Gabriele Veneziano

Gabriele Veneziano (/ˌvɛnətsiˈænoʊ/ VEN-ət-see-

AN-oh, Italian: [ɡabriˈɛːle venetˈtsjaːno]; born 7
Gabriele Veneziano
September 1942)[1] is an Italian theoretical physicist
widely considered the father of string theory.[2][3]
He has conducted most of his scientific activities at
CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, and held the Chair
of Elementary Particles, Gravitation and Cosmology
at the Collège de France in Paris from 2004 to 2013,
until the age of retirement there.[2]

Life
Gabriele Veneziano was born in Florence. In 1965,
he earned his Laurea in Theoretical Physics from the Veneziano in 2007
University of Florence under the direction of Raoul
Born 7 September 1942
Gatto. He pursued his doctoral studies at the
Florence, Italy
Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel
and obtained his PhD in 1967 under the supervision Alma mater University of Florence
of Hector Rubinstein. During his stay in Israel, he Weizmann Institute of Science
collaborated, among others, with Marco Ademollo Known for Veneziano amplitude
(a professor in Florence) and Miguel Virasoro (an Witten–Veneziano mechanism
Argentinian physicist who later became a professor String theory
in Italy). During his years at MIT, he collaborated String cosmology
with many colleagues, primarily with Sergio Fubini Awards Dirac Medal (2014)
(an MIT professor, later a member of the Theory James Joyce Award (2009)
Division and of the Directorate at CERN in Geneva, Tomassoni award (2009)
Switzerland). Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture (2007)
Albert Einstein Medal (2006)
Between 1968 and 1972 he worked at MIT and was Enrico Fermi Prize (2005)
a summer visitor of the Theory Division at CERN. Heineman Prize (2004)
In 1972 he accepted the Amos de Shalit Professor of Pomeranchuk Prize (1999)
Physics chair at the Weizmann Institute of Science Racah Lecture (1975)
in Rehovot, Israel. In 1976-1978 he accepted a
Scientific career
permanent position in the Theory Division at CERN
in Geneva, Switzerland, a position that he held until Fields Theoretical physics
the age of retirement in 2007 and where he has been Institutions CERN
since then Honorary member. Between 1994 and Collège de France
1997, he was Director of the Theory Division. He
also held the chair of Elementary Particles, Gravitation and Cosmology at the College of France in Paris,
France (2004-2013), of which he is currently an Honorary Professor. He visited many Universities all
over the world. More recently he was Global Distinguished Professor at New York University and is
Sackler Professor at Tel-Aviv University.

Research
Gabriele Veneziano first formulated the foundations of string theory in 1968 when he discovered a string
picture that could describe the interaction of strongly interacting particles.[4][5][6] Veneziano discovered
that the Euler Beta function, interpreted as a scattering amplitude, has many of the features needed to
explain the physical properties of strongly interacting particles. This amplitude, known as the Veneziano
amplitude, is interpreted as the scattering amplitude for four open string tachyons. In retrospect this work
is now considered the founding of string theory although at the time it was not apparent the string picture
would lead to a new theory of quantum gravity.

Veneziano's work led to intense research to try to explain the strong force by a field theory of strings
about one fermi in length. The rise of quantum chromodynamics, a rival explanation of the strong force,
led to a temporary loss of interest in string theories until the 1980s when interest was revived.

In 1991, he published a paper[7] that shows how an inflationary cosmological model can be obtained from
string theory, thus opening the door to a description of string cosmological pre-big bang scenarios.

Society memberships
National Academy of Sciences of Turin (1994)
Lincei National Academy (1996)
French Academy of Sciences (2002)

Awards
Pomeranchuk Prize, 1999
Gold medal della Repubblica Italiana come Benemerito della Cultura, 2000
Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics, from the American Physical Society,
2004
Enrico Fermi Prize from the Italian Physical Society, 2005
Albert Einstein Medal, Albert Einstein Institute, Bern, Switzerland, 2006
Oskar Klein Medal, 2007
Commendatore al merito della Repubblica Italiana, 2007
James Joyce Award, University College Dublin, 2009
Felice Pietro Chisesi and Caterina Tomassoni Prize, 2009
Dirac Medal by ICTP, 2014
Honorary doctorate, Swansea University, 2015[8]
 Friedel-Volterra Prize, by SIF and SFP, 2016–2017

References
1. Biography (http://www.college-de-france.fr/site/en-gabriele-veneziano/biography.htm)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120531184311/http://www.college-de-france.fr/site/
en-gabriele-veneziano/biography.htm) 31 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine on the Collège
de France website
2. "biography and bibliography" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100605233717/http://www.colle
ge-de-france.fr/default/EN/all/par_ele_en/index.htm). College de France. Archived from the
original (http://www.college-de-france.fr/default/EN/all/par_ele_en/index.htm) on 5 June
2010. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
3. Gasperini, F.; Maharana, J. (2008). "Gabriele Veneziano: A Concise Scientific Biography and
an Interview" (http://www.college-de-france.fr/media/par_ele_en/UPL30277_Veneziano.bio.p
df) (PDF). In Gasperini, Maurizio; Maharana, Jnan (eds.). String Theory and Fundamental
Interactions – Gabriele Veneziano and Theoretical Physics: Historical and Contemporary
Perspectives. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 737. Springer. pp. 3–27. doi:10.1007/978-3-
540-74233-3_1 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-74233-3_1). ISBN 978-3-540-74232-
6.
4. Veneziano, G. (1968). "Construction of a crossing-symmetric, Regge-behaved amplitude for
linearly rising trajectories" (https://cds.cern.ch/record/390478). Nuovo Cimento A. 57 (1):
190–7. Bibcode:1968NCimA..57..190V (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968NCimA..57..
190V). doi:10.1007/BF02824451 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02824451).
S2CID 121211496 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121211496).
5. Lovelace, C.; Squires, E. (1970). "Veneziano Theory" (https://cds.cern.ch/record/350802).
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A. 318 (1534): 321–353. Bibcode:1970RSPSA.318..321L (https://ui.ads
abs.harvard.edu/abs/1970RSPSA.318..321L). doi:10.1098/rspa.1970.0148 (https://doi.org/1
0.1098%2Frspa.1970.0148). S2CID 124404183 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1
24404183).
6. Di Vecchia, P. (2008). "The Birth of String Theory" (https://web.archive.org/web/2011090218
3813/http://www-hep.physics.uiowa.edu/~vincent/courses/29276/Vecchia.pdf) (PDF). In
Gasperini, Maurizio; Maharana, Jnan (eds.). String Theory and Fundamental Interactions –
Gabriele Veneziano and Theoretical Physics: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives.
Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 737. Springer. pp. 59–118. ISBN 978-3-540-74232-6.
LCCN 2007934340 (https://lccn.loc.gov/2007934340). OL 16156324M (https://openlibrary.or
g/books/OL16156324M). Archived from the original (http://www-hep.physics.uiowa.edu/~vin
cent/courses/29276/Vecchia.pdf) (PDF) on 2 September 2011.
7. Veneziano, G. (1991). "Scale factor duality for classical and quantum strings" (https://cds.ce
rn.ch/record/220581). Physics Letters B. 265 (3–4): 287–294.
Bibcode:1991PhLB..265..287V (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991PhLB..265..287V).
doi:10.1016/0370-2693(91)90055-U (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2891%299005
5-U).
8. "Professor Gabriele Veneziano" (https://www.swansea.ac.uk/graduation/honoraryawards/ho
noraryawardsarchive/honoraryawards2015/professorgabrieleveneziano/).
www.swansea.ac.uk. Retrieved 29 February 2020.

External links
Scientific publications of Gabriele Veneziano (https://inspirehep.net/author/profile/G.Venezia
no.1) on INSPIRE-HEP
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