JFE TECHNICAL REPORT

No. 7 (Jan. 2006)

High Cr Stainless Steel OCTG

with High Strength and Superior Corrosion Resistance†
KIMURA Mitsuo*1 TAMARI Takanori*2 SHIMAMOTO Ken*3

Abstract: years, oil wells are increasingly characterized by severe

New martensitic stainless steel pipes (HP13Cr, corrosion conditions, which include high temperatures,
UHP15Cr) which improve the CO2 corrosion resistance high partial pressures of CO2, and high Cl concentra-
and sulfide stress corrosion (SSC) resistance of API- tions, and the CO2 corrosion resistance of 13%Cr is fre-
13Cr were developed and their application limits were quently inadequate. Moreover, with the increasing num-
clarified. The composition of the products features low C ber of cases where hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is generated
and addition of Ni and Mo. CO2 corrosion resistance by water injection, even when a CO2 environment existed
was greatly improved by adopting a high Cr, low C com- in the initial period, and increasing development of wells
position design, while SSC resistance was substantially containing H2S from the beginning, corrosion cracking
improved by Mo addition. The critical temperature for caused by H2S (sulfide stress cracking: SSC) has become
HP13Cr in high CO2 environments is 160°C. UHP15Cr a problem. API-13Cr does not have enough SSC resis-
has high strength, with Yield strength (YS) exceeding tance for these conditions4,5). In oil and gas wells with
861 MPa, and can be used in high CO2 environments at these types of environments, 22Cr duplex stainless steel
temperatures up to 200°C. These new martensitic steel pipes or higher alloy steel pipes have come to be used 6).
pipes show excellent properties in sweet, high tempera- However, as problems with 22Cr stainless and similar
ture, high CO2 environments and slightly sour environ- products, these pipes have unnecessarily high corrosion
ments containing small amounts of H2S where conven- resistance in many cases, and the strength necessary in
tional 13Cr pipes could not be used. OCTG must be obtained by cold drawing, resulting in
substantially higher costs. Therefore, there was strong
demand for the development of new OCTG which pos-
1. Introduction
sess high corrosion resistance superior to that of API-
The martensitic stainless steel pipe API-13Cr, which 13Cr while also offering a reasonable cost in comparison
has been standardized by the American Petroleum Insti- with duplex stainless steel.
tute (API), is representative of oil country tubular goods To meet these requirements, JFE Steel developed
(OCTG) for use in wet carbon dioxide (CO2) environ- two new martensitic stainless steel pipes, HP13Cr and
ments. Because 13%Cr steel pipes possess excellent UHP15Cr, with new compositions which improve CO 2
CO2 corrosion resistance, demand for this product has corrosion resistance and SSC resistance.
increased annually1,2). This paper clarifies the effects of environmental fac-
Nevertheless, there were problems with API-13Cr, in tors and alloying elements on the corrosion resistance of
that its corrosion resistance deteriorates at well tempera- martensitic stainless steel, and describes the history of
tures exceeding 100°C and it cannot withstand use in development of HP13Cr and UHP15Cr with improved
some cases, depending on the partial pressure of CO 23). CO2 corrosion resistance and SSC resistance, as well as
With more active development of deep wells in recent their application limits in oil and gas environments.

† *2
Originally published in JFE GIHO No. 9 (Aug 2005), p. 7–12 Staff Deputy Manager,
Research Planning & Administration Dept.,
Steel Res. Lab.,
JFE Steel

*1 *3
Dr. Eng., Staff Manager,
Senior Researcher Deputy General Manager, Products Service & Development Sec.,
Tubular Products & Casting Res. Dept., Products Service & Development Dept.,
Steel Res. Lab., Chita Works,
JEF Steel JFE Steel

7
 High Cr Stainless Steel OCTG with High Strength and Superior Corrosion Resistance

ity and deterioration of corrosion resistance. C and Ni

are austenite formers, and Mo is a ferrite former. Thus,
2. Development of HP13Cr because a low C, Mo-added composition would promote
formation of the δ-ferrite phase, the amount of Ni addi-
2.1 Development Concept
tion was decided in consideration of the phase balance.
13Cr steel pipes show excellent CO2 corrosion resis- The concept described above is shown in Fig. 1.
tance in environments with temperatures of 100°C or
2.2 Experimental Procedure
less. However, these pipes show general corrosion in
environments exceeding 100°C, and they cannot with- The materials used in this research were small ingots
stand use in environments with high partial pressures of of a base 13Cr steel with reduced C contents and added
CO24). Furthermore, pitting occurs in high Cl environ- Ni and Mo. The chemical composition of the steels
ments. Therefore, JFE Steel developed HP13Cr-1 as an tested are shown in Table 1 (HP13Cr-1) and Table 2
OCTG for use in severe high temperature CO 2 environ- (HP13Cr-2). The ingots were rolled to a thickness of
ments where 13Cr is not suitable for use and HP13Cr-2 12 mm, held at 1 000°C for 40 min, and given quench-
for increased sour resistance in addition to CO 2 corro- ing treatment by air cooling, followed by tempering to
sion resistance. The development targets are presented obtain the specified strength.
below. CO2 corrosion resistance was evaluated by a crevice
(1) CO2 corrosion resistance: Applicable at 150°C corrosion test and U-bend SCC test. The crevice cor-
(2) SSC resistance: No occurrence of SSC under condi- rosion test was performed, using specimens 3 mmt 
tions of H2S: 0.01 MPa, pH4.5 25 mmw  50 mml taken from the center of thickness
(3) Good hot workability in Mannesmann process of the sample materials, by creating a crevice with a
Addition of alloying element is effective for improv- polytetrafluoroethylene jig, followed by immersion in
ing CO2 corrosion resistance. Reduced C or increased an autoclave. CO2 corrosion resistance was evaluated by
Cr and Ni is effective for improving general corrosion the general corrosion rate (mm/y) converted from weight
resistance in wet CO2 environments7), and Mo addition is loss. The U-bend SCC test was performed by taking
effective for increasing pitting resistance. Therefore, as specimens 2 mmt  10 mmw  75 mml from the cen-
the concept of the new composition, the C content was ter of thickness of the sample materials and performing
reduced and Ni was increased to improve general corro- U-bend, followed by immersion in the autoclave. As test
sion, and Mo was added to improve pitting resistance. conditions, in both tests, a 20%NaCl aqueous solution
On the other hand, where sour resistance is con- was used and the partial pressure of CO2 was adjusted to
cerned, the mechanism of SSC in 13Cr is basically 3.0 MPa. The test temperature and time were 150°C and
hydrogen embrittlement, but these cracks initiate and 168 h, respectively. The tests were also performed with
propagate from the bottom of pits. Therefore, two points
are important for improving SSC resistance: reduction of
Table 1 Chemical composition of steels tested for
the amount of hydrogen which permeates into the steel HP13Cr-1
and improvement of pitting resistance. In particular, (mass%)
when pitting occurs, the pH in the pit decreases, accel- Steel C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo
erating hydrogen permeation. This means that a further A 0.015 0.45 0.45 12.9 2.9 0.97
increase in the amount of Mo addition is effective for B 0.010 0.44 0.46 12.9 3.9 0.94
improving sour resistance. C 0.020 0.46 0.45 13.3 4.0 0.99
It may also be noted that, in 13Cr pipes, a δ- D 0.030 0.46 0.45 13.0 4.0 1.00
ferrite phase precipitates in the austenite phase in the
E 0.015 0.47 0.45 12.8 3.9 –
high temperature region if the amount of ferrite-forming
F 0.025 0.46 0.46 13.3 4.1 0.74
elements is increased. It is known that the precipitation
API-13Cr 0.200 0.56 0.60 13.1 – –
of this δ-ferrite phase is linked to reduced hot workabil-

Table 2 Chemical composition of steel tested for

HP13Cr-2
Resistance to
CO2 corrosion Lowering of C (mass%)

Resistance to Addition of Ni Steel C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo

pitting G 0.027 0.25 0.46 13.3 4.0 0.99
Addition of Mo H 0.027 0.25 0.45 13.1 4.0 2.04
Hot workability I 0.026 0.25 0.46 13.0 5.0 1.06

Fig. 1 Concepts of alloy design J 0.026 0.25 0.45 13.1 5.0 2.07

8 JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 7 (Jan. 2006)

 High Cr Stainless Steel OCTG with High Strength and Superior Corrosion Resistance

API-13Cr steel pipes as a comparison material. considered effective in improving CO2 corrosion resis-
The SSC test was performed in accordance with tance.
the constant load test specified in NACE-TM0177-90 In the SCC test, SCC was observed in the samples
method A8). The test solution used was a 5%NaCl without Mo addition and with 0.75% Mo addition. On
 0.5%CH3COOH solution, which was adjusted to the other hand, SCC did not occur in the 1% Mo steel
pH2.8–4.5 by adding CH3COONa. Specimens subjected regardless of the C and Ni contents. Based on this fact,
to stress loading were immersed in the test solution for it can be understood that 1% addition of Mo is neces-
30 days at 24°C while passing a mixed gas consisting of sary for securing SCC resistance. Although SCC did not
1–25%H2S  CO2 balance at 0.1 MPa through the solu- occur in the API-13Cr steel pipe, this is considered to be
tion. The applied stress was set at 100% specified mini- because API-13Cr shows a general corrosion mode.
mum yield strength (SMYS). In the sample steels with reduced C, the amount
A hydrogen permeation test was performed to inves- of carbides was small in comparison with API-13Cr,
tigate the effects of environmental factors and alloying resulting in a higher content of Cr in the matrix, which
elements on hydrogen permeation. Specimens were is effective for corrosion resistance. It is thought that
placed between a cell containing a test solution simulat- this suppressed the anode reaction in corrosion. Accord-
ing a corrosive environment and a cell for use in mea- ingly, reducing the C content is considered effective for
suring the hydrogen permeation rate, and hydrogen per- improving CO2 corrosion resistance.
meating from the environment side was measured as the Figure 2 shows the distribution of elements in the
anode current. corrosion products which formed on the surfaces of steel
As in the SSC test, a 5%NaCl  0.5%CH3COOH A and the API-13Cr steel pipe in the CO2 corrosion test,
solution adjusted to pH2.8–4.5 by CH3COONa addi- as determined by EPMA analysis. In both cases, these
tion was used as the environment side solution, and the are specimens which were corroded under conditions of
hydrogen permeation rate was measured while passing a partial pressure of CO2 of 3.0 MPa and temperature
a mixed gas consisting of 1–10%H2S  CO2 balance of 150°C. With the API-13Cr steel, a corrosion product
at 0.1 MPa. The thickness of the specimens was 1 mm, with a thickness of approximately 25 µm was observed,
and the area of the part where hydrogen permeation was but in contrast, the corrosion product on steel A was
measured was 7 cm2. extremely thin, at approximately 5 µm. Both corrosion
products were Cr enriched and contained virtually no
2.3 Improvement of CO2 Corrosion Resistance
Fe. Furthermore, because it is known that Ni reduces the
The crevice corrosion test results and SCC test dissolution current in the active state in steels containing
results are shown in Table 3. The corrosion rate of the Cr, the possibility that Ni reduced corrosion is also con-
API-13Cr steel pipe was more than 1 mm/y. In contrast, ceivable in the present case.
the corrosion rates of the sample steels were 0.05 mm/y In addition to the corrosion test results described
or less in all cases, showing excellent CO2 corrosion above, the Ni balance was also considered from the
resistance. CO2 corrosion resistance was not affected viewpoint of hot workability. As a result, the HP13Cr-1
when the C content was varied between 0.01% and steel pipe (0.025C-13Cr-4Ni-1Mo) was developed as an
0.03%. The corrosion rate of the steel without Mo addi- OCTG with excellent CO2 corrosion resistance.
tion was 0.05 mm/y, which was a large value in com-
parison with 1% Mo steel. However, because this value
is sufficiently low in comparison with that of API-13Cr
steel, a combination of C reduction and Ni addition is Corrosion Base
product Base metal Corrosion product metal

Table 3 Corrosion and SCC test results Fe Cr

Intensity

Intensity

Corrosion rate
Steel SCC Cr
(mm/y)
A 0.036 NC
B 0.024 NC Ni

C 0.023 NC Fe
D 0.028 NC
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
E 0.050 C Distance (µm) Distance (µm)
F 0.027 C (a) Steel A (b) API-13Cr
API-13Cr 1.152 NC Fig. 2 Distribution of Fe, Cr, and Ni on the cross section
NC: No SCC, C: SCC of corrosion product in CO2 environment

JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 7 (Jan. 2006) 9

 High Cr Stainless Steel OCTG with High Strength and Superior Corrosion Resistance

20

Hydrogen permeation rate (µA)

2.4 Improvement of SSC Resistance 0.025C-13Cr-4Ni steel 1%Mo, pH4.0
5% NaCl solution
Sulfide stress cracking in martensitic stainless steel 15 H2S: 0.01 MPa
pH4.0/4.5
originates at pits and propagates by hydrogen embrittle-
ment. Accordingly, improvement of pitting resistance 10
2%Mo, pH4.0
and suppression of hydrogen permeation into the steel
are effective means of improving SSC resistance. Mo 5 1%Mo, pH4.5
addition is effective for improving pitting resistance. 2%Mo, pH4.5

The effect of the Mo content on SSC is shown in Fig. 3. 0

Resistance to SSC was improved by increasing the Mo 0 20 40 60 80 100
content from 1% to 2%. Although virtually no effect Test duration (h)
in improving SSC resistance can be observed under a Fig. 5 Hydrogen permeation test result
condition of pH3.0, at pH3.2 or higher, the effect of Mo
addition became apparent.
Figure 4 shows the results of measurements of the hydrogen permeation rate is greatly reduced in compari-
hydrogen permeation rate under conditions of pH3.5 and son with pH3.5, and at pH4.5, hydrogen permeation is
H2S: 0.01 MPa. With the 1% Mo steel, the hydrogen per- no longer observed. This is considered to show that per-
meation rate showed a tendency to increase with time. meation of hydrogen from the steel surface has ceased
It is thought that this shows a phenomenon in which because the passivation film has become stable, prevent-
the passivation film is destroyed. On the other hand, the ing further corrosion. In explaining the effects of Mo
hydrogen permeation rate of the 2% Mo steel increased addition, it is thought that Mo enhances pitting resis-
to a maximum of approximately 18 µA and decreased tance, thereby preventing pitting, which is the point of
thereafter. This is thought to show the effect of repassiv- origin for SSC, and at the same time, Mo has the effect
ation resulting from the increased Mo content. of reducing the amount of hydrogen permeating into
Furthermore, as shown in Fig. 5, with pH4.0, the the steel. In particular, because hydrogen permeation is
accelerated by the reduced pH in pits, Mo addition is
essential for improving sour resistance in cases where
0.1
Open: No failure pitting occurs.
4Ni-1Mo
Closed: Failure Based on these results, the HP13Cr-2 steel pipe
5% NaCl solution 4Ni-2Mo
100% SMYS (95 ksi) (0.025C-13Cr-5Ni-2Mo), which has excellent CO2 cor-
5Ni-1Mo
H2S pressure (MPa)

0.01 rosion resistance and sour resistance, was developed by

5Ni-2Mo
2%Mo setting the Mo content at 2% to improve sour resistance
and increasing the Ni content to secure hot workability.
0.001 1%Mo

3. Development of UHP15Cr Steel Pipe

0.000 1 3.1 Development Concept
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
pH
As also shown in Table 3, HP13Cr has excellent CO 2
Fig. 3 Effect of Mo content on the resistance to SSC corrosion resistance at higher temperatures than the
conventional 13% Cr steel pipe, but its application limit
60 is around 160°C. On the other hand, with increasing
development of deeper wells in oil well environments,
Hydrogen permeation rate (µA)

0.025C-13Cr-4Ni steel
5% NaCl solution
H2S: 0.01 MPa requirements for steel pipes with a combination of high
40 pH3.5 strength and the ability to withstand high temperatures
have also increased. JFE Steel therefore developed the
UHP15Cr steel pipe as a high strength pipe which fur-
2%Mo
20 ther improves the corrosion resistance of HP13Cr. The
1%Mo
development targets are shown below.
(1) YS861 MPa (125 ksi)
0 (2) Applicable limit temperature: 200°C (CO 2: 10 MPa)
1 10 100
(3) Applicable limit partial pressure of H 2S: 0.01 MPa
Test duration (h) (pH4.5)
Fig. 4 Hydrogen permeation test result (4) Good hotworkablility in Mannesmann process

10 JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 7 (Jan. 2006)

 High Cr Stainless Steel OCTG with High Strength and Superior Corrosion Resistance

Table 4 Chemical composition of steel tested for 20

UHP15Cr 20% NaCl solution
70.6
(mass%) CO2: 10 MPa
15

Corrosion rate (mm/y)

C Cr Ni Mo Cu
0.02 14–20 3–9 1–4 0–2
10

Increasing the contents of alloying elements such

as Cr, Ni, Mo, Cu is effective for improving corrosion 5
resistance. In particular, Cr is the most effective element
for improving CO2 corrosion resistance9). However, Cr
0
also promotes the formation of ferrite. Alloying element 15 20 25 30
addition was therefore studied based on the concept of
CCI (CO2 corrosion index: Cr0.65Ni0.6Mo0.55Cu) (%)
HP13Cr, controlling the Ni balance in consideration of
hot workability while at the same time also considering Fig. 6 Effect of alloying elements on CO2 corrosion rate
sour resistance.
SSC resistance. Therefore, 0.03C-15Cr-6Ni-2Mo-1Cu
3.2 Experimental Procedure
was adopted as the composition system for UHP15Cr in
As sample materials, small steel ingots with HP13Cr consideration of satisfying both corrosion resistance and
steel as the base composition and varied contents of Cr, hot workability while also securing strength.
Ni, Mo, and Cu were used. The range of chemical com-
positions of these samples is shown in Table 4.
4. Actual Pipe Production Results
CO2 corrosion resistance was evaluated using plate-
shaped immersion test specimens. The corrosion test HP13Cr-1 with excellent CO2 resistance, HP13Cr-2
was performed by immersion in an autoclave using with improved sour resistance, and UHP15Cr with high
specimens 3 mmt  25 mmw  50 mml taken from the strength combined with improved corrosion resistance
center of thickness of the sample materials. CO 2 corro- at high temperatures were produced by seamless rolling,
sion resistance was evaluated by the general corrosion and their properties were evaluated. The dimensions of
rate (mm/y) converted from weight loss. the pipes were outer diameter: 88.9 mm (31/ 2”), thickness:
6.45 mm and outer diameter: 114.3 mm (4 1/ 2”), thick-
3.3 Corrosion Resistance
ness: 6.88 mm. The comparison material used was 13Cr
The effect of alloying elements on CO2 corrosion steel pipe adjusted to the same grade at the same thick-
resistance under a condition of 200°C is shown in Fig. 6. ness and outer diameter as HP13Cr. The chemical com-
In a CO2 environment at 200°C, increasing Cr, Ni, positions of the sample pipes are shown in Table 5. The
Mo, and Cu is effective for improving corrosion resis- strengths of the HP13Cr and UHP15Cr steel pipes was
tance, and particularly in high CO2 environments, an adjusted to YS: 650 MPa (95 ksi) grade and 861 MPa
increased content of Cr is most effective for enhancing (125 ksi) grade, respectively.
CO2 resistance. To reduce the corrosion rate in a 200°C The results of a high temperature tensile test of
environment with a partial pressure of CO2 of 10 MPa to the UHP15Cr steel pipe are shown in Fig. 7, together
0.127 mm/y or less, it is necessary to secure a CO 2 cor- with the test results for a 25Cr duplex stainless steel
rosion index (CCI: Cr  0.65 Ni  0.6 Mo  0.55 Cu) pipe. At 200°C, the YS of the 25Cr duplex stainless
of 20.5 or higher. steel decreased by approximately 150 MPa in com-
Because Cr is a strong ferrite-forming element, it parison with its YS at room temperature. In contrast,
is necessary to increase the Ni content so as to prevent the decrease in UHP15Cr was limited to approximately
precipitation of the δ-ferrite phase. It is also necessary 50 MPa, and the difference between the two expanded
to add 2% Mo in order to secure pitting resistance and to 100 MPa. Because high strength is secured in duplex

Table 5 Chemical composition of pipes

(mass%)
C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo Cu
HP13Cr-1 0.025 0.25 0.46 13.1 4.0 1.0 –
HP13Cr-2 0.025 0.25 0.40 13.0 5.1 2.0 –
UHP15Cr 0.030 0.22 0.28 14.7 6.3 2.0 1.0
13Cr 0.200 0.23 0.44 13.0 – – –

JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 7 (Jan. 2006) 11

 High Cr Stainless Steel OCTG with High Strength and Superior Corrosion Resistance

1 100 0.1
Open: No Failure
Closed: Failure
1 000
Tensile strength (MPa)
Yield strength (MPa),

10% NaCl solution

TS 100% SMYS(95 ksi)

H2S pressure (MPa)

900 UHP 0.01 720 h
15Cr
YS
800
TS
25Cr
700 0.001
YS
600
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (°C)
0.000 1
Fig. 7 Effect of temperature on tensile properties
1 2 3 4 5 6
pH

stainless steel pipes by cold drawing, it is considered Fig. 9 SSC test results for HP13Cr-2
that the strength of this type of steel decreases when dis-
0.1
locations are released at high temperature. On the other Open: No Failure
Closed: Failure
hand, because strength is secured in UHP15Cr by micro- 20% NaCl solution
structure and precipitation control, this steel has the 100% SMYS(125 ksi)
720 h
distinctive feature of a small decrease in strength even at H2S pressure (MPa) 0.01
high temperatures.
The CO 2 corrosion test results of HP13Cr-1,
HP13Cr-2, and UHP15Cr steel pipes are shown in
Fig. 8. The limit in judging the applicability of the 0.001

steels was a corrosion rate of 0.125 mm/y. The applica-

tion limit is affected by the partial pressure of CO2 gas
and temperature. For example, the limit temperature for
0.000 1
application of API-13Cr steel pipes under a condition of 1 2 3 4 5 6
CO2: 3 MPa is 100°C. In contrast, the limit temperatures pH
for HP13Cr and UHP15Cr are 160°C and 200°C, respec- Fig. 10 SSC test results for UHP15Cr
tively.
The SSC test results for the HP13Cr-2 and UHP15Cr lent resistance to SSC, in spite of its high strength of
steel pipes are shown in Figs. 9 and 10. The critical con- 125 ksi grade, and its critical partial pressure of H 2S at
centration of H2S becomes high with the increase of pH. pH4.5 was 0.01 MPa.
With HP13Cr, under a condition of pH3.0, SSC occurred The fracture surface of a test specimen of a UHP15Cr
even with a partial pressure of H2S of 0.001 MPa, but at steel pipe after the SSC test is shown in Photo 1. Sulfide
pH4.0, the critical partial pressure of H2S at which SSC stress corrosion has originated at a pit and propagated
does not occur is 0.01 MPa. UHP15Cr displayed excel- by hydrogen embrittement. The excellent SSC resistance
of UHP15Cr is attributed to improved pitting resistance
resulting from its increased Cr content.

20% NaCl
UHP Pitting
10 15Cr
HP13Cr-1
CO2 pressure (MPa)

API-13Cr
1

, API-13Cr
0.1 , HP13Cr-1
Open: CR0.127 mm/y
, UHP15Cr
Closed: CR0.127 mm/y
50 100 150 200 250
Temperature (°C) Hydrogen embrittlement
Fig. 8 CO2 corrosion test results Photo 1 Fracture surface of SSC test specimen

12 JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 7 (Jan. 2006)

 High Cr Stainless Steel OCTG with High Strength and Superior Corrosion Resistance

(3) A steel pipe with high strength and excellent CO 2

corrosion resistance at temperatures up to 200°C,
5. Conclusion
UHP15Cr, was developed. The UHP15Cr steel pipe
(1) A new steel pipe with excellent CO2 corrosion resis- possesses not only CO2 corrosion resistance, but also
tance, HP13Cr-1, was developed. HP13Cr steel has excellent properties in sour environments. In com-
high CO2 corrosion resistance in comparison with parison with duplex stainless steels, UHP15Cr shows
API-13Cr and can be used at high temperatures up to only a small drop in yield strength (YS) at high tem-
160°C even under high partial pressures of CO2. The peratures and possesses high strength even in 200°C
excellent CO2 corrosion resistance of HP13Cr is con- high temperature environments.
sidered to be the result of (a) reducing the amount of
Cr carbides, which form cathode sites in the corrosion
reaction, by reducing the content of C, (b) increasing References
the content of Cr, which is effective for improving
1) Gair, D. J.; Moulds, T. P. Corrosion Prevention & Control.
corrosion resistance, by reducing the amount of Cr vol. 6, 1985, p. 50.
carbides, and (c) suppressing the corrosion reaction 2) Kobayashi, K.; Motoda, K.; Kurisu, T.; Matsuda, T.; Kawade,
by addition of Ni, which has only a slight tendency to T.; Oka, H. Kawasaki Steel Technical Report. no. 19, 1988,
p. 3.
ionize under high temperature, high partial pressure 3) Masamura, K.; Hashidume, S.; Nunomura, K.; Sakai, J.;
of CO2 condition. Matsushima, I. CORROSION/83. paper no. 55. NACE.
(2) A steel pipe which possesses excellent sour resis- Houston, TX, 1983.
4) Kurahashi, H.; Kurisu, T.; Sone, Y.; Wada, K.; Nakai, Y. COR-
tance in addition to CO 2 corrosion resistance, ROSION/84. paper no. 212. NACE. Houston, TX, 1984.
HP13Cr-2, was also developed. HP13Cr-2 has high 5) Kermani, M. B.; Harrop, D.; Truchon, M. L. R.; Crolet, J. L.
sour resistance in comparison with HP13Cr-1, which CORROSION/91. paper no. 21. NACE. Houston, TX, 1991.
6) Herbsleb, G.; Popperling, R. K. Corrosion. vol. 36. no. 11,
was achieved by increasing the Mo content to 2%. It 1980, p. 611.
is considered that improved pitting resistance together 7) Miyata, Y.; Kimura, M.; Koseki, T.; Toyooka, T.; Murase, F.
with reduced permeation of hydrogen into the steel, CORROSION/97. paper no. 19. NACE. Houston, TX, 1997.
8) NACE Standard TM0177.
which result from the increased Mo content, contrib- 9) Ikeda, A.; Ueda, M.; Mukai, S. CORROSION/85. paper
ute to improved sour resistance. no. 29. NACE. Houston, TX, 1985.

JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 7 (Jan. 2006) 13