PUMPS SYSTEM

𝒁𝟐

Pump Center line

𝒁𝟏
TYPES
OF
PUMPS
TYPES OF PUMPS
Centrifugal Pumps
• Centrifugal pumps are the most common type used in
building water supply systems.

• They operate on the principle of centrifugal force,

converting rotational energy from a motor into energy that
moves water.

Key Features:
Components:
• Working Principle: Water enters the pump impeller along
• Impeller: The rotating part that
its rotating axis and is flung outward by centrifugal force.
transfers energy to the water.
This motion increases the water's velocity and pressure.
• Casing: Encloses the pump and
• Advantages: Simple design, fewer moving parts, reliable
directs the water flow.
for large volumes of water.
• Suction and Discharge Pipes:
• Applications: Domestic water supply, HVAC systems,
For water intake and outlet.
firefighting systems, irrigation.
TYPES OF PUMPS
Types of Positive Displacement Pumps:
Positive Displacement Pumps • Rotary Pumps: Utilizes rotating parts (e.g.,
• These pumps move a fixed amount of water with gear, lobe) to move water.
each cycle, typically used for high-pressure,
low-flow applications. • Reciprocating Pumps: Uses a piston or
diaphragm to create pressure.

Key Features:
• Working Principle: Water is trapped in a
chamber, and mechanical force displaces it,
pushing it out of the pump.

• Advantages: Excellent for handling viscous

fluids, precise control over water flow.

• Applications: Booster systems, chemical

dosing, where consistent flow is required.
Type of Pump Mechanism Capacity Pressure Head Advantages Disadvantages Application
Centrifugal Rotating Medium Low to Medium Low cost, Easy Not suitable for Residential,
impeller to High maintenance, high high pressure commercial, fire
moves water flow capacity systems
Submersible Submerged Medium Medium to High High efficiency, No Difficult Deep wells,
Impeller to High cavitation, No maintenance, drainage,
priming, quiet expensive to irrigation,
operation repair or replace borehole supply
Reciprocating Piston or Low High High-pressure High High-pressure
plunger output, Handles maintenance, systems,
movement viscous fluids Lower flow rate industrial, boiler
feed
Rotary Rotating Low Self-priming, Not for high Oil, Chemical
Gears/Vaned Medium Handles high pressure Industries
Rotors viscosity
Jet Centrifugal Low to Low to Medium Self-priming, Lower efficiency, Shallow wells,
with Jet medium Compact noise during small-scale
Nozzle operation irrigation
Booster Rotating Low to Medium to High Increases existing Noisy, Frequent Tall buildings, fire
Impellers or medium pressure maintenance protection,
Rotors pressure boosting
PUMP SYSTEM
A pump system converts mechanical energy (from a motor or engine) into hydraulic energy,
imparting kinetic and potential energy to a fluid.
This allows the fluid to overcome system resistance, including friction, elevation changes, and
other flow restrictions.

VOLUME FLOW RATE DISCHARGE VILOCITY

ELEVATION HEAD DISCHARGE
ELEVATION 𝑸 = 𝑨𝑽 (𝑚3 /𝑠) 𝑽𝟐 𝑷𝟐
𝒁𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏 (𝑚)
𝒁𝟐
DISCHARGE
INITIAL PRESSURE
ELEVATION DISCHARGE LIFT

PUMP CENTER LINE

INITIAL 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝒁𝟏
SUCTION LIFT
VILOCITY

INITIAL
PRESSURE
Elevation Head
The vertical distance between the pump’s water source and the point of discharge. It
represents the elevation change.

ELEVATION HEAD
𝒁𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏 (𝑚) ELEVATION

ELEVATION
TERMINOLOGIES IN WATER PUMPS
Pressure head m, ft Velocity head m, ft Friction head m, ft
The equivalent height of a fluid The equivalent height of a fluid The equivalent height of a fluid
column that corresponds to a column that corresponds to a column head required to
given pressure. given fluid velocity. overcome resistance to fluid
SPECIFIC GRAVITY flow due to friction within pipes
WEIGTH
𝒉𝒑 = 𝑷/𝜸 𝒉𝒗 = 𝑽𝟐 /𝟐𝒈 and fittings.
PIPE DIAMETER
PRESSURE PIPE LENGTH
FLUID VELOCITY
𝐊𝐍 𝒍𝒃
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒇𝑳𝑽𝟐 /𝟐𝒈𝑫
𝜸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝐦𝟑, 𝟔𝟐. 𝟒 𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝐦
𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒔𝟐 , 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝒔𝟐
𝒇𝒕
FRICTION FACTOR
Waterpower kW, hp
Total Dynamic Head m, ft
The power needed to overcome
friction, elevation, and other The head required to overcome all resistance and lift fluid to its
resistances in the system. discharge point.
VOLUME FLOWRATE TOTAL 𝑯 = 𝒁𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏 + 𝒉𝒑𝟐 − 𝒉𝒑𝟏 + 𝒉𝒗𝟐 − 𝒉𝒗𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇𝟏 + 𝒉𝒇𝟐
DYNAMIC
HEAD 𝒁 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 − 𝑖𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑷𝒘 = 𝜸𝑸𝑯 𝒉𝒑 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 − 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚
EXAMPLE 2: A pump with a 400 mm diameter suction pipe and a 350 mm diameter discharge pipe is to
deliver 20,000 L/min of water. Calculate the pump head in meters if suction gage is 7.5 cm below the pump
centerline and reads 17 kPa vacuum and discharges gage is 45 cm above the pump centerline and reads
75 kPa.
𝟏 𝒎𝟑 𝟏 𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑸 = 𝟐𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑳/𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑸 = 𝟐𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑳/𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑳 𝟔𝟎 𝒔
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂 𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝒁𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒎 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑸
𝑫𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒎 𝑽𝟏 = = 𝟐
= 𝟐. 𝟔𝟓 𝒎 /𝒔
𝑨 π(𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒎)
𝒉𝒇𝟐 = 𝟎 𝟒
𝑸 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑽𝟐 = = 𝟐
= 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔 𝒎 /𝒔
𝑨 π(𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒎)
𝟒
𝑯 = 𝒁𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏 + 𝒉𝒑𝟐 − 𝒉𝒑𝟏 + 𝒉𝒗𝟐 − 𝒉𝒗𝟏 + 𝒉𝒇𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇𝟏

𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 𝟐
𝑷𝟏 = −𝟏𝟕 𝒌𝑷𝒂 𝑯 = 𝒁𝟐 − 𝒁 𝟏 + + + 𝒉𝒇𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇𝟏
𝜸 𝟐𝒈
𝒁𝟏 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝒎 𝟕𝟓 − (−𝟏𝟕) 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔 𝟐 − 𝟐. 𝟔𝟓 𝟐

𝑫𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝑯 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 − (−𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓) + + + 𝟎

𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)
𝒉𝒇𝟏 = 𝟎 𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝒎
EXAMPLE 1: Water reservoir is pumped over a tall building through a pipe 450 mm in diameter and a
pressure of 98.08 kPa is maintained at the top. Water discharge is 30 m above the reservoir. The quantity
pumped is 0.50 𝑚3 /𝑠. Frictional losses in the discharge and suction pipes of the pump is equivalent to 1.5
m head loss. Determine the power needed to pump the water.
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑸 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 𝑯 = 𝒁𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏 + 𝒉𝒑𝟐 − 𝒉𝒑𝟏 + 𝒉𝒗𝟐 − 𝒉𝒗𝟏
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟎𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂 𝑽𝟐 = =
𝑨 π(𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒎)𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇𝟏
𝒁𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒎 𝟒
𝑽𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝒎/𝒔 𝑯 = 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟒 − 𝟎
+ 𝟏. 𝟓
𝒉𝒗 = 𝑽𝟐 /𝟐𝒈,
𝒎 𝟐 𝑯 = 𝟒𝟐 𝒎
𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒎 𝟐
𝒉𝒗𝟐 = 𝑽𝟐 /𝟐𝒈 = 𝒔
𝒎 𝑷𝒘 = 𝜸𝑸𝑯
𝟐 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟐
𝒔
𝒉𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟒 𝒎 𝑷𝒘 = (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟑 )(𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔)(𝟒𝟐 𝒎)
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎 𝒉𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 𝑷𝒘 = 𝟐𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝑾
𝟗𝟖. 𝟎𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝒉𝒑𝟐 = 𝑷𝟐 /𝜸 =
𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟑
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒉𝒑𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒉𝒑𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒁𝟏 = 𝟎
 EXAMPLE 3: Water in the rural areas is often extracted from underground water source whose free surface is 60
m below ground level. The water is to be raised 5 m above the ground by a pump. The diameter of the pipe is 10
cm at the inlet and 15 cm at the exit. Neglecting any heat interaction with surroundings and frictional heating
effects. What is the necessary power input to the pump in kW for a steady flow of water at the rate of 15 L/sec.
𝟏 𝒎𝟑
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟓 𝑳/𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝑸 = 𝟏𝟓 𝑳/𝒔𝒆𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑳
𝒁𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑸 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑫𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎 𝑽𝟏 = = = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟏 𝒎 /𝒔
𝑨 π(𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 𝒎)𝟐
𝒉𝒇𝟐 = 𝟎 𝟒
𝟓𝒎
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟎 𝑸 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑽𝟐 = = 𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟗 𝒎 /𝒔
𝑨 π(𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎)
𝟒
𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 𝟐
𝑯 = 𝒁𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏 + + + 𝒉𝒇𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇𝟏
𝟔𝟎 𝒎 𝜸 𝟐𝒈
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟎 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟗 𝟐 − 𝟏. 𝟗𝟏 𝟐
𝑯 = 𝟎 − (−𝟔𝟓) + 𝟎 + + 𝟎 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎
𝒁𝟏 = − 𝟔𝟓𝒎 𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)
𝑫𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝑷𝒘 = 𝜸𝑸𝑯
𝒉𝒇𝟏 = 𝟎 𝑷𝒘 = (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟑 )(𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔)(𝟔𝟒. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎)
𝑷𝒘 = 𝟗. 𝟓𝟒 𝒌𝑾
Suction Lift & Discharge Pressure

Suction Lift:
• The vertical distance between the pump and the water source when the source is
below the pump.
• It determines how far the pump can draw water upwards into its suction line.

Discharge Pressure:
• The pressure at which the water is released from the pump. Expressed in Pascals
or Psi
• This pressure must be high enough to overcome the system’s total head and
provide adequate water flow.
Priming & Cavitation
Priming:
• Priming refers to the process of removing air from the pump casing and
suction line to ensure the pump is filled with liquid before it starts
operating.
• Some pumps, particularly centrifugal pumps, require priming to function
properly. If not primed, the pump will fail to lift water and may become
damaged.

Cavitation:
• Cavitation is the formation and collapse of vapor bubbles in a pump when
the local pressure falls below the vapor pressure of the fluid.
• It causes noise, vibration, and can lead to damage of the pump
components, reducing the pump's lifespan.
NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head)
NPSH Available (NPSHa): The actual pressure available at the suction side of the
pump, ensuring that the water does not vaporize, causing cavitation. Expressed in
meters (m) or feet (ft).

NPSH Required (NPSHr): The minimum pressure required by the pump to avoid
cavitation. Expressed in meters (m) or feet (ft).
Cavitation can cause significant damage to the pump impeller and reduce
efficiency, so the NPSHa must always be higher than NPSHr.
PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE

A pump performance curve is a

graphical representation that
shows the relationship between
the flow rate (or discharge) and
the head (or pressure) produced
by a pump under different
operating conditions.

It is used to assess how a pump

performs across various flow rates
and is a critical tool for selecting
the right pump for a specific
application.
PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE

Operating Points: The curve illustrates

how head decreases as flow rate
increases, showing the pump's ability
to generate pressure at different flow
conditions.

Q (Flow Rate) vs. H (Head): The

curve typically starts at zero flow and
extends to the pump's maximum
rated flow. As flow rate increases, the
head decreases. Conversely, as
head (pressure) increases, flow rate
decreases.
PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE

Pump Shutoff Head: The point on the

curve where the pump will produce
maximum head (pressure) with zero
flow. This indicates the maximum
pressure the pump can generate when
flow is stopped.

Best Efficiency Point (BEP): This is

the point on the curve where the
pump operates most efficiently. It
represents the flow rate and head at
which the pump's overall efficiency is
maximized.
PUMPS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
PUMPS IN SERIES PUMPS IN PARALLEL
Purpose: Increase the total head (pressure) Purpose: Increase the flow rate while maintaining
without changing the flow rate. the same head.
Principle: The total head is the sum of the Principle: The total flow rate is the sum of the flow
heads produced by each pump. rates provided by each pump.
Applications: Applications:
• Used when the required head exceeds the • Used in systems requiring high flow rates, such
capacity of a single pump. as industrial cooling water systems.
• Common in high-rise building water supply • Ideal for handling variable demand where one or
systems or long-distance water transfer. more pumps can be taken offline as needed.

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅: 𝑯𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝟏 + 𝑯𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝟐 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆:

1 1
𝑸𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝟏 + 𝑸𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝟐
2

2
SUPLEMENTARY VIDEOS

PUMP CURVES TYPES OF PUMPS