Join the following pairs of sentences. There are defining and nondefining relative sentences.

1. She showed me a photograph of her son. Her son is a policeman.

2. The new stadium will be opened next month. The stadium holds 90,000 people.

3. John is one of my closest friends. I have known John for eight years

4. The boy is one of my closest friends. He is waiting for me.

5. Thank you for your letter. I was very happy to get your letter.

6. The letter is in the drawer. Peter has sent the letter to you.

7. Next week-end I’m going to Glasgow. My sister lives in Glasgow.

8. Next summer we are visiting the town. My father was born in this town.

9. The storm caused a lot of damage. Nobody had been expecting the storm.

10. That man over there is an artist. I don’t remember his name.

11. Mr Yates is retiring next month. He has worked for the same company all his life.

12. My sister is visiting us next week. You once met her.

13. Mr Carter is very interested in our plan. I spoke to him last night.

14. I’ve just bought some books about astronomy. I’m very interested in astronomy.

15. The man is in prison. Janet fell in love with this man.
EXERCISE (ANSWERS) Join the following pairs of sentences. There are defining and non-defining relative
sentences. 1. She showed me a photograph of her son, who is a policeman. NON- DEFINING.

2. The new stadium, which holds 90,000 people, will be opened next month. NON- DEFINING.

3. John, who(m) I have known for eight years, is one of my closest friends. NON- DEFINING.

4. The boy who is waiting for me is one of my closest friends. DEFINING. The pronoun cannot be left out because it is
the subject of the relative clause.

5. Thank you for your letter, which I was very happy to get. NON- DEFINING. THAT cannot be used and even though
there is a pronoun in the relative clause WHICH cannot be left out because in non-defining relative clauses the
pronoun can NEVER be left out.

6. The letter (that/which) Peter has sent to you is in the drawer. DEFINING. Both THAT and WHICH can be used in
this relative clause and the pronoun can be left out because there is a subject: “Peter”

7. Next week-end I’m going to Glasgow, where my sister lives.

8. Next summer we are visiting the town where my father was born. /in which my father was born/ (which) my father
was born in. DEFINING

9. Nobody had been expecting the storm, which caused a lot of damage. NON- DEFINING.

10. That man over there, whose name I don’t remember, is an artist. NON- DEFINING.

11. Mr Yates, who has worked for the same company all his life, is retiring next month. NON- DEFINING.

12. My sister, who(m) you once met, is visiting us next week. NON- DEFINING. WHOM can be used because it
functions as the object of the relative clause.

13. Mr Carter, who I spoke to last night/ to whom I spoke last night, is very interested in our plan. NON- DEFINING.
WHOM can be used because it is preceded by a preposition.

14. I’ve just bought some books about astronomy, which I’m very interested in. NONDEFINING.

15. The man who/that Janet fell in love with/ Janet fell in love with / with whom Janet fell in love is in prison.
DEFINING. The relative pronouns can be left out because there is a subject in the sentence “Janet”.

1 COMBINE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING A RELATIVE PRONOUN. THE INITIAL WORDS
ARE GIVEN FOR YOU TO START THE SENTENCE.

Jessica has got a coin collection. It contains many rare coins.

Jessica has got a coin collection which contains many rare coins.

The coin collection Jessica has got contains many rare coins.

Mary spent the money. It belonged to her sister.

The money Mary spent belonged to her sister.

The pen is on the desk. It is blue. The pen which is blue is on the desk. / The pen which is on the desk is blue.

This is the new president. We all voted for him. This is the new president we all voted for. / This is the new president
for whom we all voted.

I met a Finnish tourist. He lives in Helsinki.

I met a Finnish tourist who lives in Helsinki. The Finnish tourist I met lives in Helsinki.

I know the man. He is going to marry my friend.

I know the man who is going to marry my friend. John bought a new DVD player.

It was made in Korea. John bought a new DVD player which was made in Korea. The new DVD player John bought
was made in Korea.

The palace stands outside the town. It was built 200 years ago. The palace, which was built 200 years ago, stands
outside the town. / The palace, which stands outside the town, was built 200 years ago. They visited the village. It is on
a hill. They visited the village which is on a hill. The village they visited is on a hill. The man left town. We wrote an
angry letter to this man. The man we wrote an angry letter to left town. / The man to whom we wrote an angry letter
left town. The book is about a lawyer. He is accused of murder. The book is about a lawyer who is accused of murder.
Tim will never forget that day. He joined the army that day. Tim will never forget the/that day when he joined the army.
We heard the song. It shocked many people. We heard the song which shocked many people. The song we heard
shocked many people. This is the book. It wasn’t available in the library. This is the book which wasn’t available in the
library.

COMBINE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING A RELATIVE PRONOUN. NO INITIAL WORDS ARE
GIVEN. (DE LAS POSIBILIDADES DE RESPUESTA, AQUÍ OS HE DADO LA MÁS ACERTADA) The teacher
apologised. She had punished two pupils unfairly. The teacher who had punished two pupils unfairly apologised. I met
a friend last week. Her daughter is an astrologist. I met a friend last week whose daughter is an astrologist. Tom hired a
decorator. The decorator is very expensive. Tom hired a decorator who is very expensive. 2 Here is a postcard of the
village. We spent three days there. Here is a postcard of the village where we spent three days. Jeannette is going to
marry a man. His brother is in my class. Jeannette is going to marry a man whose brother is in my class. Freddie
Mercury died in 1992. He was a famous singer. Freddie Mercury, who was a famous singer, died in 1992. This is Tony.
You’ll be driving with him next week. This is Tony, with whom you’ll be driving next week. This is the house. Jean
lived in that house when she was young. This is the house where Jean lived when she was young. We saw the cottage.
Wordsworth lived there. We saw the cottage where Wordsworth lived. John is my friend. His car was stolen from the
car park. John is my friend whose car was stolen from the car park. He went to a concert. He didn’t like the concert at
all. He went to a concert he didn’t like at all. I don’t know the man. He helped me this morning. I don’t know the man
who helped me this morning. You can see many snakes in the zoo. Some of them are poisonous. You can see many
snakes in the zoo, some of which are poisonous. Shakespeare is one of the best-known writers in the world. He is
buried in Stratford-upon-Avon. Shakespeare, who is one of the best-known writers in the world, is buried in Stratford-
upon-Avon. This is the place. You have to pick me up at this place. This is the place where you have to pick me up. We
spent an amazing summer in the mountains. I’ll never forget it. I’ll never forget the amazing summer we spent in the
mountains. (DIFÍCIL, NO TE PREOCUPES) You need an umbrella in England. It often rains there. You need an
umbrella in England, where it often rains. Peter has got a new girlfriend. Her sister studies at my school. Peter has got
a new girlfriend whose sister studies at my school. You were talking about a book. Is this it? Is this the book you were
talking about? Dan’s bedroom is very big. He shares it with his brother. Dan’s bedroom, which he shares with his
brother, is very big. The waitress spilt the soup. She was obviously new at the job. The waitress, who was obviously
new at the job, spilt the soup. My friend and I usually do homework together, but she’s away today. My friend, who is
away today, and I usually do homework together. I’ll never forget Mrs Martin. Mrs Martin taught me Maths. I’ll never
forget Mrs Martin, who taught me Maths. The book is on the table. It has a red cover. The book which has a red cover
is on the table. 3 We visited the town. It lies at the source of the Danube. We visited the town which lies at the source
of the Danube. The castle stands above the town. It was built by the Normans. The castle, which stands above the
town, was built by the Normans. I met a Japanese tourist. He lives north of Kyoto. I met a Japanese tourist who lives
north of Kyoto. She remembered my birthday. She was the only one to do so. She was the only one who remembered
my birthday. The film is about a man. He loses his memory. The film is about a man who loses his memory. We saw
the art exhibition. It received excellent reviews from the critics. We saw the art exhibition which received excellent
reviews from the critics. This is the music. I’ve listened to it many times. This is the music I’ve listened to many times.
I met a friend last week. Her husband is an astronaut. I met a friend last week whose husband is an astronaut. We hired
a removal company. The company is known to be reliable. We hired a removal company which is known to be reliable.
The politician resigned. She had refused to support her party. The politician, who had refused to support her party,
resigned. This is the article. It wasn’t printed by the newspaper. This is the article which wasn’t printed by the
newspaper. Greta Garbo died in 1990. She was an international film star. Greta Garbo, who was an international film
star, died in 1990. Mr Carter is my neighbour. His house was damaged during the earthquake. Mr Carter, whose house
was damaged during the earthquake, is my neighbour. I don’t know the woman. She spoke to me this morning. I don’t
know the woman who spoke to me this morning. This is the school. I studied there as a child. This is the school where
I studied as a child. George Eliot wrote “Middlemarch”. She is buried in Highgate Cemetery in London. George Eliot,
who wrote Middlemarch, is buried in Highgate Cemetery in London. I’d like you to meet Anna. You will be working
with her in the future. I’d like you to meet Anna, with whom you will be working in the future. We saw the palace.
Louis XIV lived there. We saw the palace where Louis XIV lived. This is the date. Your assignment has to be finished
by then. This is the date when your assignment has to be finished. You can see many animals on safari in Kenya. Some
of them are very dangerous. You can see many animals on safari in Kenya, some of which are very dangerous. The
Grand Canyon is over 200 miles long. It is one of the wonders of the world. The Grand Canyon, which is one of the
wonders of the world, is over 200 miles long. The Titanic sank in 1912. It was supposed to be unsinkable. The Titanic,
which was supposed to be unsinkable, sank in 1912. 4 The river flows through Hereford. It is the Wye. The river which
flows through Hereford is the Wye. The Wye flows through Hereford. It is a beautiful river. The Wye, which is a
beautiful river, flows through Hereford. The man lives next door to Melanie. He is rather strange. The man who lives
next door to Melanie is rather strange. Jake lives next door to Melanie. He is rather strange. Jake, who lives next door
to Melanie, is rather strange. The picture was damaged. It is worth thousands of pounds. The picture which is worth
thousands of pounds was damaged. A Picasso was damaged during the war. It is worth thousands of pounds. A Picasso,
which is worth thousands of pounds, was damaged during the war. The Berlin Wall was built in 1961. It stood for 28
years. The Berlin Wall, which stood for 28 years, was built in 1961. That man was Anna’s brother. He just walked past.
That man who walked past was Anna’s brother. The plane was twenty-five years old. It crashed. The plane which
crashed was twenty-five years old. One day Tessa was ill in bed. Martin rang that day. Martin rang the day when Tessa
was ill. The King’s Theatre is in the centre of town. It dates from 1896. The King’s Theatre, which dates from 1896, is
in the centre of town. My phone is out of order. It’s a real nuisance. My phone is out of order, which is a real nuisance.
Rachel’s mother paid for the meal. That was very kind of her. Rachel’s mother paid for the meal, which was very kind
of her. My brother is disabled. It means he can’t get about very easily. My brother is disables, which means he can’t get
about very easily. The police blocked off the road. That caused a traffic jam. The police blocked off the road, which
caused a traffic jam. You left the keys in the car. That was rather careless of you. You left the keys in the car, which
was rather careless of you. Vicky didn’t get the job. It’s made her very depressed. Vicky didn’t get the job, which has
made her very depressed. Aunt Joan is a bit deaf, so she didn’t hear the phone. Aunt Joan, who is a bit deaf, didn’t hear
the phone. One week Mike and Harriet went camping. It was the wettest of the year. The week when Mike and Harriet
went camping was the wettest of the year. You’ll meet Henry tomorrow. He’s also a member of the board. Tomorrow
you’ll meet Henry, who is also a member of the board. (PONEMOS TOMORROW ANTES PARA NO SEPARAR EL
ANTECEDENTE Y EL RELATIVO) Zedco has 10,000 employees. It’s an international company. Zedco, which is an
international company, has 10,000 employees. 5 Sonia Goldman was a house guest. Her fingerprints were on the door
handle. Sonia Goldman, whose fingertips were on the door handle, was a house guest. Graham Wilshaw is an architect.
He knew Colin at school. Graham Wilshaw, who knew Colin at school, is an architect. Felix Reeves is a journalist. His
tape recorder was stolen. Felix Reeves, whose tape recorder was stolen, is a journalist. This is the letter. Mark has been
looking for this letter. This is the letter Mark has been looking for. The film was really interesting. Rachel was talking
about the film. The film Rachel was talking about was really interesting. The wallpaper is rather dark. Laura has
decided on this wallpaper. The wallpaper Laura has decided on is rather dark. The steps are not levelled. David fell
down those steps. The steps David fell down are not levelled. He had been waiting for the bus for two hours. The bus
didn’t turn up. The bus he had been waiting for for two hours didn’t turn up. (EL “FOR” REPETIDO NO ES UN
ERROR. EL PRIMERO ES LA PREPOSICIÓN DE LA ORACIÓN RELATIVA Y EL SEGUNDO ES “DURANTE”)
The article was written by me. She was really interested in the article. The article she was really interested in was
written by me. I was talking about a man. That man suddenly called me up. The man I was talking about suddenly
called me up. We went to a restaurant. I had once lunch with Henry there. We went to a restaurant where I had once
lunch with Henry. Do you remember that day? We moved the piano upstairs that day. Do you remember that day when
we moved the piano upstairs. Oxford attracts many tourists in the summer. Oxford has a very renowned university.
Oxford, which has a very renowned university, attracts many tourists in the summer. I used to live in that house. The
house has collapsed. The house I used to live in has collapsed. Laura painted a picture. It’s being shown in an
exhibition. The picture Laura painted is being shown in an exhibition. COMBINE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
BY MEANS OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS, MAKING ANY CHANGES NECESSARY. 1. You sent me a present.
Thank you very much for it. Thank you very much for the present you sent me. 2. She was dancing with a student. He
had a slight limp. The student she was dancing with had a slight limp. 3. I am looking after some children. They are
terribly spoilt. The children I am looking after are terribly spoilt. 6 4. The bed has no mattress. I sleep on this bed. The
bed I sleep on has no mattress. 5. Romeo and Juliet were lovers. Their parents hated each other. Romeo and Juliet,
whose parents hated each other, were lovers. 6. There wasn’t any directory in the telephone box. I was phoning from
this box. There was not any directory in the telephone box I was phoning from. 7. This is Mrs Jones. Her son won the
championship last year. This is Mrs Jones, whose son won the championship last year. 8. I was sitting in a chair. It
suddenly collapsed. The chair I was sitting in suddenly collapsed. 9. Mr Smith said he was too busy to speak to me. I
had come specially to see him. Mr Smith, who I had specially come to see, said he was too busy to speak to me. 10.
The man was sitting at the desk. I had come to see this man. The man I had come to see was sitting at the desk. 11. I
missed the train. I usually catch this train. I missed the train I usually catch. 12. His girlfriend turned out to be an
enemy spy. He trusted her absolutely. His girlfriend, who he trusted absolutely, turned out to be an enemy spy. 13. The
car had bad brakes. We were in this car. The car we were in had bad brakes. 14. This is the story of a man. His wife
suddenly loses her memory. This is the story of a man whose wife suddenly loses her memory. 15. We’ll have to get
across the frontier. This will be difficult. We’ll have to get across the frontier, which will be difficult. 16. A man
brought in a small girl. Her hand had been cut by flying glass. A man brought in a small girl whose hand had been cut
by flying glass. 17. The car crashed into a queue of people. Four of them were killed. The car crashed into a queue of
people, four of whom were killed. 18. The roads were crowded with refugees. Many of them were wounded. The roads
were crowded with refugees, many of whom were wounded. 19. I was waiting for a man. He didn’t turn up. The man I
was waiting for didn’t turn up. 7 20. Tom came to the party in patched jeans. This surprised the other guests. Tom came
to the party in patched jeans, which surprised the other guests. 21. The firm is sending me to York. I work for this firm.
The firm I work for is sending me to York. 22. The Smiths were given rooms in the hotel. Their house had been
destroyed in the explosion. The Smiths, whose house had been destroyed in the explosion, were given rooms in the
hotel. 23. I saw several houses. Most of them were quite unsuitable. I saw several houses, most of which were quite
unsuitable. 24. He wanted to come at 2 a.m. This didn’t suit me at all. He wanted to come at 2 a. m., which didn’t suit
me at all.