Bottom up
Activities:
• Phonics Exercises: Matching letters to their sounds.
o Example: Teaching the letter "b" makes the /b/ sound and combining it with "a" to
form "ba."
• Decoding Words: Identifying and sounding out individual words.
o Example: Breaking down the word "cat" into /c/, /a/, and /t/.
• Vocabulary Drills: Repeated practice of common words.
o Example: Flashcards with high-frequency words like "the," "and," or "is."
Example:
• Teaching young learners to sound out each letter in the word "bat" (/b/, /a/, /t/), blend the
sounds to form the word, and then progress to forming sentences like "The bat is black."
Top down
Activities:
• Predicting: Encouraging students to guess the content of a text based on the title or pictures.
o Example: Showing the title "A Day at the Park" and asking, "What do you think this
story will be about?"
• Skimming for Meaning: Reading quickly to get the gist of the text.
o Example: Asking students to identify the main idea of a paragraph without reading
every word.
• Using Context Clues: Inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words from surrounding text.
o Example: "The puppy wagged its tail excitedly. It must be happy!"
Example:
• Presenting a story about a park outing and encouraging students to predict what activities
might occur, then asking them to summarize the main events after reading.
Interactive Approach
Activities:
• Guided Reading: Students read a text with teacher support, focusing on both decoding and
understanding.
o Example: Pausing during a story to discuss difficult words and their meanings while
also asking questions about the plot.
• Collaborative Learning: Pairing students to read a text and discuss its meaning.
o Example: One student reads aloud while the other asks comprehension questions.
• Integrated Skill Activities: Combining reading with writing, listening, and speaking.
o Example: Reading a passage about "rainy weather" and writing a short paragraph
about personal experiences with rain.
Example:
• A teacher helps students decode a word like "sunshine" and then asks them to explain its role
in the sentence, “The sunshine made everyone happy.” Students relate it to their experiences
with sunny days.
