Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
Djilali BOUNAAMA University - Khemis Miliana(UDBKM)
Faculty of Science and Technology
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
Chapter 4
Iteration/Repetetive Structures :
Loops
MI-L1-UEF121 : Algorithms and Data Structures I
Noureddine AZZOUZA
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Course
Topics
1. Introduction
2. « for » loop
3. « while » loop
4. « repeat ... until » loop
5. Nested loops
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Introduction
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Iteration Structures
Problem
Iteration Structures
Write an algorithm that displays the multiplication table of an
integer between 1 and 10
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Iteration Structures
Definition
Iteration Structures
A repetitive structure is a structure that repeats the same processing as
many times as desired depending on an execution condition.
A Repetitive Structure is also called Iterative Structure or a Loop.
A loop consists of four essential elements :
A statement block, which will be executed a certain number of times;
A condition/test, which concerns at least one so-called loop variable.
An initialization of the loop variable.
An update/modification to the loop variable to stop the loop.
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Iteration Structures
Definition
Iteration Structures
There are 3 forms of repetitive structures (loops)
1. The FOR loop
2. The WHILE loop
3. The REPEAT loop
These structures have the same power; but by convention the choice of a
loop depends essentially on the nature of the problem to be solved
Infinite loop: is a loop whose condition never changes, causing an infinite
number of repetitions.
Iteration: it is a complete loop cycle including the loop block, the condition
test, and also the modification.
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for
loop
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the FOR loop
the FOR loop
Iteration Structures
the FOR loop is a repetitive structure that iterates the same processing for a range
of values between a lower bound and an upper bound. the FOR loop is used
when the number of repetitions is known in advance
Syntax
for := to do
endfor
...
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the FOR loop
Running for loop
Iteration Structures
1st Stage : Initialization of the Loop Variable with the Initial Value.
2nd Stage : Evaluate the test/condition and check whether the Loop Variable value
is in range or not.
If it is in the interval then go to the 3rd Stage, otherwise go to the 5th Stage.
3rd Stage : Execution of the loop statement block.
4th Stage : Automatic update/modification (Increment) of the value of the Loop
Variable according to the value of the Step (default: Step = 1) and return to the 2nd
Stage.
5th step: Exit from the loop and continue execution of the program starting from the
first instruction which comes after endfor.
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the FOR loop
for loop
Flow
Iteration Structures
Diagram
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the FOR loop
Example1 : Multiplication table of a number
Iteration Structures
Algorithm table_multiple;
Multiplication table
Var N, i : integer ;
begin
read (N);
for i := 1 to 10 do
write (N, ‘x’, i, ‘ = ‘, N*i)
Analyse : endfor
end.
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the FOR loop
Example2 : Power
Iteration Structures
Algorithm puissance;
Power
Var a, b : integer ;
p, i : integer;
begin
read (a, b);
p := 1;
for i := 1 to b do
p := p * a;
Analyse : endfor
write (‘la puissance =’, p)
end.
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the FOR loop
PASCAL C
Syntaxe: Syntaxe:
Iteration Structures
FOR compt := val_initial TO val_final DO for (initialisation; condition; modification)
Begin ... End { ... }
program Exemple_pour; #include <stdio.h>
var int main (){
a, b, p, i : Integer;
int a, b, i; // déclaration
begin
ReadLn(a, b); // lecture int p = 1; // déclaration + initialisation
p := 1; // initialisation scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
For i:= 1 to b do for (i = 1; i <= b; i++)
begin {
p := p * a; p = p * a;
end; }
WriteLn('La puissance = ', p); printf("La puissance = %d", p);
end. return 0;
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}
while
loop
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the WHILE loop
the WHILE loop
Iteration Structures
the WHILE loop executes the body of the loop when the execution condition is
met; we will stop as soon as the condition is no longer verified.
Syntax
while do
endwhile
...
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the WHILE loop
Running While
Iteration Structures
1st step: Initialization of the Loop Variable before the loop.
Step 2: Evaluate and test the execution condition.
If it is verified then go to the 3rd step, otherwise go to the 5th step.
3rd step: Execution of the loop statements block.
4th step: Changing (updating) the value of the Loop Variable and returning to the
2nd step.
5th step: Exit from the loop and continue execution of the program starting from the
first instruction which comes after endwhile.
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the FOR loop
while loop
Flow
Iteration Structures
Diagram
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the WHILE loop
Example1 : Multiplication table of a number
Iteration Structures
Algorithm table_multiple;
Multiplication table
Var N, i, p: integer ;
begin
read (N);
i := 1;
while i <= 10 do
p := N * i
write (N, ‘x’, i, ‘ = ‘, p)
i := i + 1
Analyse : endwhile
end.
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the WHILE loop
Exemple2 : GCD calculation
Iteration Structures
Algorithm calcul_pgcd;
GCD calculation
Var a, b, r: integer ;
begin
read (a,b);
while b <> 0 do
r := a MOD b
a := b
b := r
Analyze : endwhile
PGCD(18,12) = PGCD(12, 6) = PGCD(6, 0) = write (‘Le PCGD de a et b =’, a)
6 end.
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the WHILE loop
PASCAL C
Syntaxe:
Syntaxe:
Iteration Structures
WHILE condition DO
while (condition) { ... }
Begin ... End
program Exemple_tq; #include <stdio.h>
var int main (){
a, b, r : Integer;
int a, b, r; // déclaration
begin scanf("%d %d",&a, &b);
ReadLn(a, b); // lecture
while (b != 0)
While b <> 0 do {
begin r = a%b;
r := a mod b; a = b;
a := b; b = r;
b := r; }
end;
printf("Le PGCD de a et b = %d", a);
WriteLn('Le PGCD de a et b est ', a);
return 0;
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end. }
repeat
loop
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the REPEAT loop
the REPEAT loop
Iteration Structures
La boucle Répéter permet de rentrer dans la boucle quelque soit la condition et
réitère l’exécution jusqu'à ce que la condition soit vérifiée.
Syntax
Repeat
until
...
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the REPEAT loop
Running REPEAT
Iteration Structures
Step 1: Go inside the “Repeat” loop and execute the associated block.
Step 2: Update the variables involved in the stopping condition.
Step 3: Evaluate and test the stopping condition.
If it is checked then go to the 4th step, otherwise go back to the 1st step.
Step 4 : Changing (updating) the value of the Loop Variable and returning to the 2nd
step.
Step 5 : the stopping condition having been reached, we exit the Repeat loop and
continue the execution of the program from the first instruction which comes after
Until.
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the REPEAT loop
REPEAT
loop Flow
Iteration Structures
Diagram
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the REPEAT loop
Example1 : Multiplication Table
Iteration Structures
Algorithm table_multiple;
Multiplication table
Var N, i, p: integer ;
begin
read (N);
i := 1;
Repeat
p := N * i
write (N, ‘x’, i, ‘ = ‘, p)
i := i + 1
Analyse : Until (i > 10)
end.
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the REPEAT loop
Example2 : GCD calculation
Iteration Structures
Algorithm calcul_pgcd;
GCD calculation
Var a, b, r: integer ;
begin
read (a,b);
Repeat
r := a MOD b
a := b
b := r
Analyse : Until (b = 0)
PGCD(18,12) = PGCD(12, 6) = PGCD(6, 0) = write (‘Le PCGD de a et b =’, a)
6 end.
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the REPEAT loop
PASCAL C
Syntaxe:
Syntaxe:
Iteration Structures
REPEAT bloc UNTIL (condition)
do { ... } while (condition)
program Exemple_repeter; #include <stdio.h>
var int main (){
a, b, r : Integer; int a, b, r; // déclaration
scanf("%d %d",&a, &b);
begin
ReadLn(a, b); // lecture do
{
repeat r = a%b;
r := a mod b; a = b;
a := b; b = r;
b := r; }
until (b = 0); while (b != 0);
WriteLn('Le PGCD de a et b est ', a); printf("Le PGCD de a et b = %d", a);
end. return 0;
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}
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
Djilali BOUNAAMA University - Khemis Miliana(UDBKM)
Faculty of Science and Technology
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
Chapter 4
Iteration/Repetetive Structures :
Loops
MI-L1-UEF121 : Algorithms and Data Structures I
Noureddine AZZOUZA
28
