Daniel H.

Janzen
Daniel Hunt Janzen (born January 18, 1939, in
Milwaukee, Wisconsin[1]) is an American evolutionary Daniel H. Janzen
ecologist and conservationist. He divides his time
between his professorship in biology at the University
of Pennsylvania, where he is the DiMaura Professor of
Conservation Biology, and his research and field work
in Costa Rica.

Janzen and his wife Winifred Hallwachs have

catalogued the biodiversity of Costa Rica. Through a
DNA barcoding initiative, Janzen and geneticist Paul
Hebert have registered over 500,000 specimens
representing more than 45,000 species, which has led
to the identification of cryptic species of near-identical
Janzen in 2009
appearance that differ in terms of genetics and
ecological niche. Janzen and Hallwachs developed Born Daniel Hunt Janzen
some of the most influential hypotheses in ecology that January 18, 1939
continue to influence research more than 50 years Milwaukee, Wisconsin[1]
later.[2][3] Alma mater University of Minnesota,
University of California, Berkeley
Janzen and Hallwachs helped to establish the Area de Known for Tropical ecology, biodiversity
Conservación Guanacaste World Heritage Site, one of development
the oldest, largest and most successful habitat
Spouse Winifred Hallwachs
restoration projects in the world.
Awards Kyoto Prize
Scientific career
Early life and education Institutions University of Pennsylvania,
Guanacaste Dry Forest
Daniel Hunt Janzen was born January 18, 1939, in Conservation Fund, Área de
Milwaukee, Wisconsin.[1] His father, Daniel Hugo Conservación Guanacaste (ACG)
Janzen,[4] grew up in a Mennonite farming community
and served as Director of the United States Fish and
External videos
Wildlife Service.[1] His father and mother, Miss Floyd Clark Foster
“Costa Rica : Paradise
of Greenville, South Carolina, were married on April 29, 1937.[5]
Reclaimed” (https://archive.or
g/details/CostaRicaParadiseR
eclaimed), Profile of Dan
Janzen in Nature, MacArthur
Foundation (WNET Television
station : New York, N.Y., 1987)
Janzen obtained his B.Sc. degree in biology from the University of “Spark: Heroes,
Minnesota in 1961, and his Ph.D. from the University of California, commentary by Rob Pringle”
Berkeley in 1965.[6] (https://vimeo.com/19423878
8), Day’s Edge Productions,
December 29, 2016
Career
In 1963, Janzen attended a two-month course in tropical biology taught in several field sites throughout
Costa Rica. This Advanced Science Seminar in Tropical Biology was the precursor to a Fundamentals in
Tropical Biology course, which Janzen designed for the Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS), a
consortium of several North American and Costa Rican universities. Janzen went back in 1965 as an
instructor and has lectured in at least one of the three yearly courses every year since.[6]

Janzen taught at the University of Kansas (1965–1968), the University of Chicago (1969–1972), and the
University of Michigan (1972–1976) before joining the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania.[7]
There he is the DiMaura Professor of Conservation Biology, and his research and field work in Costa
Rica.[8]

Janzen has also held teaching positions in Venezuela (Universidad de Oriente, Cumaná in 1965–66;
Universidad de los Los Andes, Mérida in 1973), and in Puerto Rico (Universidad de Puerto Rico, Río
Piedras, 1969).[9]

Área del Conservación de Guanacaste (ACG)

The Área de Conservación de Guanacaste (ACG) is a prominent conservation area in northwestern Costa
Rica, encompassing over 163,000 hectares of diverse ecosystems, including tropical dry forests,
rainforests, and marine areas. Established in the 1990s, the ACG unifies several national parks, such as
Santa Rosa, Guanacaste, Rincón de la Vieja, and Junquillal Bay, into a single administrative entity. This
integration aims to protect and restore the region's unique biodiversity and facilitate natural ecosystem
regeneration. The ACG is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, highlighting its global
ecological significance and Costa Rica's commitment to environmental conservation.[10]

Dr. Daniel Janzen, recognizing the necessity for a cohesive conservation strategy in Guanacaste, along
with his wife, biologist Dr. Winnie Hallwachs, championed the establishment of a contiguous
conservation area to facilitate natural ecosystem regeneration.

Their comprehensive strategy encompassed several key initiatives:

Restoring Tropical Dry Forests: Acquiring degraded pastures and enabling the recovery
of natural vegetation.
Integrating Local Communities: Training local residents to serve as park guards,
educators, and conservation advocates.
 Fundraising for Land Purchases: Securing donations and forming partnerships with
international organizations to purchase private lands and integrate them into the protected
area.

Research
Janzen's early work focused on the careful and meticulous documentation of species in Costa Rica, and in
particular on ecological processes and the dynamics and evolution of animal-plant interactions.[6]: 426 [11]
In 1967, for example he described the phenological specialization of bee-pollinated species of
Bignoniaceae,[12] amongst them a "kind of mass flowering", which Alwyn Howard Gentry in his
classification of flowering named Type 4 or "big bang" strategy.[13] Janzen proposed many hypotheses
that inspired decades of work by tropical and temperate ecologists (see below).

Miguel Altieri in his textbook Agroecology: The Science of Sustainable Agriculture says: "Janzen's 1973
article on tropical agroecosystems was the first widely read evaluation of why tropical agricultural
systems might function differently from those of the temperate zones".[14][15]

In 1985, realizing that the area in which they worked was threatened, Janzen and Hallwachs expanded the
focus of their work to include tropical forest restoration, expansion (through land purchases) and
conservation.[16][17] They employed the help of local Costa Ricans, converting their farming skills into
parataxonomy, a term they coined in the late 1980s.[18][19] As of 2017, some 10,000 new species in the
Area de Conservacion Guanacaste have been identified thanks to the efforts of parataxonomists.[19]

Through a DNA barcoding initiative with geneticist Paul Hebert, they have registered over 500,000
specimens representing more than 45,000 species, which has led to the identification of cryptic species of
near-identical appearance that differ in terms of genetics and ecological niche.[20][21][22] Janzen and
Hallwachs have supported species barcoding initiatives at both national and international levels through
the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), CBOL (Consortium for the Barcode of Life) and iBOL
(International Barcode of Life).[23][24][25]

Influential hypotheses
Janzen is known for proposing "characteristically imaginative and unorthodox" hypotheses.[26] These
hypotheses have received varying degrees of support,[27] but are notable for having inspired a large and
sustained body of research, as evidenced by the extremely high citation rates of many of his papers for
decades after they are published.[3]

One of Janzen's most famous ideas (from his most highly cited paper)[3] is now known as the Janzen-
Connell hypothesis, as Janzen and Joseph Connell independently proposed the idea in 1970-1971. They
both suggested that the high diversity of tropical trees was due, in part, to specialist enemies attacking
seeds or seedlings that were particularly close to the parent tree or particularly densely clustered, thus
preventing any one species from becoming dominant.[28]

Another influential idea[2] comes from Janzen's 1967 paper 'Why mountain passes are higher in the
tropics'.[29] It proposes that tropical mountains are more of a barrier to species dispersal than temperate
mountains because tropical species are less able to tolerate changes in temperature with elevation, having
evolved and lived in relatively stable climates.
In a 1977 paper 'Why fruits rot, seeds mould, and meat spoils',[30] Janzen proposed that microbes render
food inedible (or at least distasteful) to vertebrates not just as a by product of microbe-microbe
competition or accidental waste products, but as an evolutionary strategy to repel vertebrates consumers,
who would otherwise eat the food resource and the microbes themselves. Evidence is mixed, and it is
hard to test whether compounds evolved to deter other microbes or vertebrates,[31] but the idea has been
widely incorporated into studies of vertebrate feeding from humans[32] to dinosaurs.[33]

Coevolution of plants and animals

Coevolution of a mutualistic system in New World tropics between species of Acacia
(Mimosoideae; Leguminosae), v. gr., Acacia cornigera, and the ant Pseudomyrmex
ferruginea (Formicidae). Acacia spp in the Neotropics are protected by ants against
defoliation; for this, the ants are rewarded by means of special organs and physiology that
Acacia has evolved.[6]: 426
Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) lost its megafauna seed dispersers in the Pleistocene.
Between fire in open pastures and seed predation by bruchid beetles in closed-canopy
forest, S. mombin does not stand a chance. But, today, in Guanacaste, seeds are dispersed
by White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and some 15 other mammals, that feed mostly
in forest edges, where bruchids are less likely to find the seeds and fires are not so
frequent.[11]

Tropical habitat restoration

Tropical dry forests are the world's most threatened forest ecosystems. In middle America there were 550
000 km2 of dry forests at the beginning of the 16th century; today, less than 0.08% (440 km2 )
remains.[34] They have been cleared, burnt and replaced by pastures for cattle raising,[35] at an ever-faster
rate during the last 500 years.[34]

In 1985, realizing that widespread development in northwestern Costa Rica was rapidly decimating the
forest in which they conducted their research, Janzen and Hallwachs expanded the focus of their work.
Janzen and his wife helped to establish the Area de Conservación Guanacaste World Heritage Site
(ACG), one of the oldest, largest and most successful habitat restoration projects in the world. They
began with the Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, which included 100 km2 (25,000 acres) of pasture and
relictual neotropical dry forest and 230 km2 (57,000 acres) of marine habitat.[16] This eventually became
the Área de Conservación Guanacaste, located just south of the Costa Rica-Nicaragua border, between
the Pacific Ocean and the Cordillera de Tilaran which integrated four different national parks. Together
these house at least 15 different biotopes, viz (mangroves, dry forest and shrubs, ephemeral, rainy season,
and permanent streams, fresh water and littoral swamps, evergreen rain- and cloud forests...) and ca. 4%
from world's plant, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes and insects diversity, all within an area
less than 169,000 hectares (420,000 acres).[36] It is one of the oldest, largest and most successful habitat
restoration projects in the world. As of 2019, it consists of 169,000 hectares (420,000 acres).[36] The park
exemplifies their beliefs about how a park should be run. It is known as a center of biological research,
forest restoration and community outreach.[20]

Habitat restoration is not a simple matter. Not only must one fight against hundreds of years of ecological
degradation, manifested in the form of altered drainage patterns, hard to eradicate pastures, compacted
soils, exhausted seed banks, diminished adult and propagule stocks, proliferation of fire-resistant and
unpalatable weeds from the old world tropics and sub-tropics.[37] Also one is faced with the difficulties of
changing a culture which coevolved with, profited from and can become miserable with such a
system.[38][39][40]

For this reason ACG was conceived as a cultural restoration project, which, to paraphrase its natural
counterpart, ought to be grown as well. ACG integrates complementary processes of experimentation,
habitat restoration and cultural development.[18]: 89–91 [41] The techniques used include:

Active restoration, artificial dispersal of propagules from plant species native to the
Guanacaste habitats[41]: 57, 73
Passive restoration by means of fire, anti-poaching and herbivore control[41]: 33, 73
Ecological education and sensibilisation[18]: 275 [17][42][43]

Personal life
Janzen is married to ecologist Winifred Hallwachs, who is also his frequent research partner. Of
Hallwachs, Janzen has said, "We did these things together,"[18]: 132–136 and "we are very much together in
perceiving things the same things....Since I'm the vocal member, it's then attributed to me. But I would
say these ideas and directions and thoughts and actions are easily fifty-fifty attributable."[18]: 134

Honorary distinctions
Janzen has been subject to recognition many times in the US, as well as in Europe and Latin America; the
monetary endowments of these prizes have been invested in the trust fund of the ACG or another of his
conservation's projects in Costa Rica. Prizes and distinctions garnered by Janzen include:

1975, The Henry Allan Gleason Award, Botanical Society of America

1984, Crafoord Prize: Coevolutionary ecology. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences[44]
1985, Distinguished Teaching Award, University of Pennsylvania[45]
1987, The Berkeley Citation for Distinguished Achievement and Notable Service to the
University,[46] University of California, Berkeley
1987, Hijo Ilustre de Guanacaste (awarded by the Governor of Guanacaste province)[9]
1987, Global 500 Roll of Honour, UNEP[18]
1989, MacArthur Fellowship[47]
1989, Leidy Award, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences[48]
1991, Founder's Council Award of Merit, Field Museum of Natural History[49]
1992, Member, National Academy of Sciences, USA[50]
1993, Award for Improvement of Costa Rican Quality of Life, Universidad de Costa Rica (co
award with W. Hallwachs).[18]
1994, Silver Medal Award, International Society of Chemical Ecology.[51]
1995, Global Service Award, Society for Conservation Biology[52]
1996, Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Minnesota.[53]
1996, Thomas G. and Louise E. DiMaura Endowed Term Chair, University of
Pennsylvania[54]
 1997, Kyoto Prize (Basic Sciences Field), Inamori Foundation[45][55]
2002, Albert Einstein World Award of Science,[56] Consejo Cultural Mundial (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20130701141648/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/index.php), (Mexico)
2002, Honorary Fellow of the Association for Tropical Biology (and Conservation) (ATBC)[57]
2006, Winner, National Outdoor Book Awards (NOBA), for 100 Caterpillars: Portraits from
the Tropical Forests of Costa Rica (2006), Design & Artistic Merit Category.[58]
2011, BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award of Ecology and Conservation Biology
for his pioneering work in tropical ecology and his contributions to the conservation of
endangered tropical ecosystems throughout the world, drawing on an understanding of
plant-animal interactions. Janzen acknowledged the role of his wife and long-term research
partner, ecologist Winnie Hallwachs, to the work being recognized.[59][60]
2013, Wege Foundation $5 million grant to the Guanacaste Dry Forest Conservation Fund
(GDFCF), founded in 1997 by Dan Janzen and Winnie Hallwachs.[61]
2014, Blue Planet Prize, from the Asahi Glass Foundation[62]

See also
Ecological fitting
Janzen–Connell hypothesis

Publications
The following is a selection of Janzen's publications that are not otherwise listed.

Rosenthal, Gerald A.; Janzen, Daniel H., eds. (1979), Herbivores: Their Interaction with
Secondary Plant Metabolites, New York: Academic Press, p. 41, ISBN 0-12-597180-X
Janzen, Daniel H., ed. (1983), Costa Rican Natural History, Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, p. 823, ISBN 978-0-226-39334-6
Janzen, Daniel H. (September 1966). "Coevolution of Mutualism Between Ants and Acacias
in Central America". Evolution. 20 (3): 249–275. doi:10.2307/2406628 (https://doi.org/10.230
7%2F2406628). JSTOR 2406628 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2406628). PMID 28562970 (h
ttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28562970).
Janzen, Daniel H. (1985). "Spondias mombin is culturally deprived in megafauna-free
forest". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 1 (2): 131–155. doi:10.1017/S0266467400000195 (http
s://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0266467400000195). JSTOR 2559336 (https://www.jstor.org/stabl
e/2559336). S2CID 86663441 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86663441).
Janzen, D. H. (1986). Guanacaste National Park : tropical ecological and cultural
restoration. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Universidad Estatal a Distancia. ISBN 9977-64-
316-4.

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External links
Costa Rica : Paradise Reclaimed (https://archive.org/details/CostaRicaParadiseReclaimed),
Profile of Dan Janzen in Nature, MacArthur Foundation, WNET (Television station : New
York, N.Y., 1987)
Faculty page at University of Pennsylvania (https://www.bio.upenn.edu/people/daniel-janze
n)

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