and accessible
elevators guarantees seamless navigation for individuals with diverse abilities. Clear
signage and visual cues further facilitate wayfinding, making it easy for visitors to move
through the facility with confidence.
The design also showcases exceptional spatial efficiency, with flexible breakout rooms
and a well-designed lobby that optimize space usage. This thoughtful planning enables
the centre to accommodate various events and configurations without compromising
functionality.
Sustainability is another key aspect of the design, with an emphasis on natural light and
ventilation that significantly reduces energy consumption. This eco-friendly approach
not only minimizes the centre's carbon footprint but also creates a healthier and more
comfortable environment for users.
5.2 Conclusion
The proposed thesis on " Access and Circulation in International Conference Centres"
is a highly relevant and essential research topic. Conference centres are complex public
facilities that require carefully designed circulation and access systems to ensure the
smooth and efficient movement of attendees, speakers, students, staff, and other users.
The thesis aims to deeply examine the various factors influencing access and circulation
within conference centres, such as spatial layout, wayfinding, entry/exit points, vertical
76
transportation, accommodations for people with disabilities, separation of user groups,
management of peak loads and bottlenecks, and integration of supporting technologies.
The comprehensive research methodology, combining literature review, observational
case studies, and design, demonstrates a strong grasp of the complexities involved. The
findings from this work will not only benefit the planning and design of conference
centres but can also be extended to other large-scale public facilities, such as exhibition
halls, convention centers, transport hubs, and even shopping malls.
The Conference Centre design also sets a new standard for conference centres by
prioritizing access, circulation, and user experience. By incorporating innovative design
elements and emphasizing sustainability, this facility creates a truly exceptional
environment that accommodates diverse needs and fosters a sense of community.
5.3 Recommendation
The following recommendation are proposed to stakeholder and designers:
1. Conduct a Comprehensive Spatial Analysis to examine the layout and
configuration to identify opportunities for improving access and Circulation in
Conference centres.
2. Strategically locating entry and exit points to distribute flow of attendees,
speakers and staff in a conference centre.
3. Integrate smart technologies to monitor and optimize vertical transportation in
real-time.
4. Ensure that the conference centre's circulation and access systems are fully
inclusive and accessible for people with disabilities and collaborate with
accessibility experts to identify and address any barriers to inclusive access.
77
5. Regularly review and update the conference centre's access and circulation
strategies based on user feedback and evolving industry trends.
78
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CIRCULATION.
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Daylighting
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Kocabaş, Ş. (n.d.). Evaluation of Circulation Paths in Public Buildings in terms of
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A conference hall aided with artificial lighting
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A circulation diagram
Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/476889048056046020/
Access into a building
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Appendix
Presentation Drawings
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83
84
85
86
87
88
89
Perspectives
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Working Drawings
91
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93
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96
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100
101
Details
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