Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment 3 (1): 35-45, 2012

ISSN 2079-2115
IJEE an Official Peer Reviewed Journal of Babol Noshirvani University of Technology
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ijee.2012.03.01.0113
BUT

Single and Tertiary System Dye Removal from Aqueous Solution

Using Bottom Ash: Kinetic and Isotherm Studies

R. Gandhimathi, S.T. Ramesh, V. Sindhu and P.V. Nidheesh

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology,

Tiruchirappalli - 620 015, Tamilnadu, India

(Received December 13, 2011; Accepted: January 28, 2012)

Abstract: This paper investigates the ability of Bottom ash to adsorb three cationic dyes from aqueous
solution in single and tertiary systems. Crystal Violet (CV), Methylene Blue (MB) and Malachite Green (MG)
were used as cationic dye models. The surface characteristics of Bottom ash were investigated using
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Pseudo second order model was fitted better than Pseudo First order
model for all system of MG, MB and CV. From the isotherm study, the adsorption capacity increased in the
order of MB< MG<CV for single and MB<CV<MG for tertiary system. It may be concluded that the adsorption
capacity of Bottom ash decreases in tertiary system as compared to single system. Langmuir and Freundlich
isotherm models were fitted for all system of dyes. Freundlich isotherm model found to be the best fit for all
systems.

Key words: Fly ash; Adsorption; Tertiary system; Isotherm; Kinetics

INTRODUCTION digestion. Possible methods of color removal from textile

effluents include chemical oxidation, froth flotation,
The use of dyes by many industries, such as textile, adsorption, coagulation, etc. Among these, adsorption
paper and plastics is a common activity. Since these currently appears to offer the best potential for overall
industries also use substantial amount of water in their treatment and it can be expected to be useful for a wide
processes, this results in highly colored effluent of these range of compounds, more so than any of the other listed
industries which is generally colored due to the presence processes [3]. Even though activated carbon showed
of these organic chemicals [1]. The discharge of highly advantages, the main drawback of the activated carbon is
colored effluents into natural water bodies is not only the cost and difficulty in regeneration [4]. Therefore, in
aesthetically displeasing, but it also impedes light recent years, this has prompted a growing research
penetration. Thus it will affect biological processes within interest in the production of activated carbons from
a stream. In addition, many dyes are toxic to some renewable and cheaper precursors which are mainly
organisms. Some dyes can cause allergic dermatitis, skin industrial and agricultural by-products [5]. There are
irrigation, cancer and mutation in man. Recent estimates several industrial waste were used as low cost adsorbent.
indicate that, approximately, 12% of synthetic textile dyes Coal fly ash [6], bagasse fly ash [7], Red Mud [8] etc are
used each year is lost during manufacture and processing some examples.
operation and 20% of these dyes enter the environment This study is an aim in the same direction in exploring
through effluents that result from the treatment of residual the use of an industrial by-product namely Bottom ash
industrial waters [2]. for treating three basic dyes (Crystal Violet, Methylene
Removal of many dyes by conventional waste Blue and Malachite Green) in single and tertiary system.
treatment methods is difficult since these are stable to The Bottom ash is a coarse, granular, incombustible
light and oxidizing agents and are resistant to aerobic by-product of power plants, obtained after combusting

Corresponding Author: R. Gandhimathi, Department of Civil Engineering,

National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli - 620 015. Tamilnadu, India.
Tel: +91-431-250-3171, Fax: +91-431-250-0133, E-mail: [email protected]
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 Iranica J. Energy & Environ., 3 (1): 35-45, 2012

coke. It is an undesired collected material, whose disposal NaOH. The total volume of the solution in each flask was
has always been a matter of concern to the station made exactly to 50mL by adding the KNO3 solution. The
authorities, as the dumped ash makes the land infertile [9]. pH0 of the solutions were then accurately noted.
Malachite green is a broadly used dye in the textile Adsorbent (1g) was added to each flask and securely
industry that has properties that make it difficult to capped, immediately. The suspension was then manually
remove from solutions. It is also used in leather industries agitated. The pH values of the supernatant liquid were
and distilleries for coloring purposes [10]. The dye has noted. The difference between the initial and final pH
found wide applications in the aquaculture industry, as it (pHf ) values ( pH=pH0-pH f) was plotted against the pH0 .
is relatively cheap, effective and easy to obtain. Its use in The point of intersection of the resulting curve at which
the aquaculture practice in many countries has not been pH0 gave the PZC.
regulated. Many adverse effects from the consumption of In order to provide a better understanding of the
the dye due to its carcinogenic and mutagenic properties environmental impacts of adsorbent utilization, the
in animal studies have been reported [11]. Crystal violet, solubility characteristics of various chemical species
also known as Basic Violet 3, is a well-known cationic dye associated with Bottom ash were examined. One gram
being used for various purposes: a biological stain, a sample of adsorbent were equilibrated with 200 mL of
dermatological agent, a veterinary medicine, an additive to distilled water for 2 h [14]. After filtration, the major
poultry feed to inhibit propagation of mold, intestinal chemical constituents in the filtrate were measured. The
parasites and fungus etc. It is also extensively used in measurement of heavy metal concentration was done by
textile dyeing and paper printing. It is a mutagen and using an S Series Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
mitotic poison [12]. Methylene Blue is a thiazine (cationic) (AAS). Elemental analysis was determined by wet
dye, which is most commonly used for coloring paper, chemical method and measurement of elemental
temporary hair colorant, dyeing cottons, wools and so on.
concentration was done by using an AAS supplied by
Although MB is not considered to be a very toxic dye, it
PerkinElmer, USA, Model AAnalyst 700.
can reveal very harmful effects on living things. After
inhalation, symptoms such as difficulties in breathing,
Adsorbate: The dyestuffs were used as the commercial
vomiting, diarrhea and nausea can occur in humans [13].
salts. 1. Methylene Blue (C.I. 52015, max 663 nm,
M.W =373.9 g/mol, M.F = C16 H18 Cl N3 S 3H2 O), 2.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Malachite Green (C.I. 42000, max 518 nm, M.W =364.911
g/mol, M.F =C23 H25 Cl N2), 3. Crystal Violet (C.I.42555,
Adsorbent: The thermal power plant waste material,
max=579 nm, M.W =407.99 g/mol, M.F = C25 H30 Cl N3)
‘Bottom ash’ (particle size less than 75 µm) was used as a
(Note: C.I = Colour Index, max = Peak wavelength,
potential adsorbent in this study. The adsorbent was
M.W= Molecular weight; M.F = Molecular Formula).
obtained from Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited,
Neyveli. The dyes (Adsorbates) and their chemical
structures (Fig. 1) utilized in this study are listed below.
Characterization of Adsorbent: The pH value of the
adsorbents were determined by mixing 2 g of adsorbent Equipments: A UV/Vis spectrophotometer (Lambda 25,
with 100 mL of distilled water and recording pH at PerkinElmer, USA) was used for measurement of dye
every 1 h interval for a period of 24 h. The loss on ignition concentration. The pH measurements were carried out
(LOI) was determined by heating a pre-weighed dry using an Orion EA 940 (USA) expandable ion analyzer.
sample (left at 105°C in an oven and then cooled in An IHC- 3280 Orbital shaking incubator (Mumbai, India)
desiccators) to 600°C over a period of 1 h [14]. Fourier was used for all adsorption experiments. Centrifuge was
Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques done by TC 650 S Multispin centrifuge (Mumbai, India).
were utilized to identify the functional groups of adsorb-
ent. FTIR spectra of the samples were also recorded on Batch Study: Adsorption studies were carried out by
PerkinElmer Model System 2000 using KBr pellet method. batch process for individual system (MG, MB and CV)
The Point of Zero Charge (PZC) was determined and tertiary system (MG+CV+MB). Batch kinetic
using the solid addition method [15] viz: a series of 100mL experiments were carried out at constant pH of 8.0 with
conical flasks, 45 mL of 0.1 M KNO 3 solution was initial concentration of 10 mg/L. Kinetic study was
transferred. The pH0 values of the solution were roughly conducted with the known dosage of adsorbent
adjusted from 2 to 10 by adding either 0.1N HNO 3 or (Bottom ash 0.05 g) for the 50 mL of dye solution.

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 Iranica J. Energy & Environ., 3 (1): 35-45, 2012

Crystal Violet
Fig. 1: Chemical Structures of Dyes

The mixture (dye + adsorbent) was shaken well in an Table 1: Properties of bottom ash
orbital shaking incubator at an agitation rate of 150 rpm at Property Values
a temperature of 30°C. The samples were withdrawn at Point of zero charge 6.2
suitable time intervals and analyzed for effluent pH 1.547
concentration. Effect of adsorbent dosage was carried out Specific gravity 38.15 %
by shaking a series of bottles containing different Los on ignition(LOI) 6.2
amounts of adsorbents (0.01 to 0.1 g) in 50 mL of dye
solution and kept in the shaker for constant duration Table 2: Soluble Concentration of Some Elements in Water from Bottom
(equilibrium contact time). The sorbent solution mixtures ash
were then centrifuged at 3600 rpm for 5 minutes and the Metal ions Concentration (mg/g)
supernatant was analyzed for the dye concentration. Cu+2 5.5x10-3
Na +
05x10-2
+3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A1 BDL
K+ 1.625x10-2
Characterization of Adsorbent: The Bottom ash used in Cd +2
5x10-4
the batch experiments were analyzed for various physical (BDL: Below Detectable Level)
and chemical properties. The main physical properties of
adsorbent are given in Table 1. The solubility Table 3: Composition of Bottom ash [16]
concentration of some elements in water from adsorbent S.No Element oxide Weight (%)
is given in Table 2. The composition of Bottom ash is 1. Calcium Oxide (CaO) 2.11
given in Table 3. From Table 3, it can be observed that the 2. Alumina (Al2O3) 23.49
SiO2 and Al2O3 contents make up about 89% of the 3. Silica (SiO2) 65.22
Bottom ash. 4. Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) 3.59
The results of the zero point of charge of the Bottom 5. Magnesia (MgO) 0.60
ash (pH PZC =6.2) is presented in Fig. 2. This shows that at 6. Sodium Oxide (Na2O) 0.21

pH less than 6.2 the surface of the Bottom ash is predom- 7. Others 4.78

inated by positive charges while at pH greater than 6.2 the

surface is predominated by negative charges. The FTIR compounds occur in the range 2850 -3000cm-1. The main
spectrum of Bottom ash is shown in Fig. 3. Composition, adsorption band for Bottom ash is at 1000-1200 cm-1
PZC and FTIR spectrum of Bottom ash is also given in reflects the siloxane (-Si-O-Si-) group and the bands at 786
our previous work [16]. From Fig. 3, it was found that and 714 cm-1 represent SiO-H vibration [17].
Bottom ash have peaks at 953, 1098, 1638, 3451 cm-1
etc. The broad band around 3446 cm -1was attributed Effect of Contact Time: In order to study the kinetics of
to the surface hydroxyl groups, adsorbed water and amine adsorption of MB, MG and CV, adsorption experiments
groups. The O-H stretching vibrations occurred within a were carried out at different contact time at constant
broad range of frequencies indicating the presence of initial concentration of dye and Bottom ash dosage.
“free” hydroxyl groups and bonded O-H bands of The removal efficiency of dyes increased with
carboxylic acids [5]. C-H stretching bands from aliphatic increase in contact time and reached a maximum value.

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 Iranica J. Energy & Environ., 3 (1): 35-45, 2012

100

90

80

70

Percentage Transmittance
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
4000 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1600 1200 800 400

-1
Wave Number (cm )

Fig. 2: Point of Zero Charge for Bottom ash [16] Fig. 3: FTIR Spectrum of Bottom ash [16]

(a) (b)

Fig. 4: Effect of Contact Time (a) Single System (b) Tertiary System

Fig 4 (a) and (b) shows the effect of contact time on the concentration of 10mg/L. Fig. 4 shows that the uptake of
removal of single and tertiary system of basic dyes (MG, dyes were rapid and efficient than that of single system.
MB and CV). It was very clear from the figure that the rate Similar results were reported by Ong et al. [19] and
of removal of color was rapid initially. After that the rate Wong et al. [20] for binary systems. Ong et al. [19]
decrease gradually and reaches an equilibrium value. From reported that Methylene Blue removal increases from 90.3
the Fig. 4(a), it was observed that dye uptake in single to 90.8% by natural rice husk from single and binary
system was rapid for first 4 min incase of MG, 5 min for systems. Similarly percentage uptake of Reactive Orange
MB and 7 min for CV and thereafter it proceeded at a 16 by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid modified rice husk
slower rate and finally reached saturation. The uptakes of has a sharp increase in binary system than that in single
MG, MB and CV for an initial concentration of 10mg/L system. Wong et al. [20] reported that Basic Blue 3
were found to be 92.75, 91.95 and 92% at 15 min, 210 removal on sugar cane bagasse was 77.65 and 82.16 % in
min and 180 min, respectively. The initial rapid phase may single and binary systems respectively.
be due to an increase in the number of vacant sites
available at the initial stage [18]. From the Fig. 4(b), it was Kinetic Modelling: The study of adsorption dynamics
observed that dye uptake for tertiary system was rapid for describes the solute uptake rate and evidently this rate
the first 7 min incase of MG, 10 min for MB and 8 min for controls the residence time of adsorbate uptake at the
CV and thereafter it proceeded at a slower rate and ?nally solid-solution interface [21]. The kinetics and dynamics of
reached saturation. The uptakes of MG, MB and CV were adsorption of dyes by Bottom ash have been studies by
found to be 76, 85 and 82 % at 60 min for an initial applying the following kinetic equations:

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 Iranica J. Energy & Environ., 3 (1): 35-45, 2012

(a) (b)

Fig. 5: Pseudo 1st Order Kinetics (a) Single System (b) Tertiary System

(a) (b)

Fig. 6: Pseudo 2nd Order Kinetics (a) Single System (b) Tertiary System

1. Pseudo first-order equation given by Lagergren [22]. Where C is the intercept and kid is the intraparticle
diffusion rate constant (mg/g min0.5), which can be
k1
log ( qe − qt ) = log ( qe ) − t (1) evaluated from the slope of the linear plot of qt versus t1/2.
2.303 Fig. 5 and 6 shows the plot of the Pseudo First and
Where qe and qt are the amounts of the MB adsorbed Pseudo Second Order model for adsorption of single and
(mg/ g) at equilibrium and at time t (min), respectively and tertiary system of basic dyes. Experimental and
k1 the rate constant adsorption (h-1). theoretically calculated qe values and coefficients related
to kinetic plots are given in Table 4. From the Table 4
2. The pseudo second-order equation based on based on the comparison between experimental and
equilibrium adsorption [23]. theoretically calculated qe values, it was found that the
pseudo second order model fitted better than Pseudo First
 t  l l
 = 2
+ (t ) (2) order model for all system of MG, MB and CV. Fig. 7
 qt  k2qe qe shows the plots of the intra particle diffusion model for
Where k2 is the rate constant of pseudo second-order adsorption of single and tertiary system of basic dyes.
adsorption (g/mg/min). The kid values were obtained from the slope of the linear
portions of the curve of different dye system and given in
3. Intraparticle diffusion model Weber and Morris Table 5. According to this model, the plot of uptake,
equation [24]. qt, versus the square root of time (t1/2) should be linear if
intraparticle diffusion is involved in the adsorption
qt = kidt1/2 + C (3) process and if these lines pass through the origin then

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 Iranica J. Energy & Environ., 3 (1): 35-45, 2012

Table 4: Kinetic Co- efficients

Pseudo 1st Order Co-efficients Pseudo 2nd Order Co-efficients
------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------
System Dyes qe (mg/g) k1 (1/min) R2 qe (mg/g) k2 (g/mg/min) R2 qecal (mg/g)
Single System MG 0.372 0.086 0.948 9.285 0.983 1 9.145
MB 928 0.018 0.940 9.756 0.007 0.9984 8.440
CV 3.367 0.016 0.913 9.506 0.011 0.9983 8.7
Tertiary System MG 0.212 0.052 0.892 0.561 0.583 0.999 7.600
MB 0.230 0.087 0.976 0.512 1.466 0.999 8.500
CV 0.531 0.129 0.762 0.577 0.652 0.9995 8.2

Table 5: Intraparticle diffusion constants for different Dye Systems

Systems Dyes Ki,1 Ki,2 C1 C2
Single System MG 0.074 ~0 8.811 9.275
MB 0.378 ~0 3.01 9.159
CV 0.307 0.0028 5.3417 9.274
Tertiary System MG 0.047 - 0.2531 0.507
MB 0.03 - 0.3481 0.547
CV 0.08 - 0.1088 0.567
CV 1.215 - 0.5453 8.46

(a) (b)

Fig. 7: Intraparticle Diffusion Model (a) Single System (b) Tertiary System

intraparticle diffusion is the rate controlling step. When and tertiary systems respectively. From the Fig. 8(a),
the plots do not pass through the origin, this is indicative it can be observed that the removal efficiency
of some degree of boundary layer control and these increases up to a certain level and beyond that it is more
further shows that the intraparticle diffusion is not the or less constant. The decrease in qe may be due to the
only rate-limiting step, but also other kinetic models may solute transfer rate on to the adsorbent surface, that is,
control the rate of adsorption, all of which may be the amount of solute adsorbed onto unit weight of
operating simultaneously. The values of intercept give an adsorbent get splitted with increasing adsorbent dosage
idea about the boundary layer thickness such as the [25]. The maximum MG removal of 92.5% was observed at
larger the intercept, the greater the boundary layer effect 1g/L, MB removal of 95 and 99% for CV was observed
[24]. at 1.6 g/L. From the Fig.8 (b), it was found that MG
removal of 89% was achieved at 1.8 g/L, 92% of MB
Effect of Adsorbent Concentration: The removal of dyes removal at 1.6 g/L and 91% for CV at 1.6 g/L. By
on Bottom ash was studied by changing the quantity of comparing the adsorbent dosage (corresponding to
adsorbent while keeping constant initial dye maximum removal efficiency) of the individual system with
concentration, temperature and pH at equilibrium time. tertiary system, the dosage requirement was more or less
Fig. 8 shows the effect of adsorbent concentration on the equal in case of tertiary system when compared to the
removal of dyes with different adsorbent doses for single single system.

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 Iranica J. Energy & Environ., 3 (1): 35-45, 2012

(a) (b)

Fig. 8: Effect of Dose (a) Single System (b) Tertiary System

1
Isotherm Modelling: The equilibrium isotherm is of log qe = log K + × log C (5)
fundamental importance in the design of adsorption. The n
isotherm expresses the relation between the mass of dye Where,
adsorbed at constant temperature per unit mass of the
adsorbent and liquid phase concentration [25]. X = weight of substance adsorbed
Equilibrium data should accurately fit into different M = Weight of adsorbent
isotherm models to find a suitable model that can be used C = Concentration remaining in solution
for the design process [26]. The parameters obtained from k, n = constants depending on temperature, the
the different models provide important information on the adsorbent and the substance to be adsorbed. The
sorption mechanisms, the surface properties and affinities coefficients k and n can be estimated from slopes
of the sorbent [27]. The adsorption isotherm study was and by substituting values from a line fitted to a
carried out on two well-known isotherms, the Langmuir graph of log (X/M) versus log C.
[28] and the Freundlich [29] adsorption isotherm models.
The Langmuir isotherm assumes monolayer adsorption The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm
onto a surface containing a finite number of adsorption plot for single and tertiary systems of dyes are shown in
sites of uniform strategies of adsorption with no Fig. 9 and 10. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption
transmigration of adsorbate in the plane of surface [30]. constants evaluated from the isotherms together with the
While, the Freundlich isotherm model assumes correlation coefficients are presented in Table 6. In point
heterogeneous surface energies, in which the energy term of the numerical values of correlation coefficients the
in the Langmuir equation varies as a function of the comparison it appeared that the equilibrium data were well
surface coverage [31]. described to a lesser extent by Langmuir model but
The linear form of Langmuir isotherm is expressed as Freundlich model seemed to be more appropriate for MG,
[28]: MB and CV in all three system. The value of Freundlich
constant n (Table 6) is greater than unity for all the dye
1 1 1 1
= + (4) system, indicating that both basic dyes were favorably
X/M q max q max b Ce adsorbed by Bottom ash [32] where as n is less than unity
Where for MG in single system. As expected with the kinetic
b = Constant that increases with increasing studies, the maximum fixation capacity, qmax was obtained
molecular size at 30°C for MG to be 13.87 mg/g, for MB to be 151.51 mg/g
q max = Amount adsorbed to form a complete monolayer and 12.1 mg/ g for CV in single system.
on the surface A comparison of adsorption capacity for
single system (in the absence of other dyes)
The Freundlich isotherm in linear form is and multi-component adsorption (in the presence of
expressed as [29]: other dyes) of MG, MB and CV is given in Table 7.

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 Iranica J. Energy & Environ., 3 (1): 35-45, 2012

(a) (b)

Fig. 9: Langmuir Isotherm (a) Single System (b) Tertiary System

(a) (b)

Fig. 10: Freundlich Isotherm (a) Single System (b) Tertiary System

Table 6: Isotherm Constants for Single System

Langmuir Coefficients Freundlich Co-efficients
--------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
System Dyes qmax (mg/g) b (1/min) R2 n kf (mg/g) R2
Single MG - -0.373 0.949 0.501 13.87 0.8167
MB 151.52 0.080 0.9582 1.175 10.86 0.9597
CV 13.06 9.696 0.7332 2.897 12.10 0.81
Tertiary MG 7.81 1.102 0.7156 1.468 3.57 0.7911
MB 10.54 1.364 0.924 2.825 5.63 0.956
CV 16.05 0.616 0.8614 1.889 5.51 0.9351

Table 7: Adsorption Capacities for Single and Tertiary System

Adsorption Capacity (mg/g)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adsorbents Dyes Single System (Q0) Tertiary System (Qmix) Q mix /Q0
MG 13.82 3.57 0.258
Bottom ash MB 10.86 5.63 0.537
CV 12.10 5.51 0.456

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 Iranica J. Energy & Environ., 3 (1): 35-45, 2012

Table 8: Comparison of adsorption capacities of various low cost adsorbents for MB removal
Adsorbent Adsorption Capacity (mg/g) Reference
Wheat Shells 16.56 [34]
Natural Jordanian Tripoli 16.60 [35]
Sawdust 19.41 [36]
Polypyrrole coated sawdust 34.36 [36]
Fly ash clay sand 3.88 [37]
Walnut Shell 6.70 [38]
Peanut hull 123.50 [39]
Yellow Passion fruit waste 44.70 [40]
Bottom ash 10.86 Present study

From the Table 7, it was found that the sorption capacity removal and for CV 180 min, 1.6 g/L with 99% removal. In
of single system have higher values than the multi the tertiary system, the optimum contact time, the
component adsorption. Adsorption in multi-component optimum dose for MG was found to be 45 min, 1.8g/L with
systems is much complicated because of the solute- the removal efficiency 89%, for MB 60 min, 1.6g/L with
surface interactions and competition of dyes with each 94.2% removal and for CV, 60 min, 1.6 g/L with 91%
other. The effect of dye interaction [33] on the sorption removal. Removal efficiency of Bottom ash increases with
process may be represented by the ratio of the sorption increasing the adsorbent dosage up to an optimum
capacity of one dye in the presence of the other dyes, dosage. In the kinetic study, Pseudo 1st and 2nd order
Qmix, to the sorption capacity of same dyes when it is models were fitted for all dye systems. Based on the
presented alone in the solution, Q0, such that for: experimental sorption capacity values compared with
model values it may be concluded that pseudo second
1. (Qmix /Q0 ) > 1 the sorption is promoted by the order model fitted better than Pseudo First order model for
presence of other dyes, all system of MG, MB and CV. From the isotherm study,
2. (Qmix /Q0 ) = 1 there appears no observable net the adsorption capacity increased in the order of
interaction, MB< MG<CV for single and MB<CV<MG for tertiary
3. (Qmix /Q0 ) < 1 the sorption is suppressed by the system. It may be concluded that the adsorption
presence of other dyes. capacity of Bottom ash decreases in tertiary system as
compared to single system. Langmuir and Freundlich
The values of Qmix/Q0 are found to be <1 for all dyes isotherm models were fitted for all system of dyes,
(Table 7). These results indicated that the sorption of Freundlich isotherm model found to be the best fit for all
individual dye is suppressed by the presence of other systems.
dyes. Qmix increased in the order (MB < CV< MG) for the
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