Transport Layer Protocols
TCP/IP Protocol Suit
• Key function of the Transport Layer Protocols
• Introduction to Transport Protocols Similar to TCP
• TCP/IP Protocol Suit (part-1)
o The Service TCP Provides to Applications
o TCP Header Structure
o TCP Congestion Control Algorithms
• The Internet Protocol (IP) (part-2)
o IP Addresses
o IP Header Structure
Transport Layer Protocols
OSI Reference Model
The following are some additional features of transport layer
protocols:
Across the communication networks, it deals with the flow-control Application
of data between different peers. Presentation
It provides the facility of error detecting, error correcting and Session
assurances for free of error transfer of data over the networks.
Transport
It guarantees a reliable and efficient data transmission through
sending acknowledgements (ACKs) for previously data packets Network
collected. Data Link
It manages and handles the network data-flow, if network Physical
congestion is encountered; it utilizes effective congestion control
mechanisms to maintain its data-rate.
It is responsible for the retransmission of dropped or lost packets
during communication.
Transport Protocols Similar to TCP
Protocols Name Mechanism/Approach Protocol’s Purpose/Functionality
Standard Additive Increase, Multiplicative Decrease “Standard Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)”
TCP New Reno
(AIMD) Algorithm and Loss-Based Approach
Stream Control For message-oriented applications, the core original features of SCTP
Transmission Standard AIMD Algorithm and Loss-Based Approach are multistreaming and multihoming
Protocol (SCTP)
Multiplicative Increase, Multiplicative Decrease (MIMD) Higher throughput and reduced loss rate
TCP Vegas
Algorithm and Delay-Based Approach
Modified TCP Vegas. Higher throughput with high capacity and large
FAST TCP MIMD Algorithm and Delay-Based Approach delays
Great aggressive in Congestion Control. Higher throughput with large
Scalable TCP Modified AIMD Algorithm and Loss-Based Approach delays and high-capacity
Modified AIMD Algorithm, binary search technique is A unique window control function is used. Improves the network
BIC-TCP combined with additive increase and Loss-Based utilization, and makes it fair with other high speed flows
Approach
A New TCP-Friendly High-Speed TCP Variant. Higher throughput with
CUBIC Modified AIMD Algorithm and Loss-Based Approach high capacity and large delays
High throughput with high bandwidth and large propagation delays.
Modified High-Speed AIMD Algorithm and Loss-Based Adjust TCP response function when cwnd is higher than a threshold
High-Speed TCP
Approach value
eXplicit Congestion It uses precise congestion signaling, and fairness control. Higher
Similar principle that TCP uses (AIMD) to converge to throughput and faster convergence with high capacity and high
Control Protocol
fairness and Extra Signaling Approach delays. Smaller queues.
(XCP)
Extends TCP to allow sender initiated data transfers to n-known hosts,
TCP-XM AIMD Algorithm and Loss-Based Approach combining native network IP multicast alongside traditional unicast
data transmission
Modified AIMD Algorithm and based on end-to-end Modification of TCP Reno, Proposed for high capacity and large delay
Westwood+ networks
bandwidth estimation
TCP/IP Protocol Suit
The TCP/IP suite includes the following protocols:
TCP – Transmission Control Protocol
IPv4 / IPv6 – Internet Protocol
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
The Service TCP Provides to Applications
Connection Orientation
Point-To-Point Communication
Complete Reliability
Full Duplex Communication
Stream Interface
Reliable Connection Startup
Graceful Connection Shutdown
TCP Header Structure
Definitions
Segment
Sender Maximum Segment Size (SMSS)
Receiver Maximum Segment Size (RMSS)
Receiver Window (RWND)
Congestion Window (CWND)
Loss Window (LW)
Restart Window (RW)
TCP Window Principle
TCP Window Principle
Imagine some special cases:
Packet 2 gets lost
sender will not receive ACK 2, window will remain in position 1
receiver did not receive packet 2, it will acknowledge packets
3, 4, and 5 with an ACK 1
timeout will occur for packet 2 and it will be retransmitted,
receiver will generate ACK 5
successfully received all packets 1 to 5, sender's window will
slide four positions upon receiving this ACK 5
Packet 2 did arrive, but the acknowledgment gets lost
sender does not receive ACK 2, but will receive ACK 3
ACK 3 is an acknowledgment for all packets up to 3 (including
packet 2)
sender can now slide its window to packet 4
TCP Congestion Control Mechanism
Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance
Fast Retransmit/Fast Recovery
Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance
TCP Slow Start TCP Slow Start & Congestion Avoidance
Fast Retransmit/Fast Recovery
TCP Congestion Control Algorithms
Thank You
Q&A
