Introduction

o e

E x e r c i s e s f o r D a y | . Read the entire chapter. You may read it fairly quickly on this first
Ing. Don?,
expect to understand everything you read. Try only to get a general idea of what the chapter is about,
the beginning sections of the introduction: ?The History of Logic? and ?The T w o Main Branches ofL ogie. "ead
these sections carefully and try to fully understand them. Reag

1. Based on w h a t you have read i n this chapter, w h a t is t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f ?logic??

2. W h o w a s c a l l e d t h e ? f a t h e r o f logic??. e e

8. W h o laid the g r o u n d w o r k for m o d e r n symbolic logic?

4. G i v e t h e n a m e o f one p h i l o s o p h e r w h o m a d e a d v a n c e s i n s y m b o l i c l o g i c . 2 2

5. Who pioneered t h e theories about induction t h a t we study today? ~

6. Give the names o f three people whose names are associated w i t h modern kinds of mathematica]logiec,
°
R e

3.
7. G i v e t h e n a m e s o f t h e two m a i n b r a n c h e s o f logic.

1.

~ 2 a

E x p l a i n t h e f i r s t o f t h e m a i n b r a n c h e s o f l o g i c ( i n Q u e s t i o n 7 ) , a n d d e s c r i b e i t i n y o u r o w n words,

SS - ee ? ? ? _ _ _ aw

e e e
\ 9. ) E x p l a i n t h e second o f t h e m a i n b r a n c h e s o f logic ( i n Q u e s t i o n 7), a n d d e s c r i b e i t i n y o u r own words.
~~ °

g t e e t e : ve ? Z
? ° ? . - - ow l e a n 7 a

? , ceo ? _ ?

?_? ft
C e r e s

10. I n d i c a t e w h e t h e r t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s a r e t r u e o r false:

_ . . ~ a. T h e p u r p o s e o f f o r m a l logic is t o d i s c o v e r t r u t h .

i 'b. I t is n e c e s s a r y to h a v e logic i n o r d e r t o d i s c o v e r t r u t h . ? r

. ¢. L o g i c leads us f r o m o n e t r u t h t o a n o t h e r .

~<
d . A s t a t e m e n t can be t r u e o r f a l s e .

e. A s t a t e m e n t c a n b e v a l i d o r i n v a l i d .

t _f. A n a r g u m e n t can be t r u e o rf a l s e .

4 Introduction
 ' . g. A n argument can be valid or invalid.

4 _ h . T r u t h is o n l y o f s e c o n d a r y c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n f o r m a l logic.

E x e r c i s e s f o r D a y 2 . Read ?Truth, Validity, and Soundness? and ?The Components of an Argument.? Read
them carefully.

11. O n t h e basis o f today?s r e a d i n g , d e f i n e ?truth.? r e . .

)
Sa ae
ae . -

12. O n t h e b a s i s o f t a d a v ? s r e a d i n g . e x p l a i n w h a t i t m e a n s t o s a y a n a r g u m e n t i s v a l i d .

? ? ? ? ? ? ? o

13. O n t h e b a s i s o f today?s r e a d i n g , d e f i n e ?soundness.?

r o a t e . - ? °

14. I n d i c a t e w h e t h e r t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s are t r u e o r false:

_ ' . a. A n a r g u m e n t c a n c o n t a i n t r u e p r e m i s e s a n d be i n v a l i d .

_ _ _ _ * b . A n a r g u m e n t can be sound a n d c o n t a i n false premises.

-_ ec. A s o u n d a r g u m e n t m u s t be v a l i d .

- d . A v a l i d a r g u m e n t m u s t be sound.

?
e. A n a r g u m e n t w i t h t r u e p r e m i s e s can b e u n s o u n d .

- f. A n a r g u m e n t can c o n t a i n o n l y one p r e m i s e .

15. I n the f o l l o w i n g a r g u m e n t , i d e n t i f y t h e p r e m i s e s a n d the conclusion b y w r i t i n g t h e w o r d s ?premise?

o r ?conclusion? i n t h e space n e x t to t h e s t a t e m e n t .

oe A l l men are m o r t a l

4 a

Socrates is a m a n
Therefore, Socrates is m o r t a l

16. Name the three types of logical processes (or acts of the mind) involved i n logic.

1.

Introduction 5
 Exercises f o r D a y 3. Read ?Term? and ?Proposition.?

17. Each of these logical processes (in Question 16 above) originates i n a _.

manifests itself in the form of a _ _

18. W h a t i s t h e m e n t a l a c t i n v o l v e d i n t h e f i r s t o f t h e t h r e e k i n d s o f l o g i c a l processes?

o o o
19. W h a t is the verbal expression connected to this mental act (in Question 1 8 ) _?
20. W h a t o c c u r s i n o u r m i n d s w h e n w e h a v e a s i m p l e a p p r e h e n s i o n ? o o !

ee
21. I f you t h i n k of this book and have the concept i n your mind, you are h a v i n g a simple apprehension
W h a tis t h e term you use to verbally express this p a r t i c u l a r s i m p l e apprehension?

22. N a m e t h e terms included i n the argument i n Question 15 above.

23. W h a t does each o n e o f these t e r m s ( i n Q u e s t i o n 2 2 ) r e p r e s e n t ?

- o o aoosaso_IOi?WO
4. W h a t i s t h e m e n t a l act i n v o l v e d i n t h e second of t h e t h r e e k i n d s o f l o g i c a l processes?
-
_ . !

25. W h a t i s t h e v e r b a l e x p r e s s i o n c o n n e c t e d t o t h i s m e n t a l a c t ( i n Q u e s t i o n 24)?

?_tL a n

26. W h a t o c c u r s i n o u r m i n d s w h e n w e p e r f o r m a j u d g m e n t ?

27. I f y o u t h i n k t h a t t h i s b o o k is b o r i n g b y a f f i r m i n g i n y o u r m i n d t h a t t h i s i s so, y o u r m i n d is

p e r f o r m i n g a j u d g m e n t . W h a t is t h e t e r m y o u u s e t o v e r b a l l y e x p r e s s t h i s j u d g m e n t ?

e e
28. I n d i c a t e t h e p r o p o s i t i o n s i n c l u d e d i n t h e a r g u m e n t i n Q u e s t i o n 15 above. ' a

29. W h a t does each one o f t h e s e p r o p o s i t i o n s ( i n Q u e s t i o n 28) r e p r e s e n t ?

e e

6 Introduction
 E x e r c i s e s f o r D a y 4 . Read ?Syllogism? and ?Summary.? Read them carefully.
80. W h a t is the mental act involved i n the t h i r d of the three kinds of logical processes?
?

31. W h a t is t h e v e r h a l expression connected t o t h i s m e n t a l a c t ( i n Q u e s t i o n 30)?

$2. D e s c r i b e i n n o less t h a n one a n d n o m o r e t h a n t h r e e sentences w h a t occurs i n o u r m i n d s w h e n we

engage i n d e d u c t i v e inference.

33. I f you t h i n k t h a t because all books are boring and that this is a book, and t h a t therefore this book is
b o r i n g , y o u r m i n d engaged i n d e d u c t i v e inference. W h a t is t h e t e r m y o u u s e to v e r b a l l y e x p r e s s t h i s

d e d u c t i v e inference?

34. F i l l o u t t h e c h a r t below, l i s t i n g t h e m e n t a l acts a n d t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d i n g v e r b a l expressions i n t h e

order i n w h i c h we have covered them:

Verbal Expression

3 5 . D r a wa line to i n d i c a t e w h i c h a c t i o n best describes w h a t each m e n t a l a c t is like:

T a k i n g a step Simple Apprehension

P i c k i n g u p y o u r foot, _Deductive I n f e r e n c e

W a l k i n g f r o m o n e place to a n o t h e r Judgment

Introduction 7