(JKR/SPJ/re88)

SECTION 3 . DNAINAGE WORI(S

PaSc

3.1 GENERAL s3-1

32 H(CAVATION AND BACKRIJING
FOR DRATNAGE WORI$
3.2.t Description s3-1
I
I
322
32.Lt
Matcrials
Excanation s3-1
3222 Granular Bcdding Material s3-1
3223 CoDcrete Beddiog s3-1
3224 Ordinary Badfrll Material s3.1
3.L25 Granular Bacllill Matorid s3-1
3ZL6 Concrete Backfill s3-2
323 Excavation s3-3
324 Backlilling with Ordinary or
Granular Backfill Material s3-4
33 CIIANT.IEL EXCAVATION
33.1 Dascription s3-5
332 Matcrials sr-5
333 Construction Methods s3-5
3.4 SURFACE DRAINAGE
3.4.1 Surface Drainagc Tpcs s3-6
1.42 Surface Drain Construction
3.421 Unlincd Drains s3-6
3.422 Cast In Situ C,oncretc Drairu si-6
t.423 Prccast Concrotc Drail Scctions s3-6
STONE PITCHING
35.1 Description s3-E
ts2 Materials
35.2.r Stooe s3-8
3522 ccment Mortat s3-8
353 Construction Methods
353.r Grouted Stonc Pitching s3-E
3532 Ungroutcd Stonc Pitching s3-9
GABIONS
36.r Dcscripion s3.10
352 Materials
SSZr Wire Mcsh Gabions s3-10
3522 Polyviny' Chloride Coating s3-11
3.623 Stonc s3-11
3.63 Constructioa Mctbods s3-11
3.7 BRICI(WORK
3J.t Description s3-u
tJ2 Matcrials
t:tzr Commoo Brids s3-u
3.722 Ccment Mortar s-12
3J3 Coostruction Mcthods
3.?3.1 Bdcf kying s3 - r"tt
3:t32 Plastcring Bridnrort s3-u
 (JKR/SPJ/1e88)

Pqgg

3.n STJBSOIL DRAINS

3.n.1 Dcscriptiun s3-13
i.l{.? Matcrials
.1.8,2 1 Pipcs s3-13
3.rt.:.2 Filtcr Matcrial s3-13
.1.ti.2.3
3.[t.2.4
Filtcr Cloth
Ccmcnt Mortar
s3-13
s3.14 I
3.t'|.3 Construction Mcthods. s3-14
3.() R.C. PIPE CULVERTS
3.t).1 Dcscriplion s3-16
39.2 Matcrials
3.9.2.r Pipcs s3-16
3.9.2.2 Ccmcnt Mortar s3-16
3.9.2.3 . Bcdding Matcrial s3-16
3.9.3 Excavat ion and Backfilling for
R.C. Pipc ()ulvcrts
.1.!'.3.1 Excavation s3-16
3.e.3.2 Backfilling s3-17
3.9.4 lnstallation of R.C. Pipe Culverts
3.(r.4.1 Gcncral s3-18
. 1.9.4.2 Butt Ended Pipe Culverts with
Precast Concrctc Collars s3-18
3.9.4.3 Rcbatcd Pipe Culverts s3.19
1.9.4.4 Spigot and S<rckct Pipe Culvcrts s3-19
3.10 CORRT'(;ATED METAL PIPE CULVERTS
3.lr).1 Dcscription s3-20
3. r().2 Matcrials
3.10,2.1 Pipcs s3-2n
3.10.2.? Bitumcn Coating s3-20
3.10.2.3 Bolts and Nuts s3-20
3.1{t.2.4 Ccmcnt Mortar s3.21
3.10.2.5 Bedding Matcrial s3-21
3.10.3 Excavation and Backfilling for
Corrugalcd Mctal Pipc Culverts s3-2r
3.10.4 Installation of
Corrugatcd Mctal Pipc Culvcrts
3.10.4.1 (icncral s3-21
3.1(1.4.2 Mortar Lining s3-21
3.l r PRECXST BOX CLILVERTS
3. |l.1 Dcscriplion s3-22
.1. | 1.2 Matcrial.r
3. l l.2.l Prccasl Box Culvr:rts s3-22
.1.I t.?.2 Ccmcnt Mortar s3-22
.1.I l.:..1 Bcdding Matcrial s3-22
.1.I 1.3 Exeavatiun and Backfilling
3.r t.3.1 Excavalion for Prccast Box Culvcrts s3-22
3. I I .3.? Brckfilling s3-22
3. I t.4 Installation of Prccast Box Culvcrts s3-23
3.rl EXTENSION OF CULVERTS
3.12.1 Exlcnsion of Pipc Culvcrts s3-24
3.12.2 Extcnsion of Box Culvcrts s3-24
 (rKR/SPJ/1e88)

SECTION 3 . DRAINAGE WORKS

3.1 GENERAL

This wort shalt consist of the construction of surface drains, subcoil drains, pipo
cuhrerts, box culvertg sumps and othcr drainage structures in accordance with
this Specilication or as direcred by tbe S.O. Drainagc norks shall be
construc{ed to thc lincq leve\ grades and cross-scctions shown on the
Drawings or as directed by thc S.O.

EXCAVATION At{D BACKFILLING FOR DNAINAGE WONXS

32.1 DescriDtion

This wort slidl consist of excavation for thc construction of surfacc draiug
subcoil draing cast in situ box cuh,crts, and othcr drainage structurcs, crtcqt
pipe culrartg not otherwise provided for in this Specification, and shall includc
furnishing placing compacting and shaping foundation bedding matcrialg
backtilling excavations against completed structures with suitable matcrial or
granular bacftfill wherc spccilid and thc remonal and disposal of all cxccss
cxcaratcd matcrial, in accordancc with this Specilication and as sho*n on thc
Drawings and as required by tbc S.O.

Excavation and backlill for pipe culverts and precast box culrarts shall be in
accordance with tbe provisions of Sub-Section 3.9.

32.2 Materials

32.Lr Excavation

Material excavated shall be classified as common excavation or rock as delined

in Sedion 2 of tbis Specilication.

3.2.L2 Granular Bedding Material

Granular bedding matcrial for tbc foundations of structures shall bc suitably

graded broken rubble, crushed stonc, crusbed gravel, sand or other matcrial
as spccified on the Drawings or as required by the S.O.

3zLt Concrete Beddinq

Concretc bedding or blinding for the foundations of structures shall conform

to thc requirements of Sccion 9 of this Spccification for the class of concrete
spccilicd on thc Drawings or rcquircd by the S.O.

32'2.4 Ordinary Backfill Material

Ordinary backfill matcrial shall bc suitablc materiil as defincd in Section 2 of

this Specifrcation. Tbe maximum particle sizc of thc backfill material shall bc
50 mm.

3225 Granular Backfill Material

Granular bacllill material shall bc san4 crushed stone, crushed grawl or a

misurc of crushcd and natural aggregatc.s, shall-bc cssentially frcc fron
vcgctatirc rnd othcr organic matter and clay, and shall not contain latcritic or
concrctionary rnatcrials,

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 (JKR/SPJ/1e88)

Thc matcrial shall conform to the following physical and mechanical quality
rcqBircmcnls :-

i) the fines shall bc non-plasic;

ii) sand shall have a gradation conforming to the envelopc shown in

Table 3.1;

TABLE 3.I . GNADING LIMITS FOR SAI{D EACKFII.L

B.S. Sicve Sizc % Passing By Weight

10O mm
5.0 mm 90-lm
l.l8 mm 45 - 80
3m um 10- 30
lg, um 2.10

iii) matcrial otbcr tban sand shall have a gradaiion conforming to one of
thc cnwlolrs rbwn in Table 3.2.

TABLE 3' . GRADING UMTTS FOR GNANUIIR BACKFILL

, OTHENTHANSAND

BS. % Passing By Weight

Sicvc Sizr

A B c

37.5 mm 100
28.0 rnm 70-lm
Z).0 mm CI- 90 70 - r00 lm
10.0 mm 45- 15 45 75
5.0 mm $-ffi 35 65 45-75
2.0 mm m- 50 25 50 30- 60
425 um 10- 30 l0 30 15 35
75 um 0- 2 02 0- 2

3.2.2.6 Concrctc Backfill

Concrcte baclfill where spccilicd shall be of the gradc as shown on the

Drawings and shall conform to Section 9 of this Specification.

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 (JKRAPUIS)

3.2.3 Excavbtion

The Contractor shall notify the S.O. sulliciently in advancs of thc bcginning of
any cxcavation so that cross-section elevations and measurenents nay bc
taken of the undisturbcd ground. The natural ground adjacent to the structurc
shall not be disturbed without pcrmission of tbc S.O. .

Trcnchcs and foundation pits for structures and slruclurc footingr and
underdrai$ shall bc excavated to the lines, grades and elevations shoum on tbc
Drawings or as directed by the S.O. Excavations must b" kppt frcc from watcr
and temporary drains, sumps and pumps shall be provided whcn ncccssary. Thc
rate of excavation and backfill shall bc apprgrrcd by tic S.O. Tlre chrations
of thc bottons of footings shown on the Drawings arc approximatc only and
the S.O. may ordcr in vriting euch changes in thc dimensions or eleratione of
footingp as may bc dccmed necessary to secure a satisfacory foundation.

Boulderq logs and other objectionable matcrials encountercd in ucavation

shall bc rcmoved.

Af(er cach excavation is comptcted the Contractor shall notify thc S.O. to that
effect and no footing bedding matcrial or struclure shalt be placed until thc
S.O. has approrrcd the dcpth of cxcavation and the character ofthc foundation
material,

Rock and other hard foundatiirn material shall be deared of all loosc matcrial
and cut to a firm surfacc, either level or stcppcd or scrratd as spccified or
shorvn on the Drawings or dirccted by thc S.O All scams and crcviccs shall
bc cleared out and grouted with Portland ccment gtout al tbc timc the footing
is placcd.

All loose and disintcgrated roct and thin strata shalt be remowd. Whcn thc
footing is to rcst on matcrial othcr than rocl, spccial carc shall bc tak€n not
to disturb thc bottom of tbe excarratioq and excavation to final gradc shall bc
defencd until just beforc thc footing is to bc placed. When, in thc opinion of
the S.O,, thc foundation matcrial is solt or mucty or othcrurisc unsuitablg thc
Contfactor shall remorc thc unsuitable material and insert foundation fill
material or concrete as specified or shown on thc Drawings or dircdcd by thc
S.O. lf foundation fill material is rcquired it shall be placcd and compactcd
in layers not morc than 150 mm thicl or as directed by the S.O. The dcgrcc
of compaction shall bc equivalent to that of the surrounding foundations

All excavation surfaccs and surfaces of backfill material .g?inst which concrctc
is to be placcd shall bc cvcn and firm and truc to line and level.

All excavatcd matcrial, so far as suitable, shall be utilized as bactfill or

embankment. The surplus rnaterial, whether or not temporarily allowed to be
placcd within a stream area, shall bc finally disposed of in such a marner as
not to obstruct the stream nor othenrisc impair the efliciency or apPearancc
of the works, nor is it to endanger the partly finished structurc.

Excavated maierial suitablc for use as backfill may bc deposited by thc

Contractor in storage piles at points convenient for rehandling of the material
during thc backlilling operation.

Excavated material shall be deposited in such placcs and in such a manncr as

not to causc damage to highway, scrviccs or property either within or outsidc
thc road rescrve, and so as to cause no impediment to thc drainagc of thc Sitc

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 (JKR/SPJ/1e88)

Or surrounding area.

3.2.4 llinq with Ordinary

Bacft fi
or Cranular Backfill Material

All spaccs excavatcd under this Specification and not occupied by a permanent
sttucture shall be backfilled. Backfill material shall be free from large lumps,
wood and othcr extraneous material.

Backfill not within the embankment areas shall be placed in layers not more
tha'n 250 mm in dcpth (compacted measurement) and shall be'compacted to
a dcnsity comparablc with the adjacent undisturbed material.

Backlill within the embankment areas shall be made with approved material
placed in uniform layers not to exceed 150 mm in depth (compacted
measuremcnl) and each layer shall bs constructed in accordance with
Seciion 2 of this Spccification except that mechanical tampers may be used
for-compaction. Fach layer of backfill shall be wetted uniformly as necessary
and compactcd to the same rcguiremcnts as the adjaccnt carthwork as spccified
in Section 2 of this Specification. Unless otherwise approved by the S.Ci., hand
tamping will not be acccpted.

In placing backfill and embankmcnt, the matcrial shall be placed insofar as

possible to approximatcly lhc same hcight on both sidcs of the structure. lf
conditions rcquirc backfilling approciably higher on one side, the additional
material on the-highcr side shall not be placcd until pcrmission is given by the
S.O. or until the S.O, is satisfied that the structure has enough strengih to
withstand any pressure creatcd.

Backfill firr embankment shall not be placed behind the walls of box cutvcrts
until tlr.c top slab is_placcd for lhe required lime and not lcss than three dap.
Backfill and cmbankment behind abuiments hcld at the top by superstructure
shall be carried up simultaneorsly behind opposite abutmenti and side wa[s.

No backfilling shall be placed against any srructure until permission shall have
been givcn by the S.O. Jetting of fill or other hydraulic methods involving or
likely to involve, tiquid or semi-liquid pressurc shall be prohibited.

Special care shall be taken to prevent any unduty high pressures against the
structures.

The placing of embankment and the bcnching of slopes shall continue in such
a manner that at all times there will be a horizontal berm of thoroushty
compactcd matcrial for a disrance at lcast equal to the height of tbc abutm-eni
or wall to bc backfilled.

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 (JKR/sPJ/1e88)

33 CHANNEL EXCAVATION

3.3.1 Descrigtion
inside and
This work shall consist of excavation for w3terway channels both
by the S.O., alg
outsidc the road rescrvc as shown on the Drawingpbr direcred
Jiiii-i"Jr"a" riquirc<l excavation for widcning -training 9.t P"Ittltltll
Oi*ninl ti""o,"ustreims and irrigtio-n and drainagc channcls othcr than drarns
aiti'tt"t apPurtenant to the-roadway, except excavation$l:ptEl,f:::::
This worx
in ir,i *orrs'ind excavation required for clearingand- grubbing..
"rrA
shall also includc the bactfilling of old channels' -ha-uB.ge
to thetr poPT P'
rnatcrraF
utilization in the works or the removal and disposal of all cxcavated
and
;h;il;ain of appurtenant bunds, dikes and berms, and thc
of
shaping
in
;;tr-it;; of "ll "orih*orls involved in the construction channels
;;;il;; *t,h the requircd lincs, lcvels, grades and $oss-scctions'

t3.2 Mate rials

Channcl excajvation shall be classifie{ as common excavation

or rocl as

spccified in Scction 2 of this Specilication'

3.3.3 Construction Methods

Allsuitablcmaieria|sremovedfromchannelercavationsshat|beusedfor
ilffiltd;;i;;rio be abandonee and constructine.uqlS I'Lo.t-"j-:!l'::
b€ useo as
earth app-urtenances as rcquired. Surplus suilahle materials shall
The Contraclor shall providc
iar as is'iracricablc in consiructing thc roadway.
should this bc neoassary
t.il*.ii.r,l[i"r'qu"fity anU ip,pro'cd byihe toS.O.reptacc suirable cxcavatcd
io -roiit, rbe woik. Bo#ow,,tiit ls teqriired
i"teiif ne.ded for oonstruction which the Contraclor clects to w:rste sha[
not be Paid for.

Excavated unsuitablc materialn suitablc matcrial surptus to

that ncedcd.. for
that the contractor clects to wa$e' $larr Dc
construction and suitable matcrial
dil;;;J of at desipated arcas in such a manner as to-present a neat
;#-;;;i noi ou.ttua tlor* in any channels, ditches or drains' nor cause
ilil'.iJ i" r,Tgti"i works o, property, ail ro the satisfaction of the S.o.
Durinc'conslruction,channclexcavalionsshal|bekeptdrainedas.faras..is
pr""riaUtt and the worlc shall bc carricd out in a neat and workmanlrxe
manner.
the lines'
Ail channcls and appurtenances shall bc cxcavated and constructed to
directcd by the
levcls. crades and cross-sections shown on the Drawings or rs
i:i;:Fffi;ffi-b;;;itr,Jiiiti' not & paid for and shill be
'"q"ii'a 't''tt
backfitted at thc conrract'#r;ri;-";;x Jiiecrea by the 3.o. should
he deem
it necessary.

Sections of channcl abandoned owing to diversions shall be backlilled as

directed bY thc S.O.

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 (JKR/SPJ/1e88)

3.4 SURFACE DRAINA(;E

3.4.1 Surflcc Drainagc Tlrpcs

surfacc drains of thc types shown on the Drawings shall be constructed to the
lincs, lcwls, grades and cross-sections as specified or as directed by thc S.O.
Surfacc drains'shall include interccptor drains, roadside drains, embankment
toe drains, shouklcr draing bcnch drains, berm drains, median drains, outfall
drains, cascade drains. etc.

Any of thc above drains may be constructed eithcr unlined or lincd using cast
in situ concrcte, precast or porous concrete drain sections, or stone pitihing

3.4.2 Surface Drain Construclion

3.4.2.1 Unlincd Drains

Excavation lbr unlincd drains shall be trimmed to form a smooth, lirm surfacc
to tbc rcquircd lincs, lcvels, grades ind cross-sections as shown on the
Drawings or as rcquired by the S.O.

Any areas o[ ovcr excavation shall be made good to lhc satisfaction of the S.O.,
all at tht: Clontractor's cxpcnse.

3.4.2.2 Cast In Sit rr Concrctc Drains

Excavation shali be carricd out ro thc lincs antl lcvels as specilied and as shown
on the Dra*ings. Templates which may be of timber or stecl shall then be
providcd to ensure the thickness and shape of the concrete drains. The
concrc'te shall bc poured in sections not exceeding 2 m in length and shall be
carried out bctwcen cnd forms in atternate bays. eonstruction- joints shall not
be formed in the invcrls.

All concrcte shall be gradc 20 f?l conaete untess otherwise spccilied and shall
c91fgm to the requiremenrs of Secrion 9 of rhis Specificaiion. Wcep holes
shall be cast in situ as shown on the Drawings or as directed by the S'.O.

3.4.2.3 Prccast Concrete Drain Scctions

Prccast concrctc block invcrts shall bi of the shapes and dimensions as shown
on lhe Drawings and shall be of grade ?frf2O concrete conforming to the
rcquircments of Scction 9 of this Specification or of porous concreii unle,ss
othcrwisc spccificd. The prccast concrete drain sectionishall be manufactured
using good quality moulds and the finishcd product shall be round and havc
smooth in-side surfaces all to thc approval of the S.O. Ready made prec-<t
concrctc drain sections may be used subject to the approval of th; S,O.
Samples of rcady made drain sections shall be submitted-to the S.O, for his
approval bcforc. placing of orders. Notwilhstanding any approval given by the
S.O., any dcfcctivc or broken drain section shall beiepiacdd- by the-Contriaor
at his own cxpensc before or aftcr laying in position.

Prccasl concrete drain secrions shall be taid on concrcte bedding in trcnchcs

excavatcd to the lines and lcvcls as specified andjointed to produi a neat evcn
alignmcnt and grailient. Tbe joint-shall be grouted with't3 c€ment mortar
compllrrg with Sub-section 3-5.2.2 and weep holes shall be provided as shown
on the Drawings or as directcd by the S.O.-

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 (JKR/SPUleB8)

Porous concrete shall comply with the requircments of porous concrcte foi
pipes as dcscribed in M.S. 525. Cement and aggregates used in thc
manufacturc of the porous concrete drain sections shall conform to the
requirements of Section 9 of this Spccification.

Mass concrete for bases shall be of gradc 10/25 concrete or as specificd and
to thc dimcnsions and thickncsses as shown on the Drawings.

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 (JKR/sPJ/1s)

3.5 STONE PITCHING

3.5.1 Dcscription

This work shall consist of the construction of all structureE or parts of

structures to be composed of stone pitching either grouted or ungrouted as
shown on thc Drawings or as directed by the S.O. including erosion protection
pavemenis and aprons, drain linings, culvert inlcts and outletg etc. The work
shall bc carricd out all in accordance with this Spccification and to thc lincq
levcls, gradcs, dimensions and cross-sections shown on lhe Drawings. and as
rcquircd by the S.O.

3.5.2 Matcrials

t.5.2.r Sl@
Stonc shall be clean rough quarry stonc, or pit or rivey cobbles, or a mi:durc
of any of thcsc materialss and shall be essentially frge from dust, clay, vegotalivc
mattcr and other dcletcriouE materials. Individual pie€es of stonc shall be
approximatcly cubical or sphcrical and shall have leasfdimcnsions in thc range
100 to 150 mm and a maximum dimcnsion of 250 mm, maximum, unless
othcrwise specificd. The stone shall be hard, tough, durable and dense,
resistant to thc action of air and watcr, and suilablp in all rcspccts for the
purpose intcndcd.

3.5.2.2 Ccnrcm Mc,rrtar

Cement mortar, unlcss othcrwise specificd, shqlf contain 1 part ordinary

Portfand cement to 3 parts fine agrcgate by volqpe. Water shall bc added
to the mix to produce a suitable consistency for tllp intended usc, all to the
satisfaction of thc S.O. Thc constituent matcrials of lhc mortar shall comply
with the appropriate rcquiremcnts of Section 9 of thiq Spccification.

The ingrcdicnts for mortar shall be measured in propcr gauge boxes and mixed
on a clcan boardcd platform or in an approvcd mechaniFal batch mixcr.

AII mortar shall bc uscd within 30 minutcs of mixing and no rcworking of

mortar shall bc pcrmittcd thcrcaftcr.

3.5.3 Construction Mcthods

3.5.3.1 Groutcd Stonc Pitc-hing

Prior to constructing groutcd stonc pitching, the surfaccs against which it is to

bc placcd shall havc bccn linishcd in accordance with thc appropriatc
provisions of this Spccification. Notwithstanding any carlicr approval of these
finishcd surfaccs, any damagc to oI dctcrioration of thcm shall bc madc good
to thc satisfaclion of thc S.O. bcfore groutcd stonc pitching is placcd.

Construction of groutcd stonc pitching shall commcncc at thc lowcst part of

cach struclurc or scction of a structurc and continuc progrcssivcly upward.
lrng slruclurcs such as drain linings and slopc protcction pavcmcnis shall be
constructcd in scclions of praclicablc lcnglh, to thc satisfaction ofthc S.O. Thc
surfacc against which thc work is to bc placcd shall bc moistcncd with clean
watcr a littlc in advancc of conslrucliun, and covcrcd with a laycr of ccmcnt
mortar about 50 mm thick. Sroncs shall rhcn bc firmly set by hand into thc

s3- tl
 (JKR/SPule8s)

mortar, densely packed against adjacart stones- and- built up to form a stgnc
-uniform
,t^"iul" of m6ti or less ihickness which shall nowhere be less tban
i50 ;r (measured perpendicularty to thc surface cgY:d)' All thc whilc tbat
stones are being placed, all voids in the structure sbaU \ Packc{f so[ory llrn
mortar and stone spalls; however the surfaces of stones in thc cxposcd lac6
shall not'be covered with mortar. The cxposed surfaccs and cdgrcr
"nd "dses
oiiftr itiu.tut. shall be constructed such that they have as largc- a proportion
.omposed of stone faces. Weep holes shall be provided as sho*l
on"i..ti*fl"
"r the Drawings or as directed by the S.O.

Mortar which has been mixed for more than 30 minutes shall not bc uscd in
ifi" *.1r. Nor shall mortar bc laid against thc supporting surfacc.more. than
2 minutes before pitc.hing stone and building up the structure to luu tbrclncss
[ .on'n.."ncea on any dction of thc work, as ihc construction advanccs,
The work shall be carried out and finished all to lhe satisfaction of thc s'o.

3,5.3.2 Ungroutcd Stone Pitching

Where shown on thc Drawings, ungroutcd stone pitching shall bc IT9 t".!jo
provide maximum interlocking effect. The stones, the largesl ol whtch shall o€
used at the boltom, shall be wcll bedded on a 75 mm lay€r- ol gr?vcl .or
,ggr.g.t" ."r.ed to an euen surface. The whole work shall be finished to thc
satisfaction of the S.O.

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3.6 GABIONS

3.6.1 Dcscription

This work shall consist of ihe construction of misce aneous crosion protection
.andrclaining structures to bc composed of stone filled vire mesh gabions" Ttc
work shall bc carried out all in accordance with this specification ina as shown
on the Drawiogs and/or as approved by the S.O,

3.6.2 Materials

3.6.2.1 Wire Mesh Gabions

Gabions shall bc rectangular baskets ofrhe required dimensions as shown on

lhe ?TwiJrC.: or. ordcrcd by the S.O. Unless-orhcrwise specified, they shall
bc of thc following slandard dimcnsions :-

i) widrh 1.00 mctre;

iD length 1.00, 2.00 or 3.00 melres;

iiD heigbt 0.50 or 1.00 metre.

Gabions lo-ngcr than 1.00 m shall be divided into compartmcnts of equal length
not excceding 1.00 m by wire mesh diaphragms securely tied along a[ edfcs.
Each gabion or comparrmcnt of a gabion itraU Uc provided witli at leait n
cross-connccting wircs if its height is 0.50 m or llss, and with at least g
cross-connccting wires if its height is in thc range 0.50 ro 1.00 rnctre.

Gabions shall bc fabricatcd from steel wire manufactured in accordance with

B.S. 1052 and galvanised in accordance with M.S. 4OZ, or such similar standards
as the S.o. shall approve. The gatvanised wire sizes used shall be in accordance
with Table 3.3.

TABLE 33. GALVANISED WIRE SIZES FOR GABIONS

Typc of Wire Minimum Diameter

Sclvagc (pcrimctcr) wirc 3.50 mm

Mcsh wire 2.7O mm

Tying and connccting wire 2.n mm

Gabion mcsh shall bc triplc twistcd and shall have a uniform hexagonal pattern
wirh openings of lfi) x 120 mm or lcss. Thc mesh shalt be sejurcly iied to
selvagc wircs to form re,crangular-panels rivhich shall be securely wired iogcthcr
to form the completcd gabion baskets. The tics and conncctions foi eacb
gabion hasket comprise not tcss than gVo of its total weight, and thc
.sh-all
fabrication shall be all to the satisfaction of the S.O.

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 (JKR/SPJ/1e88)

3.6.2.2 Polwinyl Chloride Coating

Whcn spccified on the Drawings, all wire used in thefabrication-of gabions- and
in the wiring operation during construction shall, after galv-anising havc
extruded on t-o if a coating of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The PVC coating not
inclusive of galvanising shall nowhere be lcss than 0.55 mm in thickncss.

3.6.2.3 Slong

Stone fill for gabions shalt be clean rough quarry stone, or pit or rive-r cobbles,
or a mixture of any of these materials, and shall be essentially free from dust,
clay, vegetative matter and other dcletcrious materials. Individual-pieccs- of
stone shatl have least dimensions not less than 20 mm larger than thc gabion
mesh openings and greatest dimensions not m-ore than 250 mm. The stonc shall
be hard', tougi, durible and dense, resistant t6 the action of air and water, and
suitablc in all aspects for thc purposc intendcd. The material shall be approved
by the S.O.

3.6.3 Construction Mcthods

Prior to placing gabions, the surface on and against which thcy arc to bc
constructid shall have bcen preparcd and finished in accordance with the
relevant provisions of the appropriate Seclions of this Specification.
Notwithstanding any earlicr approval of these finished surfaces, any {aqage
to or deterioration of.them shall be made good to the satisfaction of the S'O.
before gabions arc placcd.

Each gabion basket shall be put in place in ils turn, completcly fabricated
exccpifor the fastcning down of thc lid, stretchcd to the correct shape and
dimcnsions, and fastened securcly to all contiguous baskets along each edge
with tying wire. The basket shall then be tightly packed with approrred stone
by hand in such a manner that voids arc kcpt to a practicable minimum and
aic uniformly distributed in the stone mass. Finally, the lid of the basket shall
be securely fistcncd down with tying wire along all hithcrto unfastened cdges"
all to the iatisfaction of the S.O. In no case shall the wcight of thc finished
gabion be lcss than 1300 kg per cubic metre.

As a gabion structure is built up, backfilling against finished gabions shall be

carried out as necessary for propcr progressive construction, all in accordance
with the relevant provisions of the appropriatc Scctions of this Spccilication.
Unless othcrwise spccified, veitical joints bctwccn gabions shall bc slagg€rcd
in gabion structures in a pattcrn similar to lhc joints in running bond
brickwork.

$-n
 (JKR/SPry1e88)

3.7 BRTCKWORK

3.7.r Dcscriot!on

This work shall includc the laying of brickwork to the lincs, levels and grades
shown on thc Drawings and/or as directed by the S.O.

3.7.2 Matcrials

3.7.2.r Common Bricks

Common bricks shall be sound, hard, well burnt, of proper size and clean and
shall give a clear ring when struck. They shall be Class 3 standard format
complying with tht requirements of M.S. 76. Bricks shall bc obtained from
manufacturers approved by the S.O.

3.7.2.2 Ccmcnl Mertar

Cemcnl mortar for brickwork shall comply with the requirements of

Sub-Section 3.5.2.2.

3.7.3 Construction Methods

3.7.3.t Brick Laying

Brickwork shall be executed with cement mortar and shall be of the thiclness
and bonds as shown on the Drawings. Bricks shall be kept damp until uscd and
shall be laid dn a full bcd of mortir. Thc brickwork stratt bc iruc to.linc and
plumb, and coursei shall be kept truly level. The thickness of mortar joints shall
no( exceed 10 mm and shall be such that 4 courses of brickwork forms a height
of 300 mm. Newly laid brickwork shall be protected from the harmful cffects
of sunshine, rain, running and surface water and shocks. Any brickr*orl that
is damaged shall be taken down and rebuilt and the joints raked out and
pointed as directed by the S,O. Any such remcdial work shall be at the
Contractor's own gxpense.

3.7.3.2 Plasrering Brickwork

AII exposcd brickwork surfaces shall be plastered. The plaster shall be applied
in 2 coats generally to a total thickness of 20 mm and shall be finisheil with
a stecl trowcl for internal surfaces and with a wooden float for bncrnal
surfaces.

Plain pla.ster shall consist of 1 part masonry cement complying with M.S. 794
to 3 parts of sand by volume. Whcrc ordinary Portland ccment is usc4
plasticiscr of a typc approvcd by thc S.O. may bc added to the rnix in
accordancc with thc manufacturcr's instructions.

Ordinary Portland ccmcnt and watcr shall comply with the appropriate
rcquiremcnts of Scction 9 of this Spccification.

Wccp holes shall be providcd as shown on the Drawings or as direclcd by the

s.o.

53.I2
 (JKR/sPJ/1e88)

3.8 SUBSOIL DRAINS

3.8.1 Descrintion

This work shall include the supply and installation of subsoil drains constructed
in accordance with this Specilication at thc locations and in accordance with
the lines, levels and gradis as shown on the Drawings and/or as directed by
the S.O.

3.8.2 Materials

3.8.2.r Pipes

Porous concrete pipes for subsoil drains shall comply with M'S' 525'

Clay pipcs for subsoil drains shall comply with B.S. ll%.
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipcs for subsoil drains shall comply with Auslralian
Standard Specification 2439 or B.S. 3656.

3.8.2.2 Filtcr Matcrial

Filtcr material used in the construction of subsoil drains shall consist of hard,
clean sand conforming to the grading limits givcn in Tablc 3.4. The material
-be
passing the 425 um siwc shall non-plastic whcn tcstcd in accordancc with
B.S. 1377.

TABLE 3.4 . GRADTNG LIMITS FOR FTLTER MATERIAL

B.S. Sicve Sizc Vo Passing By Wcight

10.0 mm 100
5.0 mm 90 - 100
2.36 mm 75 - 100
l.l8 mm 55- 90
(l00 um 35-59
3m um 8- 30
150 um 0- 10

3.8.2.3 Filter Cloth

The syntbetic fittcr cloth shall be a non-wovcn typc of approved manufaclure

having the following propcrtics :-

(a) ChctnicalConrpositionRequirct?tcnts

Fibrcs uscd in thc manufacturc ofthe cnginccring fabric shall consist of a long
chain synthctic polymcr, composcd of at lcast 85Vo by wcight of
polypropylcne, -ethylcne, -eslcramidc or -vinylidenc chloridc and shall contain
itaUitisers and/or inhibitors addcd to the hase plastic (as ncccssary) to make
thc fabric rcsistant to detcrioration from ultraviolet and hcat exposure.

s3- 13
 (JKR/SPJ/1988)

(b) Physical Propcrty Rcquirentet s

The physical properties of the lilter cloth shall comply with Table 3.5'

TABLE 3J . PHYSICAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS

FOR FILTER CITOTH

Grab Strength 0.9 KN

(ASTM D1CA2)

Puncture Strength 0.4 KN

(ASTM.D3787 - 80a)

Burst Strength 2100 kN/sq.m

(ASTM D3786 - 80a)

(c) Filtration Rcquircnrcnt

Equivalcnt opcning size of thc filter cloth dctermincd by sieving as described

in Astt"l D422 shall be less than the eighty-five percentage size of lhc adjacent
soil'

(d) Pemreability Requirentarl

Thc equivalent Darcy Pcrmeability of the filtcr cloth shall be greater than l0
times the Darcy Permeability of the soil to be drained.

3.8.2.4 Cemcnt Mortar

1:3 ccment mortar for use in pipe joints shall comply with Sub-Scction 3.5.2.2.

3.8.3 Construction Mclhods

Excavation for subsoil drains shall bc carricd out all in accordance with the
appropriate provisions of Sub-Section 3.2.

Filtcr material as dcscribcd in Sub-section 3.8.2.2 above shall bc placed and

uniformly compactcd by a suitable method approved by the S.O, to form a firm,
evcn bedding for the pipe drain as shown on the Drawings.

Thc pipc sccrions shall be sct firmly against thc filter malerial bedding with the
flow'lincs in thc dcsign position. For pipes with mating joints, the receiving
cnds shall bc upgradc, and thc pipc joints shall bc fully matcd. For butt jointed
pipcs with colliis, the pipc scctions shall bc Tully con(iguous, and the collars
properly ccntrcd ovcr thc joints,

Joints shall be spot mortarcd ai necessary to hold the pipc sections correctly
centrcd and aligned, but not so as to unduly rcstrict the infiltration of water
through thc joints.

Slotted or perforated pipcs shall bc tightly wrappcd in filtcr cloth such that thc
entirc lcngth o[ thc mortarcd pipc is covercd by at lcast 2laycrs of cloth. All
joints in both layers shall havc an overlap of at least 100 mm and joints in the

s3-14
 (JKR/SPr/1e88)

outer layer shall be offset by at least 3(X) mm from joints in the inner lapr, all
to the satisfaction of the S.O.

After pipe laying and, if appropriate, wrapping has bcen approved by thc S.O''
the remainder of the lilter material shall be placed and uniformly compacted
by a suitablc mcthod approved by the S.O. to form a dense, even surround to
thc pipe as shown on the Drawings. Care shall bc taken that thc pipc is ncithcr
damaged nor displaced.

Backfill shall then be placed and compacted in accordance with the appropriatc
provisions of Sub-Section 3.2.4.

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 (JKR/SPJ/1e88)

3.9 RC. PIPE CULVERTS

3.9.1 Description

This work shall comprise the supply and installation of reinforced concrete pipe
culverts, inclusive of excavatioq backfilling jointing bedding coastruction bf
headwalls, wingwalls, aprons and sumps and channll proteciion works, all in
accordance with this Specification and tbe details shbwn on thc Drawings.

3.9.2 Materials

3.9.2.1 Pipes

Reinforced concrete pipes shall conform to thc requirements of M.S. 881 and
shall be supplied by manufacturers approved by the S.O.

Rebated pipes of diameter 600 mm and above shall be internally rebatcd.

Collars shall be precast with gradc 25 concrete a;d shall be'suitably reinforced
all in accordance with Section 9 of this Specification. Thc width of thc collar
shall be not less than 150 mm and the minimum thickness shall be 50 mm.

Rubber rings for spigot and socket pipes shall comply with the requiremcnts
of Type 2 as specified in B.S. 2494.

3.9.2.2 Cement Mortar

1:3 cement mortar for jointing of reinforced concrete pipes shall conform to
the requirements of Sub-Sectiod 3.5.2.2.

3.9.2.3 Beddine Material

Tlpe A tredding- shall consist of grade Zlf?l' concrete complying with Section
9 of this Specification.

Type B bedding shall consist of clean, natural sand or gravclly sand of suilablc
gradation and quality, approved by the S.O. The material shall havc a
maximum particle size of not more than 12 mm.

3.9.3 Excavation and Backfilling for

R.C. Pipe Culverts

3.9,3.1 Excavation

(a) General

Unless othcrwise directed by the S.O., prior to construction of a pipc cuhcrg

thc earthworks at the required location shall have becn construct-cd to a levcl
at least 600 mm above the top of culvert design levels or to the top of subgradc
levels, whichever is lower.

Pipc culverts specified to be constructed in trcnch conditions shall bs cxcavltcd

in accordance with Sub-Section 3.9.3.1 (b) bclow.

Whcre drainage conditions or other circumstances so require, the S.O. may

direct thc Contractor to construct the pipe cutvert without first constructing til

s3-16
 (JKR/SPr/1e88)

carthworks to the levet specified above, in which case cxcavation and

foundation preparation shail be in accordance with Sub-Section 3'9'3'1 (c)
below.

o) Trench Method

Tbe trench to receive a cutvert pipe shall be of sufficient width and 9qpr !o
-material
enable the olacinc of bcdding and construction of pipc joints in
'with -this
accordancc specifrcation, and the bottom of thc trench shall be
trimmed to a suitably smooth plane surface which shall, bc tep frec from
watcr, all to the sadsfaclion of tire S.O, Wbere rock or other hard unyielding
foundation material is cncountered in the trench, it shall bc excavated to a
depth beJow the bottom of pipe design levels of at least 300 mm or 125 mm
pci IOO of fitl to be pla&h over ihe top of the pip, whichcver isglcater,
"i.
irp to a maximum of TiVo of the interna[ diameter of the pipc.- The hard
material so cxcavated shall be. replaced with suitable material uniformly
compacted in layers of not more than 150 mm colpactcd-thickncss to provide
satisiactory support for the pipe, all to the satisfaction of the S'O'

(c) OPen Ground Mcthod

Whcrc cxisting ground levels are above top of bedding material.design lcvels
and firm founiition materials arc encountercd, excavation and loundation
preparation shall be similar to that dcscribed in the trench method abovc.
bthcrurise a'firm foundation.planc shall be prepared, which shall bc csscntially
frcc draining along the line oi thc culvert, by tiimming thc cxisting ground, or
such fill as It is n-".ersary to place and comp.,rt, over a width suflicient to
permit sarisfacrory construction of the pipc-lidding, all to the satisf3ction of
itre S.O. Hard materiats shall be excavated from lhe pipe foundation orer a
width equal to the outsidcdiameter of the pipe to the samc dcpt! 1 specifi*
in thc trench merhod, and shall be replaced-with suitablc material uniformly
cornpaded in layers of not more than i50 -m go-mpacted thickness to providc
satisiactory support for the pipe, all to the satisfaction of the S'O'

Whcrc soft or unstable soil is encountcred in thc foundatior\ it shall bc

ercarated over a width of at least 1.5 times the outside diametcr of thc pipc
on each side of the culvert centreline to the dcpth directcd by the S.o,, and
replaced with suitablc material uniformly comp-acted in layers of nol morc than
150 mm compacted thickness to providl satiifactory supPort for thc pipc' all
to thc satisfaction of the S'O'

1.932 Backfilling

Backfilling against reinforced concretc pipe culverts and their appurte-nant

structures'shllt be carried out in accordlnce with thc construction mcthods
described in Sub.Section 3.2.4, wing matcrial conforming to thc requirements
of Sub-Secrion 3.2.25. Special care ihall be taken to pro{rerly compact backfill
agaiost ttre undersides bf culvert pipes without- dhiurbing or damaging thc
p-ipcs and joinrs. Backfill shatl bebuilt up evenly on both sides of each pipc
culvcrt along its entirc length.

Hcavy ptant and eguipmcnt shall not operate within 1.5 m of any pipe.culvcrt
until fiicklilling and, *h"r" appropriati, pavement construction has advanccd
to a stage whiih providcs at icast 600 mm of cover to the culvcrt. Subjql to
the appioval of the S.o., light compaction equipment may be operatcd abovc
pipc
'culverts aftcr a minilmur of 300 oi coner has been placed and
'nm
compacted.

s3-17
 (rKR/SPJ/1e88)

3.9.4 Installation of R.C. PiDe Culverts

3.9.4.r General

The type, size and class of pipe to bc installed at cach location shall bc as
shown on thc Drawings or as directed by the S,O. Culvcrts shall not bc
installed at anv location until the tvDe of DiDc. the cxact location the lines.
Ievels and gadeE tbc length oI pipc an<l detarls ot inlct and outlct Structur€s
havc bcen confirmed by the S.O. In addition, special rcquircmcnts
recommendcd by the manufacturer with rcspect to acsembly and installatioo
shall be complicd with. Especially where olliptically reinforccd pipc seaioru
are uscd, care shall be taken to cnsurc that the loading axes arc positioned
exactly verticallv,

3.9.4.2 Butt Ended Pifre Culverts with

Precast Concreie Collars

The pipcs shall be laid on Type A bedding in conformity with thc dimensions
shown on the Drawings. Before placing any concrcte bcdding the pipes shall
be assernbled completc with precast concrete collars to thi correct levcls and
grades on precast @ncrete spacing block of the same class of concrete as thc
bedding material and of sufficient size to eliminate any risk of settlemcnt of
the pipes before or during mncreting

All joints shall be fully mortared with 1:3 cem€nt mortar beforc concreting of
the cradle, all to the satisfaction of the S.O. The concrete cradle shall be cast
as onc monolithic unit, Alternatively, part of the concrete cradle below the
underside of the pipe may bc constructed monolithically at lcast Z hours
bcforc the assembly and mortaring up of thc pipe sections and collarg on
condition that shear connectors are provided acrbss horizontal construction
joints to thc satisfaction of the S.O.

During installation, the ends of the pipes shall,be butted and thc collar ccntrcd
about the joint using wcdges or othcr approvcd means, Tte annular shall bc
completely lilled with l:3 cement mortar with only sufficient water added to
ensure adequate workability and the wedges removed beforc finally fairing thc
joint. Special carc shall bc takcn to ensurc that exccss cement morlar is neatly
cleaned off. For pipcs over 900 mm in diameter thc jointing spacc shall bc
filled from inside the pipe after completion of embankment construction using
l:3 cement mo ar. When installed, the clearance between the outer diameter
of pipe and the inner diameter of collar shall be at lcast 20 mm.

Following pipc assembly and morlaring up as above, the remainder of the

cradle shall bc cast monolithically, all to the satisfaction of the S.O.

Where vertical construction joints in the concrcte cradle are unavoidablc duc
to circumstances on Site, transler bars shall be provided to the satisfaction of
the S.O.

Special care shall be taken when placing the concrete cradle to avoid the
entrapment of air underneath the pipe. To eliminate this possibility, concretc
shall be placed to one side of the pipe only until such time as the level of the
concrete surface rises above the underside of the pipe on the side remole from
that on which concrete is being placed. Ttre concrete shall then be brought up
at the same level on both sidcs of the pipe.

s3-r8
 (JKR/SPJ/1e88)

3.9.43 Rebatcd Pige Culverts

Thc pipcs shall be laid on Type A bedding in conformity with the dimensions
sbo*a on the Drawings,

Thc mcthod of construdion shall follow that described in SubSection 3.9'4.2

for butt cnded pipc cutvgrts crcep for the cxclusion of precast concretc collars'

Tlrc rcbated joint shall be intbrnally tlush and fully mortared with 1:3 ccmcnt
mortar, all to the satisfaction of thc S.O.

3.9.4.4 Sgieot and Sockct Pipc Culverts

The pipcs shall bc laid on Type B bcdding in conformity with the diraensions
sbo\d 6n the Drawings. The bedding matcrial shall be accurately shapcd by
a tcmplate to fit the lower part ofthc pipe cxterior for a height of at least l0%
of thioutside diamctcr of ihc pipc. Gapc shall be left in thc bcdding matcrial
and reccsscr dug in the earth foundation of suflicient width and dcpt!1o
accomodate thc socket without it rasting on the bottom of thc rcccss Thc
widtls of the recesses in the foundation dnd thc bcdding shall both cxcccd thc
width of tbe soctet by more than 50 mm.

Jointing of the pips shall be carried olt strictly in accordancc with thc
r anuficturer's rccommcndations, all to thc satisfaction of thc S.O.
Concrctc pipes as specificd abovc shall bc laid true to lilte and levcl, cach pipc
bcing scpiritcly boned bet*ccn sight rails. Pipcs shall bc laid in an upstrcam
dircctid with thc sockcts towards lhc inlel.and shall rest on cven foundations
for thc full lcngth of the barrcl. Rubbcr ringjoints shall bc instalted strictly
in accordancc wirtr ilre manufacturer's instructions. Prior to jointing rubbcr
rings and jointing surfaces shall bc clcancd of all contaminants cxcePt for
sp&licd lubricanls. Thc spigot of cach pipo shall be insertcd conccntrically
ii thc socket of thc one previously laid, and thc pipc thcn adjusted and fued
ih its corrcct positiorr with the spigot correctly cntercd in thc socket.

Carc shatl be taken to s€e that the rubber ring is adequately comprcssed to seal
the joint. All pipcs shall be laid to thc satisfaction of the S.O.

s3-19
 (JKR/SPJ/1988)

3.r0 CORRUGATED METAL PIPE CTJLVERTS

3.10.1 Description

This work shall comprise the supply and installation of bolted, comrgated metal
pipe culverts inclusive of excavatioq backlilling jointing bedding construction
of hcadwalls, wingnalls, aprons and sumps and channel protcction work, all
iq accordance with this Spccilication and the details shown on the Drawings.

3.r0.2 Materials

3.10.2.1 Pipes

The pipe sections shall be fabricated from zinc-coated (galvanised) stecl sheets
conforrning to AASHTO M218 or from structural plates conforming to
AASHTO M167 depending on thc pipe size requirements.

The dimcnsions of the pipcs shall conform to AASHTO M35. All pipes shall
be clcarly identified by marking on each section the following information r

i) namc of manufacturcr;
ii) diameter of pipe;
iii) gauge number;
w) date of manufacture.

The above markings shall have been marked by,the manufacturcr.

The Contractor shall submit to the S.O. the material test certificatcs from thc
manufacturer showing the chemical composition and mechanical properties of
thc base metal and the amount of zinc coating for every lot of pipes supplicd.
The S,O. may order further tests in ihe sections supplied to Site at the rate of
not more than I in 100.

All costs on such tests shall be borne bv the Contractor.

3.10.2.2 Bitumen Coaling

Where specilied, the pipe sections or plates shall be coated with an approved
bitumen coating at thc factory by the hot-dip process for Type A as specified
in AASHTO M 1J10. Before coatin& any damage to the galvanising shall bc
made good in a manncr approved by thc S.O.

3.10.2.3 Bolts and Nuls

All bolts and nuts shall bc of high strcngth carbonatcd stecl meeting the
provisions of ASTM Ai149 and ASTM 4563 Grade 'C' respcclively. The
galvanising on bolts and nuts must mcet the rcquiremcnts of ASTM A153,

Diametcrs of bolt holcs in thc longitudinal seams, cxccpt those at the plate
corncrs, shall not excced the bolt diamctcr by morc than 3 mm, The bolt holes
in thc circumfcrcntial seams, including those at thc platc corners, shall not
excced thc bolt diamctcr by morc than 6 mm. The minimurir distancc from
the ccntrc of a holc to thc edgc of a plate shall be 1.75 timcs the diameter of
the bolt.

s3-20
 (IKR/sPJ/1e8E)

For pipc matetial conforming to AASHTO M2l8 .(corrugation 68 mm pitch

x 13 hm deph) with diametcrs of 15fi) mm or smaller, 12 mm diametcr bolts
shall bc uscd. Boh holes along circumfcrcntial seams shall havc spacing! of
not motc than 314 mm.

For pipc matcrial conforming to AASHTO Ml67 (corrugation 15t) mm pit$

r 50-mm depth) with diamctcrs of 15(X) mm or largcr, 19 mm diamaer bolts
chail bc uscd. Four b<ilt holcs pcr 3(X) mm of longitudind scam shall bc
provided and thesc shall bc staggcred in rows 5l mm aPart with holcs in onc
iow in thc trough and holes in thc othcr row in lhc crcst of thc corrugrtion.
Bott holes in thc circumferential scams shall have spacings of not morc than
254 mm.

Notwithsanding the abow, the Contraaor shall satis$ the S.O. ss to thc
rdcquacy of all boltcd conncctions.

3.ro.L4 Ccment-Mortar

1:3 ccment mortar shall comply with thc requiremcntg of Sub'SoaionS'5.2.L

3.r0.2J Bcdding Matcrial

C;orrugated metal pipc cutvcrts shall be bcddcd on Typc B bcdding as specilicd

in Sub'Scction 3.9.2.3.

3.r03 Excavation and Backfillina for .

Corrugalcd tvlelal Pilre Culverts

Unless otherwisc dircaed and/or approved by the.S.O., thc pipe culrart shall
bc laid in a trcnch excaratcd in accordance with Sub'seuion 3'93.1 @).

Where thc open groqnd method is approrrcd, the work shall contply with
Sub,Scaion 3.9.3.1 (c).

3.10.4 Installation of
Corrugated Metal Pipe Culverts

3.10.d1 Gcneral

Thc culvert sections shall be assembted, strutted, and protectcd during

construction in accordancc with th€ manufacturcr's instruc{ions. Spccid
ltlention shall be giran to thc rcquence of tightcning bolts and thc specificd
torque to be applild during asscmbly. After asscmbly thc bitumcn coating
sbail, whcrc damagcd, bc repaircd and nadc good with furthcr application of
thc hitumcn coating.

t.ro.4.2 Monar Lining

For cnrrugatcd mctal piJrc culvcris of 1800 mm diameter or nlorcr or whcrc

directcd by thc S.O. foi pipes of smaltcr diamctcrg a l:3 ccrncnt mortar lining
shall covei thc invcrts oi rhe pips to a thickncss of 25 mm abora the ocst of
thc corrugations ovcr a minimum of onc third of thc circtrnfcrencc cenrally
ptaced a6ng lhe entirc lcngth of the culrtrl. The tining shall bc constructed
aftcr complction of earthworks and wingvallg.

s}21
 (JKR/SPJ/1e88)

3.11 PRECAST I}OX CULVERTS

3.11.1 DesciiJrtion

This work shall comprise thc supply and installation of precast box cutverts
inclusivc ofexcavation. backfilling, joinring bcdding, cbnstiuction of headwatls,
wrngwa s, aprons ano sumps ano cnannet protectron worKs, a|| ln accoroance
with this Spccification and rhe dctails shown on lhe Drawings.
3.11.2 Matcrials

3.1t.2.1 Prccast Box Culvcrls

Prccast box culvcrts shlll bc of approvcd manufacturc cornplying with

Australian Standard Spccificttitln 1.597 Part l, or any cquivalcnt altirnative
standard acccptablc and approvcd by the S.0.

3.rr.2.2 Ccmcnt Nfortar

l:3 ccmcnt mortar ftrr jointing of prccast box culvcrl scctions shatl conform to
the rcquircments of Sub-scction 3.5.2.2.

3.1l.?.3 Bcdding I\lrt crial

-frccast
box culvcrrs shall be bcddcd on Type B bcdding as specified in
Sub-.Scction 3.9.2.3.

3.r 1.3 Excavation and Back filling

3.11.3.r Excavation for Prccast Box Culvcr(s

Unless othcru'ise dircctcd by thc S.O., prior to construction of a precast

box culvcrt, the carthworks at thc rcquircd localion shall havi been
firs( constructcd to a lcvcl at lcast 6(X) mm abrlve thc top of the culvert
design lcvcls or io lhc top of subgradc lcvcls, whichcver iJ lower, and the
prcc.ast b(rx culvcrt shall thcn bc constructcd in a trcnch excavatcd'in
accordance with Sub-Sccrion 3.9.3.1 (b).

Where drainagc conditions or othcr circumstances so require, the S.O.

may dircct thc Contractor lo construcl thc prccast box cutvcrt without first
constructing thc earthworks to the lcvcl spccificd abovc, in which case
excavation and foundation preparation shall bc in accordance with
Sub-Scction 3.9.3.1 (c).

3.1 r .1.2 Backfilling

Backfilling against prccasl box cutvcrts and thcir appurtcnant slructures

shall bc carricd our in accordancc with the construction methods describcd
in Sub-Scction 3.2.4, using material conforming to the requirements of
Sub-Section 3.2.2.5. Spccial care shall bc raken io propcrly compacr backfill
uithout disturbing or damaging rhc prccast box culvcrt jccrions. liackfill shall
bc built up evenly on bolh sides of cach box culvcrr along its entire lcngth.

Unless otherwise approvcd by thc S.O., hcavy plant and cquipmcnt shall not
opcratc.within 2.0 m of any prccast box culvcrt until backfilling and, whcrc
aPpropnate, pavcmcnt conslruclion has advanccd to a stagc which providcs at

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 (JKR/SPJ/1e88)

least 300 mm of cover to the culvert.

3.11.4 Installation of Precast Box Culverts

I
The typc and sizc of prccast box culvert to be installed at ead location sbdl
be as shown on the Drawings or as directcd by thc S.O. Precast box culrrcrts
shall aot be installed at any location until the exact location, thc linas, levels
and gradas, ihc length of culvert and details of inlet and outlct strudures havc
been confirmcd by the S.O. In addition, special requirements rccorhmended
by thc manufacturer shalt be complied with,

Precast box culverts shall be laid on Type B bedding as dpccilicd in

Sub-Scclion 3.9.4 in conformity with thc dimcnsions shown on thc Drawings.
Where spccified on the Drawings or directed by the S.O., Typc B bcdding shall
bc laid on a layer of crushed aggregate of maximum particle size not excceding
50 mm.

All joints shall be iully monared with 1:3 cement mortar, alt to rhe satisfaction
of thc S.O. In addition, a 3 mm laycr of l:3 cement mortar shall bc sprcad
on top of the legs of thc invert in order to ensure uniform bedring bctween thc
invert and lid.

Liftinc holes shall be filled with 1:3 cement mortar.

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 (rKR/SPJ/l!'88)

3.12 EXTENS]ON OF CULVERTS

3.r2.1 Extcnslon of Pilre Culverts

Thc existing wingwallg aprons rnd cgncrete bedding shall bc dcnolishcd

whcrever indicated on tho Drawings to expose the existing pipe cutvcrt on thc
side(s) to bc extcnded. Thc end of thc cxisting pipc crilvlri to bc extended
shall then be wire-brushcd or somc other mcans employed to give a ctcan pipc
cnd.

Exle$ion joints shall bc formed as shown on thc Drawings by injcaing

Thiollex 60 - Gun G-rade (manufactured by Expandire) or itslquivaleirt to i
thickness of not less than 25 mm- in thc 15 mm widc gap betwecn thc cxisting
gipr.l-d the new pipc. The rcmainingspace in rhe gafshail then be lillcd witf,
Flcxcell Expansion Filler.

B.akau pilcs shall be installed as shown on the Drawings, unlcss othcrwisc

directed by the S.O.

3.12.2 ExtensioT of Box Culverts

Thc existing wingwalls, aprons and concrete bedding shall be dcmolishcd

whcrever indicated on the Drawings to expos€ thc exisiing box culvcrt on thc
side(s) to be crtcndcd. The cnd bf thc cxisring box culicrt ro bc extcnded
shall thcn bc wire-brushcd or some othcr mcans crnploycd to givc a clean
surfacc,

Extension joints shall be formed as shown on the Drawincs by inicctins

Thioflex 60Q - Gun Grade (manufactured by Expandite) or itslquivalenr to i
thickness of not less than 25 mm in the 15 mm wide gap bctween the cxisting
box culvert and the new box culvcrt section, Thc rcmaining space in thc gaf
shall then be filled with Ftcxcell Expansion Filler.

Bakau piles shall be installed as shown on the Drawings, unlcss o6crwisc

directed by the S.O.

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