MEAN
The mean formula for ungrouped data
Mean Formula = (Sum of Observations) ÷ (Total Numbers of Observations) OR x̄ = ΣX /N
Mean formula for grouped data. Which is expressed as X̄ = Σ f x /n
where,
x = Observation
f = frequency of the respective Observation
n = total frequency
Mean formula for grouped data (Data Range)
To calculate mean for Range data, first we find mid value from each range and apply formula
x̄ = Σ f x /n
x = midpoint of each class
f = frequency of the respective class
n = total frequency
Assumed Mean Method
a - Middle value of Xi
di = Xi-a
∑fi di
Mean X̅ = a+ ----------
∑fi
Step Deviation Method
ui = (xi- a) / h Where h is class size
∑fi ui
̅
Mean X = a+ --------- X h
∑fi
MEDIAN
For finding the median of ungrouped / Raw data
Given: Set of ages for different members: {42, 38, 29, 37, 40, 33, 41}
We need to arrange the data either in ascending order or descending order.
After arranging the data, get the total number of observations in the data.
th
If the number is odd, the median is ((N+1)/2) item in the given set.
th th
If the number is even, find the two middle terms which are (N/2) and ((N/2) + 1) values. Find the
average of these 2 middle terms.
((N/2)th term + ((N/2) + 1)th term)
Thus the median formula for even numbers is given as: Median = --------------------------------------------
2
For discrete data with frequency
Given: Set of ages for different members (X): 42, 38, 29, 37, 40, 33, 41
No of persons (F): 5 3 7 6 4 3 7
First we calculate cumulative frequency (F)
The total number of observations in the data = Σ F.
If the number of observation is odd, the median is observation greater than (N+1) / 2 .
If the number is even,
(N/2)th Observation where CF is equal to N/2
((N/2) + 1)th Observation where CF is greater than (N/2) + 1
values. Find the average of these 2 middle terms.
Thus the median formula for even numbers is given as:
((N/2)th Observation + ((N/2) + 1)th Observation)
Median = -------------------------------------------------------------
2
Median formula for grouped data (Range data)
Given: Set of ages for different members (X): 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45
No of persons (F): 5 3 7 6 3
Is defined as follows. To apply this formula,
First compute the median class. The median class is the class containing (n + 1)/2 th item.
Median = l + [(N/2−c)/f] × h
Where,
l = lower limit of the median class
n = Total frequency
c = Cumulative frequency of class before the median class
f = Frequency of the median class
h = Class width (Upper limit - Lower limit)
MODE
Mode for ungrouped/Raw data
The value or a number that appears most frequently in a data set is a mode.
For data without any repeating values, all data values are considered to be modes.
Example:- Given: Set of ages for different members: {42, 33,41,39,41,38, 29, 37, 40, 33, 41}
Mode for Discrete data: The data with maximum frequency is Mode.
Given: Set of ages for different members (X): 42, 38, 29, 37, 40, 33, 41
No of persons (F): 5 3 7 6 4 3 3
Mode for grouped data(Date Range) is found using the following mode formula.
Before applying this formula, first find the modal class. Modal class is the class with the greatest frequency.
(fm−f1)
Mode formula = L + h -----------------------------
(fm−f1)+(fm−f2)
where,
'L' is the lower limit of the modal class.
'h' is the size of the class interval.
'fm ' is the frequency of the modal class.
'f1' is the frequency of the class that comes just before the modal class.
'f2' is the frequency of the class that comes just after the modal class.
Mean Deviation about Mean and Median
Mean deviation of Raw Data
Example of raw data is x1, x2,x3,x4,……xn
[xi - x̅ ]
Mean deviation about mean is = --------------------- where x̅ is mean
N
[xi - M ]
Mean deviation about mean is = --------------------- where M is median
N
Mean deviation of discrete data
Example of discrete data is:
Fi|xi - x̅|
Mean Deviation about mean = --------------------
N
Fixi
Where N is sum of Fi and x̅ is mean=
= ------------
N
Fi [xi - M ]
Mean deviation about median is = --------------------- where N is sum of Fi and M is median
N
Mean Deviation of grouped continues data
upper limit of class + lower limit of class
Xi= -------------------------------------------------
2
Fi|xi - x̅|
Mean Deviation about mean = --------------------
N
Fixi
Where N is sum of Fi and x̅ is mean
mean= ------------
N
Fi [xi - M ]
Mean deviation about median is = ---------------------
N
where N is sum of Fi and M is me
median = l+(n/2-C))/f x h
Variance and Standard Deviation
Variance and Standard Deviation for Raw Data
Variance
1
2
σ = --- (xi− x̅)2 Where x̅ = mean
N
Standard Deviation
σ = √ Variance
σ= √1/N (xi− x̅)2 Where x̅ = mean
Variance and Standard Deviation for Discrete Frequency Distribution:
Standard Deviation (σ) = √ 1/N Fi (xi− x̅)2 Where x̅ = mean, N = Fi
Note: Variance = (Standard Deviation)2
Variance and Standard Deviation for Grouped Frequency Distribution:
Normal Method to find standard deviation
Standard Deviation (σ) = √ 1/N Fi(xi− x̅)2 Where x̅ = mean, N = Fi
Another
nother method to find standard deviation:
Shortcut method to find standard deviation:
(xi-a)
Where Yi= ----------
h
a is assumed mean (the middle most value of x i)
N= Fi
