Level of language Example of variation evident What is the prescriptive rule (
variation in standard English) that has
the video identified the variation
1. Phonological SOUNDS. Accent In standard English, "th"
(the pronunciation of the "th" sounds can be voiceless or
sound as a "d.”) voiced. In Filipino English, the
Consequently, words such as "th" sound is often replaced
"this" and "that" would be with a "d," which is different
articulated as "dis" and "dat." from standard English
This particular speech pattern pronunciation.
is commonly linked to specific
dialects and linguistic
influences.
2. Lexical WORD USE.In Filipino Standard English uses formal
English (FE), "afterwards" is and precise words accepted
often used to mean "after in English-speaking
that." In Standard English countries. In contrast, Filipino
(AE), you might say English is practical and
"thereupon," but that's less straightforward, using simple
common. language that fits Filipino
culture and daily life, making
it easier for everyone to
understand.
3. Morphological WORD STRUCTURES: In standard English, it is
Filipino English often uses usually not good to repeat
reduplication, which means words too much. This is
saying a word twice for because it can make writing
emphasis or to show that less clear and a bit too long.
something happens a lot. For It is better to be precise and
example, "bye and bye" or avoid repeating things in
"talked and talked.” formal writing.
4. Syntactic SENTENCE STRUCTURE: The difference in using
In Filipino English, one might modals in Filipino English
say, "I will follow him," while (FE) and American English
in American English, it is (AE) is related to the
more common to say, "I’ll influence of the Filipino
follow him.” language and its grammar,
which has different modal
structures than those in
English.
5. Pragmatic USE OF LANGUAGE IN In Filipino English, people
SOCIAL CONTEXT: In social often use simpler words.
situations, Filipino English Standard English has rules
(FE) tends to use a more about when to be formal,
formal tone. For example, in especially in work or school
FE, someone might say, settings. However, in Filipino
“That is why we are very English, these rules change
afraid,” while in American based on culture and the
English (AE), they might say, situation. This means that the
“That scared us so.” way people speak can feel
more easygoing and friendly.
