The Male Reproductive system MS G.SAKANYI Introduction «The male genitalia are composed of the external genitalia (on the outside of the body) and the internal genitalia (buried within the body). «The external genitalia consist of the penis and scrotum. «The internal genitalia consist of a number of hidden glands and tubes that play a role in the production and delivery of sperm. # These include the epididymis, vas deferens,and prostate gland, urethra, and testicle. External male genitalia PENIS «The most obvious aspect of the external male genitalia is the penis. The penis consists of a body (shaft) and glans (head). ‘le contains three columns of tissue that can fill with blood to trigger an erection. PENIS *The two lateral columns are called corpora cavernosa. *The column between them is corpus spongiosum.Cont. + Running down the centre of the corpus spongiosum is the urethra, «The penis is firmly attached to the pelvic bone by two strong bands of fibrous tissue, called the root. Eset en Ac the tip it is expanded into a triangular structure known as head of the penis or glans. It is one of the most sensitive areas ona man's body, containing many nerve fibres. ‘Just above the glans the skin is folded upon itself and forms a movable double layer, the foreskin or prepuce. «The sebaceous glands beneath the foreskin secrete a whitish material which has a peculiar odour; this cheese-like substance is called smegma. Blood supply * Arterial blood supply ~ deep dorsal and bulbar arteries of the penis, branches from the internal pudendal arteries + Venous drainage ~series of veins drain blood to the internal pudendal and internal iliac veins «Nerve supply — autonomic and somatic nerves. Parasympathetic stimulation leads to filling of the spongy erectile tissue with blood. The scrotum The scrotum is a loose, fibrous, connective tissue and smooth muscle that has two compartments, each of which contains a testicle. It is a wrinkled pouch of deeply pigmented skit The scrotum also acts as a climate-control system for the testes.+The scrotum needs to be slightly cooler than body temperature for normal sperm development. * The cremaster muscles in the wall of the scrotum relax or contract to allow the testes to hang farther from the body to cool or to be pulled closer to the body for warmth or protection, elt is divided into owo compartments each of which contains one vestis, One epididyrnis and the resticular end of the spermatic cord THE INTERNAL MALE GENITALIA +The internal male genitalia consist of the testes with the adjoining epididymis, the vas deferens and the accessory sex glands, namely the seminal vesicles, the prostrate and the bulbourethral glands. Neo vise \ as deferens \ Epis > Lean The Testis The testes are oval bodies with average length of about 4.5cm long, 2.5cm wide and 3cm thick and are suspended in the scrotum. Usually the left testis hangs slightly lower than the right one. Structure * They are surrounded by three layers of tissue namely tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea and tunica vasculosa.Tunica vaginalis «Double membrane forming the cuter covering of the testes and is a down growth of the abdominal and pelvic peritoneum. + During early foetal life the testes develop in the lumber region just below the kidneys. «During descent they them covering of the per! blood and lyn and the deferent duct. +The periton «Descent is complete carry with itoneum, iph vessels: nerves eum eventually surrounds the testes in the from the abdominal perioneum: by 8 month of foetal life. Tunica albuginea «Fibrous covering beneath the tunica vaginalis that surrounds the testes. « Its ingrowths forms the septa which divides the glandular structure of the testes into lobules about 200 to 300 lobules. Tunica Vasculosa «Consist of network of capillaries supported by delicate connective tissues. Structure of Testis ach testis are 200 to 300 sine lobules. «Each lobule contains 1-4 convoluted seminiferous tubules also called germinal epithelial cells. / Structure of Testis «Between the convoluted seminiferous tubules are groups of interstitial cells of Leydig that secrete the hormone testosterone after puberty. 102401/02/2024 permatic core Plasma membrane Middle pleco | Hod * This suspends the testes in the scrotum and each contains a testicular artery, vein, lymphatics, vas deferent. and nerves, they come together to form the cord, The cord is covered in a sheath ‘of smooth muscle and connective and fibrous tissues. Mitochondrion (pirat shape) Blood supply + Arterial supply - testicular YJ arteries branches from the abdominal aorta, just below renal arteries. + Venous drainage ~ testicular vein. Left vein opens in to left renal vein and right in to inferior vena cava. «Lymph drainage ~ lymph nodes around the aorta Extends through the inguinal canal and is attached to the (testes on the posterior wall. Epididymis Nerve supply — branches from the | “Yom and 11" thoracic nerves. *The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle. «ts functions is to transport and store the sperm cells that are produced in the testes.01/03/2024 elt brings the sperm to maturity, since the sperm that emerge from the testes are immature and incapable of fertilization. «During sexual arousal, contractions force the sperm into the vas deferens, Vas deferens (deferent duct) +The vas deferens is a firm duct that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra. *One such duct travels from each epididymis to the back of the prostate and joins with the seminal vesicle. # Ie is 45cm long. Structure lt is ined by a pseudostratified columnar epithelium. cells have long stereocilia. «The vas deferens is surrounded by an adventitia, which is slightly denser than usual. « It is joined by the duct from the seminal vesicle to form the Ejaculatory duct. Ejaculation Os Ejaculatory ducts «These are formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles duct. + They are two tubes about 2em long ‘each formed by union of seminal vesicle and a deferent duct. «They pass through the prostate gland and join the prostatic urethra carrying seminal fluid and spermatozoa to the urethra. It occurs at male orgasm and spermatozoa are expelled from the epididymis and pass through the deferent duct, the ejaculatory duct and the urethra. +The powerful rhythmical contractions of the smooth muscle in the walls of the deferent duct propel the semen.01/03/2024 The muscular contractions are sympathetically mediated. Muscle in the walls of the seminal vesicle and the prostate gland also contracts, adding their contents to the fluids passing through the genital ducts. + These combined processes generate a force responsible for emission of the semen through the external urethra sphincter. #Semen is slightly alkaline, to neutralise the acidity of the vagina. «Between 2 and 5 mis of semen are produced in a normal ejaculate, and contains between 40 and 100 million spermatozoa per ml. Seminal vesicles «The seminal vesicles are 2 sac- like fibro muscular pouches that attach to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder. «They are lined with columnar epithelial, lying on the posterior aspect of the bladder. ON «They open into a short duct, which joins with the vorresponding deferent duct to form an ejaculatory duct at its lower end of each seminal vesicle. Functions «The seminal vesicles produce a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that provides sperm with a source of energy and helps with the sperms’ motility (ability to move). +The fluid of the seminal vesicles makes up most of the volume of a man's ejaculatory fluid, or ejaculate (60 -70 percent).—— thra ra serves a dual function his channel is the part of / tract that transports the bladder and the reproductive system rich semen is ejaculated. sic urethra, js urethra and penile —__—————_ _ A sonar jn prissniese ey 01/03/2024 Bulbourethral glands «The bulbourethral glands, OF Cowper's glands, are pea-si2e Serocrares located on the sides Of the urethra just below the prostare gland and base of the pen's « These glands produce a clear slippery alkaline fluid that empties directly into the urethra during Sewual arousal and before OrBas™ and ejaculation. Functions «This mucoid, Pre serves tO lubricate the urethra seth co neutralize any acidity chat may be present due € residual drops of urine in the urethra Acts as a lubricant for the sperm ‘ind coats the urethra as semen flows out of the penis. ejaculatory fluid land the largest land in men 4m). vic cavity in front nd behind the of the prostate The secretion er of other contains a numb enzymes and lipids. fe contains a clotting enzyme which thickens the semen in the vagina, increasing the likelihood of being retained close to the cervixVy Tyne secretion of the prostates] The secretion of the prostate the first fraction of the ejac late (30% of the fluid that mak a semen). T. «Semen is spermatozoa + secretions of accessory glands. The Secretory ducts of the ; prostate are lined by a simple columnar epithelium. 01/03/2024 Puberty in males lt occurs between the ages of 10 and 14. « LH from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates th terstitial cells of the testes to increase the production of testosterone, which influences the development of the body sexual maturity. Cont.. The changes occurring at puberty are: «Growth of muscle, marked increase in weight «Enlargement 0 deepening of ¢ bone and a height and ¢ the larynx and he voice EJ cone. q «Growth of hair on the face, allze, chest, abdomen and pubis «Enlargement of the penis: serotum and prostate gland «Maturation of the seminiferous tubules and production of spermatozoa. REFERENCES sntals of anatomy parti (2008) une aint (2000 en piss B=" arueation companyish 18 2006). Principles of Anatomy ane of ron published PY oh" wiley 2 USA. «watson R: ( 2005) “anatomy and Physiology FoF farcourt P ‘12 edition. vublishers limited enedinbure.tonae” 1d Sons;ine, nurses: 3000,£15e"