Carbohydrate Chemistry Q.
1. Which of the following does NOT have a reducing end (is NOT a reducing sugar)?
A. Fructose
B. Glucose
C. Sucrose
D. Maltose
2. A patient has a genetic defect that causes intestinal epithelial cells to produce
disaccharidases of much lower activity than normal. Compared to a normal person, after
eating a bowl of milk and oatmeal, this patient will have higher levels of
A. Maltose, sucrose, and lactose in the stool.
B. Starch in the stool.
C. Galactose and fructose in the blood.
D. Glycogen in the muscles.
E. Insulin in the blood.
3. A 15-year-old black male patient complains that lately, after the ingestion of dairy
products, he experiences bloating, cramps and flatulence, and sometimes diarrhea. With
this information, it is reasonable to think that the patient is intolerant to:
a) Cellobiose
b) Lactose
c) Mannose
d) Sucrose
e) Maltose
4. ---------- is non fermentable sugar.
a) Lactose
b) Maltose
c) Cellulose
d) Sucrose
5. The number of isomers of glucose is
a) 2
b) 4
c) 8
d) 16
6. Two sugars which differ from one another only in configuration around a single
asymmetric carbon other than functional group is termed
a) Epimers
b) Anomers
c) Optical isomers
d) Stereoisomers
7. Isomers differing as a result of variations in configuration of the —OH and —H on carbon
atoms 2, 3 and 4 of glucose are known as
a) Epimers
b) Anomers
c) Optical isomers
d) Diastereomers
8. Gluconic acid, glucaric acid and glucuronic acid are produced from glucose by:
a) Reduction
b) Oxidation
c) Hydrolysis
d) Hydroxylation
9. Hydrolysis of lactose produces:
a) Two molecules of glucose
b) Glucose and fructose
c) Glucose and galactose
d) Glucose and mannose
e) Galactose and mannose
10. Contain(s) more α (1.6) than α (1-4) linkages.
a) Muscle glycogen
b) Liver glycogen
c) Both of them.
d) Neither of them
11. Hyaluronic acid is:
a) Glycoprotein
b) Sulfated glucuronic acid
c) Repeated disaccharide formed of sugar acid and aminosugar.
d) High molecular weight positively charged homopolysaccharide
e) Lipoprotein
12. Amylose is formed of:
a) α 1-4 glucose residues
b) β 1-4 glucose residues
c) α 1.4, α 1.6 glucose residues
d) β 1d, β 1-6 glucose residues
e) a 1-1, glucose residues
13. Amylose is:
a) Branched homopolysaccharide
b) Linear homopolysaccharide
c) Linear heteropolysaccharide
d) A salivary enzyme E) Pancreatic enzyme
14. Glycogen contains:
a) More β 1,4 than it β 1,6 bonds
b) More β 1,6 than β 1,4 bonds
c) More α 1,4 than α 1,6 bonds
d) More α 1,6 than α 1,4 bonds
e) An equal number α 11,4 and 1,6 bonds
15. A sulfate group can be obtained by hydrolysis of:
a) Heparin
b) Hyaluronic acid
c) Fucose
d) glucose
e) Inulin
16. The two sugar units of disaccharides are connected by:
a) O-Glycosidic bond
b) N-Glycosidic bond
c) Peptide bond
d) Phosphodiester bond
e) Disulfide bond
17. The following carbohydrates are formed of glucose units only EXCEPT:
a) Glycogen
b) Cellulose
c) Maltose
d) Lactose
e) Starch
18. A homopolysaccharide formed of β D glucose units is:
a) Starch
b) Dextrin
c) Cellulose
d) Cellobiose
e) Inulin
19. Glycosaminoglycans:
a) Contain repeated monosaccharides
b) Contain repeated disaccharides
c) Contain no sulfate groups
d) Contains branches of N-acetylneuraminic acid
e) Contain no uronic acids
20. lnulin is a polymer of:
a) Glucose
b) Galactose
c) Mannose
d) Fructose
e) Ribose
21. Which of the following is a glycosaminoglycans:
a) Inulin
b) Heparin
c) Glucosamine
d) Galactosamine
e) Sialic acid
22. Study the following Fischer projections to answer the questions below.
A. Is galactose a D-sugar or an L-sugar?
B. Is mannose a D-sugar or an L-sugar?
C. Choose either one, and sketch it as it would appear if it was an L-sugar.
D. Are these two carbohydrates enantiomers? If not, in how many places do they differ?
E. What is the term to describe the relationship between galactose and mannose?
23. Are any of the following carbohydrates L-sugars? What makes something an L-sugar
as opposed to a D-sugar? Rewrite each structure into an L-sugar if they are not already in
that conformation.
Which carbon is considered the anomeric carbon? How do you distinguish between the alpha and
beta types of anomers?
24. Examine the following Haworth projections to answer the questions below.
1. Circle each anomeric carbon
2. Which of the two is the alpha anomer and which is the beta anomer?
3. Are these structures considered enantiomers or anomers?
4. Are these monosaccharides reducing sugars? Explain.
5. Can you convert the alpha anomer to a beta anomer? Explain.
25. Study these Haworth projections to answer the following for each of them.
1. Is it a furanose or a pyranose?
2. Is it an alpha or beta anomer?
3. Circle the anomeric carbon.
State (√) or (×) for each question:
1. For sugars:
• Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar
• Glucose and mannose are epimers
• Fructose is the main blood sugar
• Amino sugars are important constituents of proteoglycans
• Heparin is a glycosaminoglycan act as anticoagulant
2. The following are ketose sugars:
• Mannose
• Galactose
• Fructose
• Ribulose
• Deoxyribose
3. Carbohydrates are usually:
• aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols.
• are distributed only in animal tissues.
• Soluble in water.
