SHIKSHA NIKETAN
ESSION: 2024-25
S
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT:
TO STUDY THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL
AME: ABHIROOP SEN
N
CLASS: XII ‘B’
ROLL NO: 01
BOARD ROLL NO: 22694159
PROJECT GUIDE: [Link] KULIA
actors Affecting
F
Internal Resistance Of A
Cell
Acknowledgement
I feel proud to present my Investigatory project in
Physics on the topic “To study the various factors on
which the internal resistance of a cell depends” .This
project wouldn’t have been possible without the
proper and rigorous guidance of my Physics teacher
who guided me throughout this project in every
possible way on a step by step basis and ensuring
that I completed my project with ease. His
suggestions and instructions have served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the project.
Rigorous hard work has been put in this project to
ensure that it proves to be the best. I hope that this
project will prove to be a breeding ground for the
next generation of students and will guide them in
every possible way.
CERTIFICATE
his is to certify thatAbhiroop Sen, student of
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class XII ‘B’,Roll No: 22694159, has successfully
completed the project on the topic
“Determination of various factors on which
the internal resistance of a cell depends”.This
project is absolutely genuine and does not
indulge in plagiarism of any kind. The progress
of the project has been continuously reported
and has been acknowledged consistently.
_____________ _____________
(EXTERNAL TEACHER) (PHYSICS TEACHER)
Contents
➢ Acknowledgement
➢ Certificate
➢ Introduction
➢ Objective
➢ Apparatus
➢ Theory
➢ Procedure
➢ Observations
➢ Conclusions
➢ Precautions
➢ Sources of error
Introduction
here is a great need for batteries in our daily use electronic
T
appliances and the use is increasing every day.
Thus , the batteries need to be made more powerful so that their
potential can be increased greatly .
hus , this project report is based on practical analysis for the
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factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.
hen the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can
W
increase the potential difference across it , and hence make it
more reliable.
● Objective :-
o study the various factors on which the internal resistance
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of a cell depends.
● Apparatus :-
Potentiometer , a battery (battery eliminator) , two way keys , a rheostat of low
A
resistance , a galvanometer , a high resistance , an ammeter , a cell , a Jockey , a
set square , connecting wires , water bath , thermometer(0- 100°C) , burner , tripod
stand , wire gauge .
Theory :-
he internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to the flow
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of ions . The internal resistance of a cell
is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.
●
● is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in
electrolyte.
● decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
● is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by
l1 l2
where , are the balancing lengths without resistanceand with
r esistance (shunt) , respectively and R is the shunt resistance in parallel with the given
cell.
●Procedure
● Step 1
. D
1 raw the circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight
connections according to the circuit diagrams.
3. Tight the plugs of the resistance box.
4. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and cell and see that e.m.f. and see that
e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of the given cell ,otherwise null or
balance point will not be obtained (E' >E).
5. Take maximum current from the battery , making rheostat resistance small.
K
6.To test the corrections of the connections.(insertthe plug in the key 1
and note the ammeter reading .Take out 2000 ohm resistance
plug from resistance box. Place the jockey first at the end P of the wire and then
at the end Q. If the galvanometer shows deflection in opposite direction in the
two cases the connections are correct).
K2
7. Without inserting the plug in the key adjust therheostat so that a
ull point is obtained on the 4th wire of potentiometer.
n
8. Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in the position in resistance box and by
slightly adjusting the jockey near the previous obtained position of null point,
obtain null point position accurately, using a set square.
l1
9. Measure the balancing length between the pointand the end P of
t he wire.
10. Take out the 2000 ohm plug again from the resistance box R.B.
K1 K2
introduce plugs in the key ,as well as in key . Take out small
r esistance
(1-5 Ω) from the resistance box R connected in parallel with the cell.
11. Slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire and obtain null point.
12. Insert 2000 ohms plug back in its position inR.B.and if necessary make further
adjustment for sharp null point.
l2
13. Measure the balancing length from end P.
K1 K2
14. Remove the plug keys at and .Wait for some time and for the
s ame value of current (as shown by ammeter) repeat the steps 7 to 13.
15. Repeat the observations for different values of R repeating each
observation twice.
6. Calculate the internal resistance of the cell by using the above relation for r.
1
❖ Step 2
o see the effect of distance between the electrodes on internal
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resistances keeping the other factors constant ,vary separation between
electrodes and measure internal resistance in each case.
Step 3
❖ To see the effect of the temperature of electrolyte on internal
resistance by keeping other factors constant.
Keep primary cells in a water bath to heat the electrolyte.
Determine the internal resistance at various temperatures.
Step 4
o see the effect of concentration (nature) of electrolyte on internal
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resistance by :-
Keeping the other factors constant , decrease concentration of electrolyte by
adding the distilled water and determine internal resistance of the cell in each
case .
● Observations :-
[Link] mmeter
A Pos. of null S hunt
r=((l1−l2) /l1 )R
. Reading ( point ( cm ) Resistance
A ) R ( Ω ) Ω
ith W
W ithout
R (l1 ( l2 )
R
)
1.
2.
3.
able
T f or
effect of
separation between electrodes:-
●Table for the effect of temperature:-
[Link] Separation Balancing Balancing r/d
r=((l1 −l2 )/l1
. between length length
)R
Electrodes (cm) ( l1 ) (cm) (l2) ( Ω )
-d (cm)
1.
2.
3.
[Link]. Temper- l1 l2 Resistan l1 −
l2 Tr
ature ce r=( l1 )R
(T) °C (cm) (cm) R (Ω) (Ω) (ΩK)
1.
2.
3.
● Conclusions :-
.The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to E =
1 Volt
2.The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to theseparation
between the electrodes.
3.The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to thearea of
t he electrodesdipped in electrolyte.
4.The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
temperature of electrolytes.
5.The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
concentration of the electrolyte
● Precautions :-
.The connections should be neat , clean and tight.
1
2.The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are to
be taken.
3.The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2 should , all be
c onnected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4.The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the wire
gently.
5.The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of
bservation. If necessary , adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
o
6.The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the e.m.f. 's of either of the
two cells.
7.Some high resistance plug should always be taken out from resistance
ox before the jockey is moved along the wire.
b
8.The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than that of the cell.
9.For one set of observations the ammeter reading should remain
constant.
10. Current should be passed for short time only , while finding the null
oint.
p
11. Rheostat should be adjusted so that the initial null point lies on the last wire
of the potentiometer.
2. Cells should not be disturbed during experiment.
1
13. Jockey should not be rubbed against the potentiometer wire
● Sources of error:-
.The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
1
2.The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section and
material density throughout its length.
3.End resistances may not be zero.
Bibliography
[Link]
[Link]
