CHAPTER 2
The Meaning of ‘Travel,’ ‘Tourism’,
‘Tourist’ and Hospitality
Chapter 2 highlights the concepts of tourism and hospitality, definitions of travel and tourist,
classifications of tourists and tourist’s codes of behavior and other concerned issues. The
meaning of travel, tourism and tourist are important in studying tourism. It is an accepted reality
that travelling provides many opportunities to the people. Tourists are the travelers and they are
fond of visiting different places with a purpose. Thus, travel and tourist are significant in tourism
industry.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate understanding of the basic concepts of
‘Travel’, ‘Tourism’, ‘Tourist’ and “Hospitality”.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After reading this chapter and completing the discussion questions and exercises,
students should be able to:
1. Discuss the concept of travel and tourism
2. Identify and classify the meaning of tourist
3. Distinguish and explain the tourist code of behavior and other concern issues.
DETAILED CHAPTER MAP
LESSON 2.1. CONCEPTS OF TRAVEL AND
TOURISM
TOURISM – it is the temporary short-term movement of people to destinations outside the place
where they normally live and work, as well as their activities during their stay at these destinations.
It comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual
environment for less than a year and whose main purpose of travel is other than the exercise of
an activity remunerated from within the place visited excluding the trips within the area of usual
residence and frequent and regular trips between the domicile and the workplace and other
community trips of a routine character. All tourism should have some travel, but not all travel is
tourism
Category of Tourism
1. Domestic tourism – it involves trips made by local residents within their own
countries.
Example: A businessman from Manila attending a convention in Cebu.
2. International tourism – it involves trips within two countries. To a certain
country, visits by residents of that country to another country is his outbound
tourism; visits to the country by residents of another country is his inbound
tourism.
Example: Trips between Philippines and Japan, Philippines as the point of
origin and Japan as the point of destination.
a. A Philippines resident traveling to Japan, is Philippines resident outbound
tourism
b. A Japanese visit to Philippines is Philippines inbound tourism.
HOSPITALITY – the word hospitality comes from the Latin word hospes, which means host or
guest. Hospitality has come to mean meeting the needs of guests with kindness and goodwill.
TRAVEL – it comprises all journeys from one place to another and journeys made by people who
enter a country for leisure, work. Study, reside or just passing through a country without stopping
TOP TOURISM SPENDERS OF THE WORLD
• Germany
• United States
• China
• United Kingdom
• France
• Canada
• Japan
• Italy
• Russian Federation
• Australia
LESSON 2.2. DEFINITIONS OF TOURIST
TRAVELERS – is any person who is taking a trip within or outside his/her own country of
residence of the purpose of travel, means of transport used, even though he/she may be travelling
on foot.
TOURIST – is any person who travels to destinations outside his/her residence and working
place, and stays for at least 24 hours, for the purpose of leisure or business.
Type of Tourist
1. International tourist – a visitor who visits another country and stays at
least one night in the country visited.
2. Domestic tourist – a visitor who stays at least one night in the place visited
within his own country.
EXCURSIONIST – a person who temporarily visits a destination and stays for less than 24 hours,
for the purpose of leisure or business, but not for transit.
Type of Excursionists
1. International excursionist – a visitor who does not spend the night in the
country visited.
2. Domestic excursionist – a visitor who does not spend the night in the
place visited within his own country
VISITORS - any person travelling to a place other than that of his/her usual environment for a
period not exceeding twelve months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise
of an activity remunerated from within the country visited.
Type of Visitors
1. International visitor – any person who travels to another country other
than that in which he/she has his/her usual residence but outside his/her
usual environment for a period not exceeding to twelve months and whose
main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated
from within the place visited.
2. Domestic visitor – any person residing in a country, who travels to a place
within the country but outside his/her usual environment for a period of not
exceeding twelve months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the
exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.
LESSON 2.3.CLASSIFICATIONS OF TOURISTS
COHEN’S CLASSIFICATION – is based on the theory that tourism combines the curiosity to seek
out new experiences with the need for security with familiar reminders of home.
Cohens Typology Identifies Four Tourist Roles:
1. Organized Mass Tourists – they are the type of tourist who are least
adventurous and spend most of their time in their comfortable ‘environment
bubble’ throughout their trip. A guided tour is a typical example of the
organized mass tourist. The itinerary is decided in advance and all the
attractions and stopping points are well fixed and well guided.
*environment bubble – it means that the tourists is surrounded by his/her
similar living while he/she is abroad.
2. Individual Mass Tourists – this type of tourist is similar to the organized mass
tourist, except that the tour is not entirely fixed. The tourist has a certain
amount of control over his/her time and itinerary and is not bound to a group
however all the major arrangements are made through a travel agency. The
tour does not bring them much afield than the organized mass tourist but they
are still confined by their environmental bubble.
3. Explorer – this type of tourist arranges their trip alone and go for unusual
places. They retain some of the basic routines and comforts of their native
way of life but they still look for comfortable sleeping places and reliable means
of transportation. The explorers dare to leave their environmental bubble
more readily and they try to mix with the people they visit and also try to speak
their language but they are still careful with their ventures.
4. Drifter – this type of tourists goes further away from the environmental bubble
and from the usual ways of their life in their home countries. They tend to make
their trips wholly on their own and live with the local people. They try to live
the locals live.
PLOG’S CLASSIFICATION – Stanley Plog proposes a theory that associates the popularity of
the destination to the inherent personalities of the travelers. Plog suggested that travelers can be
classified based on their different personalities: allocentric, psychocentric and midcentric.
1. Allocentric Type – is a person who seeks new experiences and adventures
in a variety of activities. This type of person is outgoing and self-confident in
behavior. They prefer to explore new and unusual places before others do so.
They enjoy meeting people from foreigner or different culture. Allocentric
would love to explore an area and make their own travel arrangements and
choose a variety of activities and tourist destinations.
2. Psychocentric Type – they are more conservatively oriented, they tend to be
inhabited and non-adventuresome. Psychocentrics prefer to return to familiar
travel destinations and where they can relax and know what type of food and
activity they expect. When arranging a package tour, they would prefer a
heavily structured itinerary so they know what to expect. Safety and security
is very important to them.
3. Mid-centric Type – there is a large number of people falling between the
allocentrics and the psychocentrics types of tourists and they are the mid-
centrics. They are not particularly adventurous but they are receptive to new
experience.
LESSON 2.4. TOURISTS CODES OF BEHAVIOR AND
OTHER CONCERNED ISSUES
1. Tourist Codes of Behavior Based on the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism of the
UNWTO
Based on the “Global Code of Ethics for Tourism” of the World Tourism Organization
(UNWTO), tourists should take an active role in behaving themselves in order to achieve
mutual tolerance and learn about the legitimate differences between peoples, cultures and
their diversity. A few major points in making one’s trip an experience are as follows:
➢ Open your mind to other cultures and traditions – be tolerant and respect diversity, observe
social and cultural traditions and practices.
➢ Respect human rights – exploitation any form conflicts with the fundamental aims of
tourism.
➢ Help preserve natural environments – protecting wildlife and habitats and do not purchase
products made from endangered species.
➢ Respect cultural resources – activities should be conducted with respect for artistic,
archaeological and cultural heritage.
➢ Your trip can contribute to economic and social development – purchase local handicraft
products to support the local economy using the principles of fair trade.
➢ Inform yourself about the destination’s current health situation and access to emergency
and consular services prior to departure and be assured that your health and personal
security will not be compromised.
➢ Learn as much as possible about your destination and take time to understand the
customs, norms and traditions. Avoid behavior that could offend the local population.
➢ Familiarize yourself with the laws so that you cannot commit any act and considered
criminal by the law of the country visited.
2. Behavior of a Responsible Tourist Promoted by Other Scholars
Travel in a spirit of humility and with a genuine desire to learn more about the people of
the host country. Since tourism involves movement of large numbers of people from their
normal places of residence to new locations, it results to certain impacts on the
environment, social, cultural and economy of the host destinations.
CONCERNED ISSUES WHILE TRAVELING
1. Personal Safety
▪ Avoid places where crime rates are high
▪ Find out the locations of fire exits in the hotel one is staying in
2. Money and Valuables
▪ Buy traveler’s cheques to reduce the risk of losing cash
▪ Keep the traveler’s cheque, credit cards and cash in separate places
▪ Put valuables in hotel’s safe
▪ Take good care of one’s travel documents
▪ Make photocopies of one’s travel documents in case the original is lost
▪ Keep a list of emergency telephone number
3. Health
▪ Find out whether the country one is traveling to is a plague area
▪ Find out the sanitation condition in that country
▪ Bring one’s personal medication
▪ Be careful with what to eat and drink
TOURISTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS
• Very Important Persons (VIP)
• Senior Travelers
• Children
• Disabled
• Religious Travelers
• Pregnant Travelers
• Infant Travelers
• Physical Challenge Travelers/Travelers with Disabilities
