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WELCOM
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Presents...

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 HUMAN
REPRODUCTION
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
• Reproduction is the production
of young ones by an organism.
• Humans are sexually reproducing
and viviparous.

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

MALE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIV REPRODUCTIV
E SYSTEM E SYSTEM

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bankofbiology.com
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Male reproductive system
Paired testes Rete testis

Vasa efferentia
Accessory
ducts Epididymis

Vas deferens

Prostate gland (1)

Accessory
Seminal vesicles (2)
glands
Cowper’s (bulbo-
External urethral) glands (2)
genitalia (Penis)
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
1. PAIRED TESTES

• Primary sex organs that produce

sperms & testosterone.
• Testes are formed within abdomen.
• Soon after the birth or at the 8th
month of pregnancy, they descent
into the scrotal sac (scrotum)
through inguinal canal.
• The low temperature (2-2.50 C less
than the body temperature) of
scrotum helps for proper functioning
of testes and for spermatogenesis.

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
1. PAIRED TESTES

• Each testis is oval in shape.

• Length 4-5 cm, width: 2-3 cm.
• Each testis has about 250
testicular lobules.
• Each lobule contains 1-3 coiled
seminiferous tubules.
• Seminiferous tubule is lined
internally with spermatogenic
cells (spermatogonia or male
germ cells) & Sertoli cells
(supporting cells).
• Sertoli cells give shape and
nourishment to developing
spermatogonia.
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 MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
1. PAIRED TESTES

• The regions outside the

seminiferous tubules
(interstitial spaces) contain
 Small blood vessels.
 Interstitial cells or Leydig
cells.
 Immunologically
competent cells.
• Leydig cells secrete
testicular hormones
(androgens).

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
2. ACCESSORY DUCTS

Rete testis
Accessory ducts (Duct

(irregular cavities)

Vasa efferentia
system)

(series of fine tubules)

Epididymis
(stores sperms temporarily)

Vas deferens

Vas deferens joins with a duct of seminal vesicle to form common-ejaculatory duct.
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
2. ACCESSORY DUCTS

Conduction of sperms through Accessory ducts

Seminiferous tubules

Rete testis

Vasa efferentia

Epididymis

Vas deferens

Common ejaculatory duct

Urethra
The urethra receives the ducts of prostate and
Urethral meatus Cowper’s glands and passes through the penis.

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
3. ACCESSORY GLANDS

• They include
 A pair of seminal vesicles.
 A prostate gland.
 A pair of Cowper’s (bulbo-
urethral) glands.
• Their collective secretion is called
seminal plasma. It is rich in
fructose, Ca and enzymes.

Seminal plasma + Sperms →

Semen
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
3. ACCESSORY GLANDS

Functions of seminal plasma:

 Helps for transporting sperms.
 Supplies nutrients to sperms.
 Provides alkalinity to counteract
acidity of uterus.
 Secretions of Cowper’s glands
lubricate the penis.

Secretions of epididymis, vas

deferens, seminal vesicle & prostate
help for maturation and motility of
sperms.
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
4. PENIS (EXTERNAL GENITALIA)

• It is a copulatory organ.
• It is made up of special
erectile spongy tissues.
• When spongy tissue is filled
with blood, the penis erects.
It facilitates insemination.
• The cone-shaped tip of the
penis is called glans penis. It
is covered by prepuce
(foreskin).

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 ?
CHECK YOUR GRASP

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Select the odd one from the following

?
A. Prostate
B. Cowper’s glands
C. Seminal vesicles
D. Epididymis

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Which is false statement?

?
A. Testes are the primary sex organ of male.
B. Sertoli cells give nourishment to developing
sperms.
C. Leydig cells produce androgen.
D. Rete testis temporarily stores sperms.

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Which gland lubricates the penis?

?
A. Cowper’s gland
B. Prostate gland
C. Seminal vesicle
D. All of the above

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The cone shaped tip of the penis is called

?
A. Vas deferens
B. Glans penis
C. Prepuce
D. Urethral meatus

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bankofbiology.com
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

Paired Oviducts
(Fallopian tube)-2
ovaries
reproductive

Uterus
Female

system

Vagina
Accessory
ducts Mons pubis

Vestibule

Hymen
External
genitalia Clitoris

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
1. PAIRED OVARIES

• Primary sex organs which

produce ova (female gamete) &
steroid ovarian hormones
(estrogen & progesterone).
• Each ovary is about 2-4 cm in
length.
• They are located on both side of
Ligaments the lower abdomen and
connected to the pelvic wall and
uterus by ligaments.

Ovary
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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
1. PAIRED OVARIES

• Each ovary is covered by a

thin epithelium which
encloses the ovarian stroma.
• The stroma has outer cortex
and inner medulla.
• Ovary contains groups of cells
(Ovarian or Graafian follicles).
• Each follicle carries a
centrally placed ovum.

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
2. ACCESSORY DUCTS (DUCT SYSTEM)

2 OVIDUCTS
(FALLOPIAN TUBES)

ACCESSOR UTERUS (WOMB)

Y DUCTS

VAGINA

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
2. ACCESSORY DUCTS (DUCT SYSTEM)
A. Oviducts (Fallopian tubes)
• Each oviduct is 10-12 cm long.
• It has 3 parts: Infundibulum,
Ampulla & Isthmus.
 Infundibulum: Funnel-shaped
opening with many finger-like
fimbriae. It helps to collect the
ovum.
 Ampulla: Wider part.
 Isthmus: Narrow part. It joins the
uterus.
• The ciliated epithelium lined the
lumen of oviduct drives the ovum
towards the uterus.
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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
2. ACCESSORY DUCTS (DUCT SYSTEM)

B. Uterus (womb)
• It is inverted pear shaped.
• It is supported by ligaments
attached to the pelvic wall.
• Uterus has 3 parts: Upper fundus,
middle body and terminal cervix.
• Cervix opens to vagina.
• The uterine wall has 3 layers:
 Perimetrium: External thin
membrane.
 Myometrium: Middle thick layer of
smooth muscle.
 Endometrium: Inner glandular &
vascular.
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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
2. ACCESSORY DUCTS (DUCT SYSTEM)

C. Vagina
• It opens to exterior between urethra and
anus.
• The lumen of vagina is lined by a
glycogen-rich mucous membrane
consisting of sensitive papillae and
Bartholin’s glands.
• The secretions of Bartholin’s glands
lubricate penis during sexual act.
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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE 3. EXTERNAL GENITALIA
SYSTEM (VULVA/PUDENDUM)

• Consist of Mons pubis, vestibule,

hymen & clitoris.
A. Mons pubis
• A cushion of fatty tissue covered
by pubic hair.
B. Vestibule
• A median channel. It includes
 Labia majora: Large, fleshy, fatty
and hairy outer folds. Surrounds
vaginal opening.
 Labia minora: Small, thin and
hairless inner folds.

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE 3. EXTERNAL GENITALIA
SYSTEM (VULVA/PUDENDUM)
C. Hymen (Maiden head)
• A membrane which partially cover
the vaginal opening. It is often torn
during the first coitus.
• It may also be broken by a sudden fall
Hymen may also be broken by a
or jolt, insertion
sudden of a vaginal
fall or jolt, insertiontampon,
of a
active participation
vaginal tampon, activein some sports
participation
in some
items etc.sports
In someitems etc. hymen
women, In some
women, hymen
persists even persists
after coitus.even
So theafter
coitus. So the hymen is not a reliable
hymen is not a reliable indicator of
indicator of virginity.
virginity.
D. Clitoris
• A highly sensitive organ lying just
in front of the urethral opening.
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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
MAMMARY GLANDS (BREASTS)

• A pair of mammary glands

contains glandular tissue & fat.
• Glandular tissue of each breast
has 15-20 mammary lobes
containing clusters of cells
(mammary alveoli).
• The cells of alveoli secrete milk.
It is stored in the cavities
(lumen) of alveoli.

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
MAMMARY GLANDS (BREASTS)

• The alveoli open into mammary

tubules.
• The tubules of each lobe join to form a
mammary duct.
• Several mammary ducts join to form a
wider mammary ampulla which is
connected to lactiferous duct through
which milk is sucked out.

Sequence of milk
conduction
Mammar Mammar Mammar Mammar Lactifero
y alveoli y tubule y duct y ampulla us duct
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 ?
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Ovulation is

?
A. Formation of ovum in ovary.
B. Release of ovarian hormones.
C. Formation of ovarian follicles.
D. Release of ovum from ovary.

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The muscular layer of the uterus is

?
A. Perimetrium
B. Myometrium
C. Endometrium
D. Corpus luteum

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Which of the following organ is highly sensitive?

?
A. Clitoris
B. Bartholin’s gland
C. Hymen
D. Mons pubis

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Which is not a part of accessory ducts of female reproductive
system?

?
A. Infundibulum
B. Graafian follicles
C. Uterus
D. Vagina

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Several mammary ducts join to form

?
A. Lactiferous duct
B. Mammary tubules
C. Mammary ampulla
D. Mammary lobes

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bankofbiology.com
 GAMETOGENESIS

• It is the formation of gametes

in the gonads.
• It includes:
• Spermatogenesis
• Oogenesis

GAMETOGENESIS

SPERMATOGENESI
OOGENESIS
S

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 GAMETOGENESIS 1. SPERMATOGENESIS

It is the process of formation of sperms (spermatozoa) in

seminiferous tubules of testis.

Spermatogonia (Sperm
Formation of
spermatids mother cells) produce
spermatids.
STAGES OF
SPERMATOGENESIS
Spermiogen Spermatids transform
esis into sperm

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 GAMETOGENESIS 1. SPERMATOGENESIS

2n

2n 2n Spermatogonia (2n)

2n 2n 2n 2n Mitosis

2n 2n Primary spermatocytes (2n)

Meiosis I
n n Secondary spermatocytes (n)
Meiosis II
n n n n Spermatids (n)
Spermiogenesis

Spermatozoa (n)
Spermiogenesis
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GAMETOGENESIS 1. SPERMATOGENESIS

• A primary spermatocyte → 2
secondary spermatocytes (n).
• A sec. spermatocyte → 2
spermatids (n).
Thus
A primary spermatocyte →
4 spermatids/4 sperms

After spermiogenesis, sperm heads

become embedded in the Sertoli
cells. Then they are released from
seminiferous tubules. It is called
spermiation.
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GAMETOGENESIS 1. SPERMATOGENESIS
Hypothalamus
↓
Role of Acts on Pituitary
Hormones in ↓
Secretion of 2
Spermatogenesis gonadotropins
Luteinizing hormone Follicle stimulating
(LH) hormone (FSH)
↓ ↓
Acts on Leydig
cells Acts on Sertoli cells
↓
Secretion of ↓
Androgen
↓ Stimulates
secretion of factors
Stimulates
for spermiogenesis
Spermatogenesis
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GAMETOGENESIS 1. SPERMATOGENESIS

Structure of spermatozoa (Sperm)

 A mature sperm is about 60 µ (0.06 mm) long.

 Sperm is enveloped by a plasma membrane.
 Sperm consists of
 Head
 Middle piece
 Tail

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GAMETOGENESIS 1. SPERMATOGENESIS

Structure of spermatozoa (Sperm)

 Head: Oval shaped. Formed of nucleus &
acrosome. Acrosome is formed from Golgi
complex. It contains lytic enzymes. Behind the
head is a neck.
 Middle piece: Composed of axial filament
surrounded by mitochondria & cytoplasm.
Mitochondria produce energy for the sperm
motility.
 Tail: Consists of a central axial filament. The
sperm moves in fluid medium and female
genital tract by the undulating movement of
the tail.
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GAMETOGENESIS 1. SPERMATOGENESIS

 The human male ejaculates about 200-

300 million sperms during a coitus.
 For normal fertility at least 60%
sperms must have normal shape and
size. 40% of them must show vigorous
motility.

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GAMETOGENESIS 2. OOGENESIS
• It is the formation and
maturation of ovum.
• It takes place in Graafian
follicles.
• Oogenesis is initiated in
embryonic stage when millions
of egg mother cells (oogonia)
are formed within each ovary.
• No more oogonia are formed and
added after birth.
• Oogonia multiply to form primary
oocytes. They enter into
prophase-I of the meiosis and
get temporarily arrested at that
stage.
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GAMETOGENESIS 2. OOGENESIS

• Each primary oocyte gets

surrounded by a layer of
granulosa cells to form primary
follicle.
• A large number of primary
follicles degenerate during the
phase from birth to puberty.
Therefore at puberty only
60,000-80,000 primary follicles
are left in each ovary.

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 GAMETOGENESIS 2. OOGENESIS

Development of ovarian follicle

Primary Secondary Tertiary Graafian
follicle follicle follicle follicle

Granulosa cells

Primary oocyte

Fluid filled cavity

A layer of More layers of (antrum) develops.
granulosa cells granulosa cells and Theca layer forms
a new theca inner theca interna
surrounding a surrounding a & outer theca Fully matured
primary oocyte. primary oocyte. externa. follicle

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GAMETOGENESIS 2. OOGENESIS
• The primary oocyte within the tertiary
follicle grows in size and undergoes first
unequal meiotic division to form a large
haploid secondary oocyte and a tiny first
polar body. The secondary oocyte retains
the nutrient rich cytoplasm of the primary
oocyte.
• It is unknown that whether the first polar
body divides further or degenerates.
• The tertiary follicle further changes into the
mature follicle (Graafian follicle).
• Secondary oocyte forms a new membrane
(zona pellucida).
• Graafian follicle now ruptures to release the
secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary.
This is called ovulation.
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 Oogenesis
GAMETOGENESIS 2. OOGENESIS

2n Oogonia (2n) (Diploid,

46 chromosomes)
2n 2n Mitosis (embryonic stage)

2n 2n 2n 2n Primary oocyte (2n)

↓ Grow in size

2n Primary oocyte (2n)

Meiosis I ↓ (prior to ovulation)
Secondary oocytes (n)
n
& first polar body (n)
Meiosis II ↓ (During fertilization)
n Ootid (ovum-n) & Ovum
second polar body (n)
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 GAMETOGENESIS Structure of ovum (egg)

• Spherical and non-motile.

• Size: About 0.2 mm in diameter.
• Ovum has 3 membranes:
 Plasma membrane (Oolemma):
Innermost layer.
 Zona pellucida: Outer to the
plasma membrane.
 Corona radiata: Outer layer
formed of follicle cells.

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 GAMETOGENESIS Spermatogenesis v/s Oogenesis

Spermatogenesis Oogenesis

• Occurs in testis Occurs in ovary

• Limited growth phase Elaborated growth phase

• Each primary
Each primary oocyte gives
spermatocyte gives 4
only one ovum.
sperms
• No polar body formation Polar bodies are formed.
Begins at embryonic stage
• Begins at puberty and but suspends up to the
extends up to senility puberty. It ceases around
the age of 50.
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 ?
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Formation of sperm in seminiferous tubules is called

?
A. Spermiogenesis
B. Spermatogenesis
C. Spermiation
D. Gametogenesis

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Which of the following is/ are haploid?

?
A. Secondary
spermatocytes
B. Spermatids
C. Spermatozoa
D. All the above

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Number of spermatids formed from each primary spermatocyte is

?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8

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Head of the sperm is formed of

?
A. Nucleus and
mitochondria
B. Mitochondria and
acrosome
C. Nucleus and acrosome
D. Acrosome and centriole

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Number of primary follicles left in each ovary at puberty is about

?
A. 6 lakh to 8 lakh
B. 60,000 to 80,000
C. 6000 to 8000
D. 600 to 800 million

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During oogenesis the primary oocyte divides into

?
A. Haploid secondary oocyte and polar
body
B. Diploid secondary oocyte and polar
body
C. 2 haploid secondary oocytes
D. 2 diploid secondary oocytes

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The layer of ovum formed of follicle cells is

?
A. Oolemma
B. Vitelline membrane
C. Corona radiata
D. Zona pellucida

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MENSTRUAL CYCLE
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 MENSTRUAL CYCLE (REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE)

• It is the cyclic events starting

from one menstruation till the Ovarian cycle:
next that take place during
reproductive period (puberty Menst Changes in ovary
to menopause) of a woman’s
life.
rual
• Its duration is 28 or 29 days. cycle Uterine cycle:
• Menstrual cycle is also seen in Changes in uterus,
oviduct and vagina
other primates.

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 MENSTRUAL CYCLE (REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE)
Phases of
Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual phase:
1-5th day

Follicular (Proliferative) phase:

5-13th day

Ovulatory phase:
14th day

Secretory (Luteal) phase:

15-28th day
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MENSTRUAL CYCLE I. Menstrual phase
• The cycle starts with menstrual
1-5th
flow (bleeding). day
• It lasts for 3-5 days.
• It is due to breakdown of
endometrial lining and blood
vessels of the uterus that comes
out through vagina.
• Menstruation occurs if the
Ruptured
released ovum is not fertilized. Endometrium
• Lack of menstruation indicates
pregnancy. It may also be
caused due to stress, poor Bleeding
health etc.

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MENSTRUAL CYCLE II. Follicular (proliferative) phase

5-13th
• It starts from 5th day after day
menstruation and completed
within 8-12 days.
• In this phase, action of
gonadotropins (FSH &LH) from
pituitary occurs.
• FSH stimulates
New
 Development of primary Endometrium
follicles into Graafian follicles.
 Secretion of oestrogens by
Graafian follicles.

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MENSTRUAL CYCLE II. Follicular (proliferative) phase

5-13th
Oestrogens stimulate
day
 Proliferation of ruptured
uterine endometrium and
mucus lining of oviduct &
vagina.
 Development of secondary
sexual characters. New
Endometrium
 Suppression of FSH secretion.
 Secretion of LH (Luteinizing
hormone).

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MENSTRUAL CYCLE III. Ovulatory phase

14th
day

• LH & FSH attain a peak level in

the middle of cycle.
• Rapid secretion of LH (LH
surge) induces rupture of
Graafian follicle and thereby
ovulation (on 14th day).

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MENSTRUAL CYCLE IV. Secretory (Luteal) phase

• After ovulation, Graafian follicle is

transformed into a yellow 15-28th
endocrine mass called Corpus day
luteum. It secretes progesterone.
• By the action of progesterone,
 Endometrium attains maximum
vascularity, thickness and
softness. Thus the uterus gets
ready for implantation.
Thick
 FSH secretion is inhibited to
Endometrium
prevent development of a
second ovarian follicle.

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MENSTRUAL CYCLE IV. Secretory (Luteal) phase

• During pregnancy all events of

menstrual cycle stop and there
15-28th
is no menstruation.
day
• If fertilization does not occur,
corpus luteum degenerates. It
causes disintegration of
endometrium. It leads to next
menstruation and new cycle.

• Menarche: The first menstruation Thick

during puberty. Endometrium
• Menopause: Stopping of menstrual
cycle (at about 50 yrs of age).

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MENSTRUAL CYCLE Overall changes

Change in Pituitary hormone

(FSH & LH) levels

Changes in Ovary (Ovarian events)

Change in Ovarian hormone

(Estrogen & Progesterone) levels

Changes in uterus (Uterine events)

Menstruation Follicular phase Luteal phase Next

cycle
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 ?
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Select the wrong statement

?
A. Menstrual cycle occurs only in primates.
B. During pregnancy menstrual cycle stops.
C. Follicular phase starts from 5th day after
menstruation.
D. Corpus albicans releases progesterone.

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After ovulation, Graafian follicle is transformed into

?
A. Corpus callosum
B. Corpus albicans
C. Corpus luteum
D. Corpora
quadrigemina

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Ovulation occurs on

A. 5th day of the cycle

?
B. 14th day of the cycle
C. 18th day of the cycle
D. None of these

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The first menstruation during puberty is known as

?
A. Menarche
B. Menopause
C. Metastasis
D. Meningitis

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FERTILIZATION &
IMPLANTATION
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 FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION
During copulation, semen is released by the penis into the vagina. It is called
insemination.

Cervical
Sperms Vagina Uterus Isthmus
canal

Ampullary-
isthmic Junction

Ovum Infundibulum
Fimbriae Ampulla
(from ovary)
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 FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION
• Fertilization happens only if ovum &
sperms are transported simultaneously.
So all copulations do not lead to
fertilization & pregnancy.
• A sperm comes in contact with zona
pellucida. It induces changes in the
membrane that block the entry of
additional sperms.
• The secretions of the acrosome help
sperm to enter into the egg cytoplasm
via zona pellucida and plasma
membrane. This causes second meiotic
division of the secondary oocyte to form
an ovum (ootid) and second polar body.
• The haploid nuclei of the sperm and
ovum fuse together to form a diploid
zygote. bankofbiology.com
FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION

• The mitotic division (cleavage) starts

as the zygote moves through the
isthmus towards the uterus and forms
2, 4, 8, 16 daughter cells called
blastomeres.
• The embryo with 8-16 blastomeres is
called a morula.
• Morula continues to divide and
transforms into blastocyst.

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 FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION
• The blastomeres in the
blastocyst are arranged into an
outer layer (trophoblast) and an
inner group of cells (inner cell
mass) attached to trophoblast.
• The trophoblast layer then gets
attached to endometrium.
• The inner cell mass gets
differentiated to 3 germ layers
(outer ectoderm, middle
mesoderm & inner endoderm).
This 3-layered structure
(gastrula) forms the embryo.

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FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION

After attachment, uterine

cells divide rapidly and
cover the blastocyst.
As a result, the
blastocyst becomes
embedded in the
endometrium. This is
called implantation.

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 ?
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Fertilization occurs in

?
A. Fundus of uterus
B. Medulla of ovary
C. Ampullary-isthmic junction of oviduct
D. Infundibulum of oviduct

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Sperm enters into the ovum by the help of secretions from

?
A. Mitochondria
B. Acrosome
C. Ribosome
D. Centriole

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The embryo with 8-16 blastomeres is called

?
A. Blastula
B. Gastrula
C. Trophoblast
D. Morula

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PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT
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 PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
After
implantation,
finger-like
projections
(chorionic villi)
appear on the
trophoblast which
is surrounded by
the uterine tissue
and maternal
blood.
• The chorionic villi & uterine tissue become interdigitated with each other to
form placenta.
• Placenta is a structural and functional unit b/w embryo (foetus) and maternal
body.
• Placenta is connected to the embryo by an umbilical cord. It transports
substances to and from the embryo. bankofbiology.com
PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
Functions of placenta
1. Acts as barrier between the foetus &
mother.
2. Supply O2, nutrients etc. from mother to
foetus.
3. Remove CO2 & excretory wastes from
foetus.
4. Acts as an endocrine gland. It secretes
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG),
human placental lactogen (hPL),
oestrogens, progesterone & relaxin.

Relaxin is also
secreted by ovary.

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 PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

• During pregnancy,
levels of estrogens,
progestogens,
• Human
The germ pregnancy
layers give
cortisol, prolactin,
rise to all tissues
(gestation period)
thyroxine etc are also
(organs).
lasts 9 months.
The stem
increased in maternal
• For
cellscats:
in inner
2 months,
cell mass
blood.
have the
dogs: 2 months,
potency to
• They support the fetal
give rise to21
elephants: all the
growth, metabolic
tissues and organs.
months).
changes in the mother
and maintain
pregnancy.

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 PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
Changes in embryo during pregnancy
• After one month: Heart is formed.
• End of second month: Limbs and
digits are developed.
• End of 12 weeks (first trimester):
The major organs (limbs, external
genital organs etc) are well
developed.
• During 5th month: First movement
of foetus and appearance of hair
on the head.
• End of 24 weeks (second
trimester): Body is covered with
fine hair, eyelids separate and
eyelashes are formed.
• End of 9 months: Ready for
delivery. bankofbiology.com
PARTURITION AND
LACTATION
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PARTURITION AND LACTATION

Parturition (labour)
• Process of giving birth to young ones.
• It is induced by neuroendocrine mechanism.
• The signals from the foetus and placenta
induce mild uterine contractions (fetal
ejection reflex). This causes the release of
oxytocin from maternal pituitary.
• Oxytocin causes stronger uterine muscle
contractions which in turn stimulate further
secretion of oxytocin. This process is
continued leading to expulsion of the baby
out of the uterus through the birth canal.

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PARTURITION AND LACTATION

Cutting of Umbilical cord

• After parturition, the umbilical

cord is cut off.
• The placenta & remnants of
umbilical cord are expelled from
the maternal body after
parturition. It is called “after
birth”.
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PARTURITION AND LACTATION

• The mammary glands produce

milk towards the end of
pregnancy by the process called
lactation.
• The yellowish milk produced
during the initial few days of
lactation is called colostrum. It
contains several antibodies
essential to develop resistance
for the new born babies.

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 ?
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Placenta

?
A. Is physiological connection between
mother and foetus.
B. Acts as endocrine gland.
C. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes of foetus.
D. All the above.

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Heart of the foetus is formed

?
A. After one week of pregnancy
B. After one month of pregnancy
C. By the end of first trimester
D. By the end of second trimester

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Process of giving birth to young ones is known as

?
A. Micturition
B. Parturition
C. Implantation
D. Gastrulation

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Name the hormone that causes stronger uterine muscle
contraction during labour

?
A. Relaxin from placenta
B. Oxytocin from foetal pituitary
C. Oxytocin from maternal pituitary
D. HCG from placenta

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The yellowish milk produced during the initial few days of
lactation is called

?
A. Colostrum
B. Callosum
C. Lactogen
D. Prolactin

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THE END
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Prepared by: K.C. MUHAMMED ALI
Visit: bankofbiology.blogspot.com
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