C. N. R.

Rao

Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao,[1][2][3][4][5]

(born 30 June 1934), is an Indian chemist who has C. N. R. Rao
FNA, FASc, FRS, FTWAS, HonFRSC, MAE,
worked mainly in solid-state and structural chemistry.
HonFInstP
He has honorary doctorates from 86 universities from
around the world and has authored around 1,800
research publications and 58 books.[6] He is described
as a scientist who had won all possible awards in his
field except the Nobel Prize.[7][8]

Rao completed BSc from Mysore University at age

seventeen, and MSc from Banaras Hindu University at
age nineteen. He earned a PhD from Purdue University
at the age of twenty-four. He was the youngest lecturer
when he joined the Indian Institute of Science in
1959.[9] After a transfer to Indian Institute of
Technology Kanpur, he returned to IISc, eventually Professor Rao in 2013
becoming its director from 1984 to 1994. He was chair Born Chintamani Nagesa
of the Scientific Advisory Council to the Prime Ramachandra Rao
Minister of India from 1985 to 1989 and from 2005 to 30 June 1934
2014. He founded and works in Jawaharlal Nehru Bangalore, Kingdom of Mysore,
Centre for Advanced Scientific Research and British India
International Centre for Materials Science.
Alma mater Mysore University (BS)
Rao received scientific awards and honours including Banaras Hindu University (MS)
the Marlow Medal, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Purdue University (PhD)
Science and Technology, Hughes Medal, India Science Awards Bharat Ratna (2014)
Award, Dan David Prize, Royal Medal, Von Hippel Padma Vibhushan (1985)
Award, and ENI award. He also received Padma Shri Padma Shri (1974)
and Padma Vibhushan from the Government of India. Marlow Medal (1967)
On 16 November 2013, the Government of India Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize
selected him for Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian for Science and Technology
award in India, making him the third scientist after (1969)
C.V. Raman and A. P. J. Abdul Kalam[10] to receive the Hughes Medal (2000)
award.[11][12][13] He received the award on 4 February India Science Award (2004)
2014 from President Pranab Mukherjee at the Dan David Prize (2005)
Rashtrapati Bhavan.[14][15] Legion of Honor (2005)
Abdus Salam Medal (2008)
Royal Medal (2009)
Early life and education Karnataka Ratna (2001)
Order of Friendship (2009)
National Order of Scientific Merit
C.N.R. Rao was born in a Kannada Deshastha Brahmin (2012)
family in Bangalore to Hanumantha Nagesa Rao and Order of the Rising Sun (2015)
Nagamma Nagesa Rao. [16][17][18][19] His father was an Von Hippel Award (2017)
[9]
Inspector of Schools. He was an only child, and his ENI award (2020)
learned parents made an academic environment. He Scientific career
was well versed in Hindu literature from his mother
Fields Solid-state chemistry
and in English from his father at an early age. He did
Institutions Indian Space Research
not attend elementary school but was home-tutored by
Organisation
his mother, who was particularly skilled in arithmetic
IIT Kanpur
and Hindu literature. He entered middle school in
Indian Institute of Science
1940, at age six.[20] Although he was the youngest in
University of Oxford
his class, he used to tutor his classmates in
University of Cambridge
mathematics and English. He passed the lower
University of California, Santa
secondary examination (class VII) in the first class in
Barbara
1944. He was ten years old, and his father rewarded
Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for
him with four annas (twenty-five paisa). He attended
Advanced Scientific Research
Acharya Patashala high school in Basavanagudi, which
made a lasting influence on his interest in chemistry. Website www.jncasr.ac.in/cnrrao/index
His father enrolled him to a Kannada-medium course .html (http://www.jncasr.ac.in/cnrr
to encourage his mother tongue, but at home used ao/index.html)

English for all conversation. He completed secondary

school leaving certificate in first class in 1947. He studied BSc at Central College, Bangalore where he
developed communication skills in English and also learned Sanskrit.[20]

He obtained his bachelor's degree from Mysore University in 1951, in first class, at the age of seventeen.
He initially thought of joining Indian Institute of Science (IISc) for a diploma or a postgraduate degree in
chemical engineering, but a teacher persuaded him to attend Banaras Hindu University.[20] He obtained a
master's in chemistry from BHU two years later.[9]

In 1953, he was granted a scholarship for PhD in Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. But four
foreign universities, MIT, Penn State, Columbia and Purdue also offered him financial support. He chose
Purdue. His first research paper was published in the Agra University Journal of Research in 1954. He
completed PhD in 1958, only after two years and nine months.[20]

Career
After completion of his graduate studies, Rao returned to Bangalore in 1959 to take up a lecturing
position, joining IISc and embarking on an independent research program. The facility at the time was so
meagre that he described it, saying, "You would get string and sealing wax and that's about it."[9] In 1963
he accepted a permanent position in the Department of Chemistry at the Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur. He was elected Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1964. He returned to IISc in 1976
to establish a solid state and structural chemistry unit.[20] and became director of the IISc from 1984 to
1994. At various points in his career Rao has taken appointments as a visiting professor at Purdue
University, the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge and University of California, Santa
Barbara. He was the Jawaharlal Nehru Professor at the University of Cambridge and Professorial Fellow
at the King's College, Cambridge during 1983–1984.[21]
Rao has been working as the National Research Professor holding the positions Linus Pauling Research
Professor and Honorary President of Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research,
Bangalore, which he founded in 1989.[22] He had served as chair of the Scientific Advisory Council to the
Indian Prime Minister for two terms, from 1985 to 1989 and from 2005 to 2014.[9] He is also the director
of the International Centre for Materials Science (ICMS), which he founded in 2010, and serves on the
board of the Science Initiative Group.[23]

Scientific contribution
Rao is one of the world's foremost solid state and materials chemists. He has contributed to the
development of the field over five decades.[24] His work on transition metal oxides has led to basic
understanding of novel phenomena and the relationship between materials properties and the structural
chemistry of these materials.[25]

Rao was one of the earliest to synthesise two-dimensional oxide materials such as La2CuO4. He was one
of the first to synthesise 123 cuprates, the first liquid nitrogen-temperature superconductor in 1987. He
was also the first to synthesis Y junction carbon nanotubes in the mid-1990s.[9] His work has led to a
systematic study of compositionally controlled metal-insulator transitions. Such studies have had a
profound impact in application fields such as colossal magneto resistance and high temperature
superconductivity. Oxide semiconductors have unusual promise. He has made immense contributions to
nanomaterials over the last two decades, besides his work on hybrid materials.[26][27]

He shares co-authorship of more than 1800 research papers and has co-authored or edited more than 58
books.[6][24][28]

Awards and recognition

Fellowships and memberships of academic societies

Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences (FASc, 1965)[1]
Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy (FNA, 1974)[29]
Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS, 1982)[2]
Founding Fellow of The World Academy of Sciences (FTWAS, 1983)[3]
Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (Hon. FRSC, 1989)[4]
Foreign Member of the Academia Europaea (MAE, 1997)[5]
Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics (Hon.FInstP, 2007)[30]
Member of many of the world's scientific associations, including the National Academy of
Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Royal Society of Canada, French
Academy, Japanese Academy, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and Polish Academy
of Sciences, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Serbian Academy of Sciences, Slovenian
Academy of Sciences, Brazilian Academy of Sciences, Spanish Royal Academy of
 Sciences, National Academy of Sciences of Korea, African Academy of Sciences, and the
American Philosophical Society.[31] He is also a member of the Pontifical Academy.

Honorary doctorates
International:

Professor C.N.R. Rao has received numerous honorary degrees from universities worldwide in
recognition of his contributions to science. In Africa, he was awarded a D.Sc. Honoris Causa by
Stellenbosch University, South Africa, in 2007. Australia honored him with a D.Sc. Honoris Causa from
the Australian National University in Canberra in 2015. In the United Kingdom, he received honorary
degrees from the University of Wales (Cardiff), Liverpool, Oxford (2007), and St. Andrews University
(2013).

In France, he was awarded Honoris Causa doctorates by the University of Bordeaux in 1983, the
University of Caen in 2000, and Université Joseph Fourier in Grenoble in 2011. Other recognitions
include a D.Sc. Honoris Causa from Wroclaw University in Poland (1989) and from Novosibirsk
University and the Russian Academy of Sciences (Siberian Branch) in Russia (1999). Additionally,
Sweden awarded him an Honoris Causa Doctorate from Uppsala University in 2000, and Sudan awarded
a D.Sc. Honoris Causa from the University of Khartoum in 2002.

In the United States, he has received honorary doctorates from several universities, including Colorado,
Northwestern, Notre Dame, Purdue, Temple, and others.

National

In India, Professor Rao’s contributions have been acknowledged by a wide range of institutions. He has
received honorary doctorates from major universities, including Aligarh University, Banaras Hindu
University, Bangalore University, Calcutta University, Delhi University, Hyderabad University,
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kanpur University, Mangalore University, Panjab University,
and Roorkee University. Additionally, he has been honored by Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) at Bombay, Kharagpur, Kanpur, New Delhi, and Guwahati, and the
Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs) in Bhopal, Kolkata, Mohali, and Pune.
Notable recognitions also include an LL.D. (Honoris Causa) from Sri Venkateswara University, a D.Litt.
from Guwahati University, the “Desikottama” award from Visva-Bharati University[32] and The Assam
Royal Global University, Guwahati 2022.[33][24][21]

Major scientific awards

1967: Marlow Medal by the Faraday Society of England[34]
1968: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in Chemical Science[34]
2000: Centenary Medal of the Royal Society of Chemistry, London[34]
2000: Hughes Medal by the Royal Society[34]
2004: India Science Award[35]
2005: Dan David Prize from Tel Aviv University[36] shared with George Whitesides and
Robert Langer.[37]
2008: Abdus Salam Medal by The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS)[38]
 2009: Royal Medal by the Royal Society[34]
2010: August-Wilhelm-von-Hofmann Medal by the German Chemical Society[39]
2017: The Von Hippel Award by the Materials Research Society[40]
2021: International ENI award 2020 for research in renewable energy sources and energy
storage, also called the Energy Frontier award[41]

Scientific awards
1961: DSc from Mysore University.
1973: Yedanapalli Medal and Prize[42]
1975: C. V. Raman Award in Physical Science by the University Grants Commission of
India[42]
1980: S. N. Bose Medal by the Indian National Science Academy[43]
1981: Royal Society of Chemistry (London) Medal[44]
1981: Founding member of the World Cultural Council[45]
1989: Hevrovsky Gold Medal of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences[43]
1990: Meghnath Saha Medal of the Indian National Science Academy
1996: Einstein Gold Medal of UNESCO[34]
2004: Doctor of Science from University of Calcutta.[46]
2004: Somiya Award of the International Union of Materials Research.[47]
2008: Nikkei Asia Prize for Science, Technology and Innovation, by Nihon Keizai Shimbun,
Inc., Japan.[48]
2008: Khwarizmi International Award 2008 for Innovation along with Ajayan Vinu[49]
2011: Ernesto Illy Trieste Science Prize for materials research[34]
2013: 2012 Award for International Scientific Cooperation from the Chinese Academy of
Sciences[50]
2013: Elected honorary foreign member of Chinese Academy of Sciences[51]
2013: Distinguished Academician Award from IIT Patna[52]
2018: Platinum Medal from Indian Association of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology[53][54]
2019: The first Sheikh Saud International Prize for Materials Research from the Center for
Advanced Materials of the United Arab Emirates[55]
Foreign fellow of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences[43]

Indian governmental honours

1974 – Padma Shri, India's fourth-highest civilian award.
Padma Vibhushan in 1985
Karnataka Ratna by the Karnataka State Government in 2000[56][57]
Bharat Ratna in 2014[14][15]

Foreign honours
Brazil: Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (2002)[44]
 France: Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (2005)[44]
Japan: Gold and Silver Star of the Order of the Rising Sun (2015)
Russia: Order of Friendship (2009)[58]

Legacy
Rao with his wife established the CNR Rao Education Foundation using the Dan David
Prize money.[20] The foundation is based in Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific
Research and offers Best Science Teacher Award to pre-university and high school science
teachers.[59]
Rao established the International Centre for Materials Science (ICMS) which offers the C N
R Rao Prize Lecture in Advanced Materials since 2010.[60]
The World Academy of Sciences instituted the TWAS-C.N.R. Rao Award for Scientific
Research since 2006 for scientists in the least developed countries.[61]
The Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy has created the SASTRA-
CNR Rao Award for Chemistry and Material Science in 2014.[62]

Personal life
Rao is married to Indumati Rao in 1960. They have two children, Sanjay and Suchitra. Sanjay works as a
science populariser in schools around Bangalore.[63] Suchitra is married to Krishna N. Ganesh, the
director of the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) at Pune, Maharashtra.[64] Rao
is technophobic and he never checks his email by himself. He also said that he uses the mobile phone
only to talk to his wife.[65]

Controversies
In 1987, Rao and his team published a series of four papers, of which three were in the Proceedings of the
Indian Academy of Sciences (Chemical Science), Pramana, and Current Science, all published by the
Indian Academy of Sciences.[66] A report was submitted to the Society for Scientific Values that the three
papers had no mention of the dates of receipt, which were normally explicitly mentioned in those
journals.[67] Upon inquiry, it was found that the paper manuscripts were actually received after the date of
publication, indicating that they were backdated. The society declared the case as "Use of Wrong Means
to Claim Priority."[66]

Rao has been subject of allegations on plagiarism.[68][69][70] Rao and Saluru Baba Krupanidhi at the
Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, with their students Basant Chitara and L. S. Panchakarla,
published a paper "Infrared photodetectors based on reduced graphene oxide and graphene nanoribbons"
in the journal Advanced Materials in 2011.[71][72] After publication the journal editors found sentences
copied verbatim in the introduction and methodology from a paper published in Applied Physics Letters
in 2010.[73] According to Nature report, it was Basant Chitara, a PhD student at IISc, who wrote the
text.[74] An apology was issued by the authors later in the same journal.[75] Rao said that he did read the
manuscript and that it was an oversight on his part as he focused mainly on the results and discussion.[74]
Scientists such as Rahul Siddharthan (Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai), Y.B. Srinivas
(Institute of Wood Science and Technology), and D.P. Sengupta (former professor at IISC), agreed that
the plagiarised portion has no bearing on the findings,[76][77] yet Siddharthan opined that the reactions
made by Rao and Krupanidhi were overboard. Rao and Krupanidhi publicly blamed Chitara, and denied
the publication as not plagiarism.[76] Rao had commented, "This should not be really considered as
plagiarism, but an instance of copying of a few sentences in the text." He even extended the blame to
Krupanidhi asserting that he had no role in it as it was written by Krupanidhi without his knowledge.[78]
His claims were not justified by the fact that he was the senior scientist and corresponding author in that
publication.[71][76]

More allegations of instances of plagiarism in articles co-authored Rao have been reported.[79] Written
with S. Venkataprasad Bhat and Krupanidhi, Rao's paper in 2010 about the effect of nanoparticles on
solar cells in Applied Physics Express[80] contains texts that are very similar to those of a paper by
Matheu et al. from Applied Physics Letters in 2008,[81] which it did not even cite.[76] Rao had stated,
referring to the 2011 incident, that "[If] I have ever stolen an idea or a result (in) my entire life, (then)
hang me."[82] But Rao's article contains similar study to and duplicated figures with that of Matheu et
al.[76] An article in the Journal of Luminescence in 2011, written with Chitara, Nidhi Lal and
Krupanidhi,[83] contains 20 unattributed lines which appear to be copied from articles by Itskos et al. in
Nanotechnology (June 2009 issue) and Heliotis et al. in Advanced Materials (January 2006 issue).
Another article in Nanotechnology, written also with Chitara and Krupanidhi,[84] uses six lines from the
1995 article by Huang et al. in Applied Physics Letters.[79]

Rao was given a Bharat Ratna by the Government of India in spite of the controversy and was active as a
professor at Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR).[85] In December
2013, brother and sister Tanaya Thakur, a law student, and Aditya Thakur, a class XII student, filed a
public interest litigation in Allahabad High Court, Lucknow Bench, to challenge Rao's Bharat Ratna.
They asserted that "a scientist with proven cases of plagiarism shall not be presented the highest civilian
award."[86] But the court ruled them out as "filing pleas for publicity."[87] There was another plea to
revoke the award in 2015, but the Central Information Commission dismissed the petition.[88]

On 17 November 2013, at a press conference following the announcement of his Bharat Ratna, he called
the Indian politicians "idiots" which caused a national outrage. He said, "Why the hell have these idiots
[politicians] given so little to us despite what we have done? For the money that the government has
given us we [scientists] have done much more."[89] In his defence Rao insisted that he merely talked
about the "idiotic" way the politicians ignore investments for research funding in science.[90]

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22 November 2013.

Further reading
C.N.R. Rao (2010). Climbing the Limitless Ladder: A Life in Chemistry (https://books.google.
com/books?id=-ajEFddmiDUC). World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore.
ISBN 9814307866

External links
Academic profile at the Pontifical Academy of Sciences (http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/a
ccademia/en/academicians/ordinary/rao.html)
Dan David Prize laureate 2005 (https://web.archive.org/web/20110723051209/http://www.da
ndavidprize.org/index.php/laureates/laureates-2005/66-2005-future-materials-science/105-p
rof-cnr-rao.html)
Prof. CNR Rao @ JNCASR (http://www.jncasr.ac.in/cnrrao)
Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (http://www.jncasr.ac.in/)
C.N.R. Rao Hall of Science (http://www.jncasr.ac.in/hos)
 Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit (https://web.archive.org/web/20130206115243/htt
p://sscu.iisc.ernet.in/cnr_rao.html)

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