MICROPROCESSOR
UNIT - 2
IMPORTANT TOPICS EXPLAINED
MOST IMPORTANT TOPICS OF MICROPROCESSOR
NOTES OF ALL UNITS ARE UPLOADED ON MEMBERS ONLY.
1. 8085 Microprocessor Architecture
Intel 8085 ek 8-bit microprocessor hai jiska upyog computation aur
control tasks ke liye hota hai. Iska architecture niche diye gaye
components par adharit hai:
1. Accumulator (ACC): Accumulator register main data temporarily
store hota hai jo operations ke liye process kiya jata hai.
2. Registers: Yeh CPU ke temporary storage locations hote hain, jahan
par data aur instructions temporarily store hote hain.
3. Program Counter (PC): Yeh register program instructions ko point
karta hai jo currently execute ho rahi hain.
4. Stack Pointer (SP): Yeh register stack mein current position ko point
karta hai. Stack temporary storage ke liye use hota hai, jaise
subroutine calls aur interrupts ke liye.
5. Flag Register: Isme status flags store hote hain jo operations ke
results ko represent karte hain. Kuch important flags hain:
- Carry Flag (CY): Indicates carry from the most significant bit after
addition or borrow after subtraction.
- Zero Flag (Z): Set if the result of an operation is zero.
- Sign Flag (S): Set if the result of an operation is negative.
- Parity Flag (P): Set if the number of set bits in the result is even.
- Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC): Used for binary-coded decimal (BCD)
arithmetic operations.
6. Instruction Decoder: Yeh unit instruction codes ko decode karke
unke corresponding operations ko execute karta hai.
7. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Yeh unit arithmetic aur logical
operations ko process karta hai, jaise addition, subtraction, logic
gates, etc.
8. Address and Data Bus: Microprocessor ki external communication
ke liye address bus (to specify memory locations) aur data bus (for
data transfer) hota hai.
9. Control Unit: Control unit instructions ko fetch, decode, execute, aur
store karne mein madad karta hai.
Intel 8085 ka architecture simple hai aur iska use primarily embedded
systems, industrial applications, aur educational purposes mein hota
hai.
2. Pin Diagram of 8085
Intel 8085 microprocessor mein total 40 pins hote hain, jo
alag-alag functions aur connections ke liye use hote hain.
Niche main aapko 8085 ke kuch important pins ke baare
mein bata raha hoon:
Bilkul, main aapko 8085 microprocessor ke kuch important pins ke
baare mein Hinglish mein bata deta hoon:
1. Vcc (+5V): Yeh power supply pin hai. Isse microprocessor ko +5V ka
takat milta hai.
2. GND (Ground): Yeh electrical connections ka common ground
reference point hota hai.
3. AD0 - AD7 (Address/Data Lines): Yeh do taraf ki lines hote hain, jo
address aur data transfer dono ke liye use hote hain. In lines se
memory addresses specify kiye jaate hain jab read/write operations
hote hain.
4. A15 - A8 (Address Lines): Yeh higher-order address lines hote hain,
AD0 - AD7 ke saath istemal kiye jaate hain, puri 16-bit memory
address ko specify karne ke liye.
5. IO/M (Input/Output or Memory): Yeh signal memory aur I/O
operations ko alag karne mein madad karta hai. I/O operations ke
samay yeh high (1) hota hai, aur memory operations ke samay low (0)
hota hai.
6. RD (Read): Yeh signal batata hai ki microprocessor memory ya I/O
device se data padh raha hai.
7. WR (Write): Yeh signal batata hai ki microprocessor memory ya I/O
device mein data likh raha hai.
8. ALE (Address Latch Enable): Microprocessor dwara ek pulse
generate hota hai jo low-order address bits (AD0 - AD7) ko external
latch mein store karne ke liye use hota hai.
9. SOD (Serial Output Data): Microprocessor ke serial output ke liye ek
serial data output pin hota hai.
10. SID (Serial Input Data): Microprocessor ke serial input ke liye ek
serial data input pin hota hai.
11. INTR (Interrupt Request): Yeh pin external devices se ek interrupt
request karne ke liye use hota hai.
12. RESET IN (Reset Input): Yeh pin microprocessor ko reset karne ke
liye use hota hai.
13. READY: Yeh batata hai ki external devices data transfer ke liye
taiyar hain.
14. Hold: Iska istemal microprocessor ki operation ko temporarily hold
karne ke liye hota hai external devices ke liye.
15. HLDA (Hold Acknowledge): Yeh external devices se hold request ko
acknowledge karne ke liye hota hai.
16. CLK (Clock): Microprocessor ke operation ke liye clock signal
provide karta hai.
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3. ADDRESSING MODES IN 8085 MICROPROCESSOR
8085 microprocessor mein kuch addressing modes hote hain, jo
different ways se operands (data ya addresses) ko specify karte
hain. Yeh addressing modes CPU instructions ko execute karne ke
liye operands ki location batate hain. Niche main aapko 8085 ke
pramukh addressing modes ke baare mein bata raha hoon:
1. Immediate Addressing Mode: Is mode mein operand instruction
ke saath provide hota hai. Isme value directly instruction ke saath
diya jaata hai.
Example: `MVI A, 25h` (Move Immediate) - Yahan "25h" immediate
operand hai jo register A mein daala jayega.
2. Register Addressing Mode: Is mode mein operand kisi register
mein specify hota hai.
Example: `MOV B, C` (Move Register to Register) - Yahan "C"
register B ka operand hai jo B mein daala jayega.
3. Direct Addressing Mode: Is mode mein memory address specify
hota hai jahan se data ya instruction read ya write hoga.
Example: `LDA 2050h` (Load Accumulator Direct) - Yahan "2050h"
memory address hai jahan se data Accumulator mein load hoga.
4. Indirect Addressing Mode: Is mode mein memory address ek
register mein store hota hai, aur us register mein stored address se
data read/write hota hai.
Example: `LDA M` (Load Accumulator Indirect) - Yahan "M" ek
register hai jisme memory address stored hai, jisse se data
Accumulator mein load hoga.
5. Indexed Addressing Mode: Is mode mein register pair (H-L) ko
use karke indexed address calculate hota hai, aur us address se
data read/write hota hai.
Example: `LDA H` (Load Accumulator Indexed) - Yahan H-L
register pair ki value se ek indexed address calculate hoga, jisse se
data Accumulator mein load hoga.
6. Register Indirect Addressing Mode: Is mode mein register ki value
ek memory address ki tarah use hoti hai.
Example: `MVI M, B` (Move Immediate to Memory) - Yahan "B"
register ki value ek memory address ki tarah use ho rahi hai, jahan
value store hoga.
Yeh addressing modes 8085 microprocessor mein instructions ke
saath use hote hain, jo alag-alag tasks ko perform karne mein
madad karte hain.
4. FEATURES OF 8085 MICROPROCESSOR
8085 Microprocessor ke kuch mahatvapurn features niche
diye gaye hain:
1. 8-Bit Architecture: 8085 ek 8-bit microprocessor hai, jo
ek samay mein 8-bit data ko process karta hai.
2. 16-Bit Address Bus: Iska 16-bit address bus hota hai,
jisse 64KB tak ke memory locations tak access kiya ja
sakta hai.
3. 5.5 MHz Clock Speed: 8085 ka clock speed 5.5 MHz hota
hai, yani yeh ek second mein 5.5 million cycles complete
karta hai.
4. 74 Instructions: Isme 74 alag-alag instructions available
hote hain jo data transfer, arithmetic, logic, aur control
operations ko execute karte hain.
5. Single Accumulator: 8085 mein ek single accumulator
register hota hai jisme data temporary store hota hai.
6. General-Purpose Registers: Isme B, C, D, E, H, aur L
registers hote hain jo data storage ke liye istemal hote
hain.
7. Flags Register: Isme ek flags register hota hai jo status
flags ko store karta hai, jaise Carry, Zero, Sign, Parity, aur
Auxiliary Carry.
8. Interrupts: 8085 mein interrupts support hote hain, jisse
external devices microprocessor ke normal execution ko
temporarily interrupt kar sakte hain.
9. Memory-Mapped I/O: I/O devices aur memory locations
ke liye common address space hota hai.
10. Low Power Consumption: Iska power consumption kam
hota hai, isliye embedded aur portable devices mein
istemal hota hai.
11. Instruction Set: Iska instruction set versatile hai, jisse
computation, data transfer, aur control tasks perform kiye
ja sakte hain.
12. Addressing Modes: Isme alag-alag addressing modes
hote hain jo operands ko specify karte hain.
13. Serial I/O: Iska serial input aur output support hota hai,
jo communication ke liye istemal hota hai.
8085 Microprocessor, apne samay mein ek pramukh
microprocessor tha aur iska istemal embedded systems,
industrial automation, aur educational purposes mein hota
tha. Iske features ne computer aur electronics field mein
uska mahatv badhaya.
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These notes are made by – Adarsh Mishra
MOST IMPORTANT TOPICS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
