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University of Manitoba
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Types of Forces: An Overview
❖ In nature there are two general types of forces,
fundamental and non-fundamental.
❖ Fundamental Forces: Non-fundamental forces:
• Truly unique in nature Can be explained in terms of
• All other forces can be fundamental forces
explained in terms
of them Examples: Many, such as:
Examples: Only three 1. Friction
1. Gravitational force 2. Tension in a rope
2. Strong Nuclear force 3. Normal or support forces,
3. Electroweak force etc.
at nucleus
Fundamental forces helps us of atoms keeps nucleus stable
understand other forces
disintegrates
nucleus to asmallerone radioactive material
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Normal, Tension, and other Forces
Contact forces:
push or pull
Normal
force Friction
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Normal Force I surfaces must bein contact
The normal force is a component of the force that a surface
exerts on an object with which it is in contact.
• is perpendicular to the surface
• is denoted by 𝐹Ԧ𝑁
On Normal force
❖If only forces are normal force and
weight, then
Fnet = FN − W matey O
=W
FNOD if we
have
only
those I then
they're
❖ If force/forces other than normal
equal
force and weight are present then:
opposite
F =W
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Normal Force
Push down: Increases FN Pull up: Decreases FN
pushingdown
Mpallingwith
Ifa 3rd force
is applied a
rope
Fnet,y = 0 tenfold Fnet,y = 0
FN − 10 N − 20 N = 0 FN + 10 N − 20 N = 0
FN = 30 N FN = 10 N
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Normal Force has to bein contact
not always in upward position
Horizontal
nor
neither
is it
vertical
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Block on inclined plane
❖ Block on inclined plane
Perpendicular
A Parallel
fs
W sin Fnet,x = f s − W sin
θ W cos
Fnet,y = FN − W cos
θ W = mg
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Block on inclined plane
❖ Block on inclined plane
90 − + = 90
=
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The Tension Force
Suspension bridges—such as the Golden Gate
Bridge shown in this image—are essentially very
heavy flexible connectors. The weight of the bridge (a) Tendons in the finger carry force from the
is evenly distributed along the length of flexible muscles to other parts of the finger, usually
connectors, usually cables, which take on the changing the force’s direction, but not its
characteristic shape. magnitude (the tendons are relatively friction
free). (b) The brake cable on a bicycle carries the
tension from the handlebars to the brake
mechanism. Again, the direction but not the
magnitude of is changed
Prem Basnet General Physics 1 October 3, 2022 9
The Tension Force
Consider a person holding a mass
on a rope as shown in Figure
• Cables and ropes transmit
forces through tension.
• Newton’s 3rd law:
Reaction force −T
Prem Basnet General Physics 1 October 3, 2022 10
The Tension Force
Consider a person holding a mass
on a rope as shown in Figure
• Cables and ropes transmit
forces through tension.
• Newton’s 3rd law:
Reaction force −T
Prem Basnet General Physics 1 October 3, 2022 11
The Tension Force
Consider a person holding a mass on a rope as shown in
Figure
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The Tension Force
❖ A massless rope will transmit
tension undiminished from one
end to the other.
3 Mass
of rope
❖ If the rope passes around a is
negligeble
massless, frictionless pulley,
the tension will be transmitted Compared
to the other end of the rope to
mass O
undiminished. Y block
by pension on
own
warddirection
Physics, Cutnell & Johnson, © 2007 John Wiley & Sons.
This material is used by permission of John Wiley and Sons.
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Equilibrium Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion
❖ What is equilibrium? No acceleration
• An object is in equilibrium when it has zero
acceleration.
• If an object is in equilibrium:
Fnet,x = 0
Fnet,y = 0
Prem Basnet General Physics 1 October 3, 2022 14
Example exams
MAskedon
A block of wood with a weight of W =198 N hangs from
strings as shown in the Fig. If the string-block system is in
equilibrium, what are the magnitudes of tensions T1 and
T2?
Tito 1,611203 7,10530 0
Isin lJ_T.sn3ogY9fN
1985g
Prem Basnet General Physics 1 October 3, 2022 15
Non-equilibrium Applications of Newton’s Laws of
Motion
❖ When an object is accelerating, it is not in equilibrium.
Then
Fx = max
Fy = ma y
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Non-equilibrium Applications of Newton’s Laws of
Motion
❖ When an object is accelerating, it is not in equilibrium.
Then
Fx = max
Fy = ma y
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Example
Suppose two tugboats push on a parge at different angles as shown
in Figure. The first tugboat exerts a force of 2.7 105 N in the x-direction,
and the second tugboat exerts a force of 3.6 105 N in the y-direction. If the
mass of the barge is 5.0 106 kg and its acceleration is observed to be
7.5 10-2 m/s2 in the direction shown, what is the drag force of the water on
the barge resisting the motion? (Note: drag force is a frictional force exerted
by fluids, such as air or water. The drag force opposes the motion of the
object.)
7.5 64 N
applied forces 4slosh
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Example
Two blocks, with masses m1 and m2 (m2 > m1) ,
respectively, are connected by a string and pulley
as shown. Assuming that the string and pulley are
massless and the pulley is friction-free, find the
(a)the magnitude of the acceleration of either mass m1
(b)find the tension on each side of the strings m2
Prem Basnet General Physics 1 October 3, 2022 19
Final, Jan.16, 2017, Q.8
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Normal Force
T: tension in the cable
❖ Apparent weight
w: weight of the person
ws: weight of the scale
we: weight of the elevator
Fs: force of the scale on the
person
Fp: force of the person on
on the scale
Ft: force of the scale on the
elevator floor
N: force of the floor on the
scale
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Normal Force
Only forces
❖ Apparent weight between
needed
mant floor is
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Normal Force
❖ Apparent weight
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Normal Force
❖ Apparent weight
• The apparent weight of an object
is the reading of the scale.
• It is equal to the normal force the
man exerts on the scale in the
example.
Prem Basnet General Physics 1 October 3, 2022 24
Normal Force
❖ Apparent weight contd.
Fnet , y = Fs − w = ma
Fnet , y = Fs − mg = ma
Fs = mg + ma
Where:
Fs = Apparent weight
w = mg = True weight
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Normal Force atelevator
pit
rope
agg f of
❖ Apparent weight contd.
mg.mg O
Fs = mg + ma Also
Three cases: itisthe
1) When no acceleration, a = 0
Fs = mg
reading
the
of
scale
2) When upward acceleration, a = +a
Fs = mg + ma
3) When downward acceleration, a = -a
Fs = mg − ma
Prem Basnet General Physics 1 October 3, 2022 26
Chapter 5: Frictional Forces
Work
can
converted be
into
heat
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Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces
❖ When an object is in contact with a surface:
• There is a force acting on that object.
• The component of this force parallel
to the surface is called the frictional force.
Microscopic
contact points
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Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces
❖ The magnitude of the frictional
force does not depend on the
contact area of the surfaces.
❖ Static friction opposes the
impending relative motion
between two objects.
❖ Kinetic friction opposes the
relative sliding motion motions
that actually does occur.
Prem Basnet General Physics 1 October 3, 2022 29
Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces
❖ Static Friction:
• The magnitude of the static frictional force can
have any value from zero up to a maximum
value.
fs f s
MAX
• When motion is just about to begin, force of
friction has maximum value: Physics, Cutnell & Johnson, © 2007
John Wiley & Sons. This material is
used by permission of John Wiley and
Sons.
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Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces
❖ Static Friction:
• Static force of friction is given by
f s = s FN
• Where
0 s 1
Physics, Cutnell & Johnson, © 2007
is called the coefficient John Wiley & Sons. This material is
used by permission of John Wiley and
Sons.
of static friction.
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Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces
❖ Static Friction:
• Static force of friction is given by
f s = s FN
• Where
0 s 1
is called the coefficient
of static friction.
Prem Basnet General Physics 1 October 3, 2022 32
Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces
❖ Kinetic Friction:
• When the object is in motion, there is no
static friction
fs = 0
• Now, the force of friction is the kinetic
force of friction:
f k = k FN
Physics, Cutnell & Johnson, © 2007
John Wiley & Sons. This material is
used by permission of John Wiley and
is called the coefficient Sons.
0 k 1 of kinetic friction.
Prem Basnet General Physics 1 October 3, 2022 33
Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces
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Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces
❖ Why does the sled come to halt after a while ?
Physics, Cutnell & Johnson, © 2007
John Wiley & Sons. This material is
used by permission of John Wiley and
Sons.
❖ The sled comes to a halt because the kinetic frictional force
opposes its motion and causes the sled to slow down.
Prem Basnet General Physics 1 October 3, 2022 35
Example
A skier is standing motionless on a horizontal patch of snow. She is
holding onto a horizontal tow rope, which is about to pull her forward
(see Figure). The skier’s mass is 59 kg, and the coefficient of static
friction between the skis and snow is 0.14. What is the magnitude of
the maximum force that the tow rope can apply to the skier without
causing her to move?
Prem Basnet General Physics 1 October 3, 2022 36
Cutnell & Johnson 8th ed., Problem 4.109
A skier is pulled up a slope at a constant velocity by a tow bar.
The slope is inclined at 25.0⁰ with respect to the horizontal. The
force applied to the skier by the tow bar is parallel to the slope.
The skier's mass is 55.0 kg, and the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the skis and the snow is 0.120. Find the magnitude of
the force that the tow bar exerts on the skier.
Prem Basnet General Physics 1 October 3, 2022 37
