9th sci un 22

●​ The process of vaccination was introduced by Edward Jenner.

discovered the vaccine for smallpox in 1796
●​ Jennerian vaccination has eliminated smallpox totally from the human
population.

Louis Pasteur is an 18th century French chemist and microbiologist.

He coined the term vaccine.
Pasteur developed vaccine against chickenpox, cholera, anthrax

Inoculation of vaccines into the body to prevent diseases is called vaccination.

Live Vaccines:
1.​ They are prepared from living organisms.
2.​ The pathogen is weakened and administered.
e.g. BCG vaccine, oral polio vaccine.

Killed Vaccines:
1.​ Micro organisms (bacteria or virus) killed by heat or chemicals are called
killed or inactivated vaccines.
2.​ They require a primary dose followed by a subsequent booster dose.
e.g. Typhoid vaccine, cholera vaccine, pertussis vaccine

World Health Organization in the year 1970 has given a schedule of

immunization for children.

BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin):

1.​ prepared by Calmette and Guerin (1908-1921).
2.​ The bacilli are weakened and used for immunization against
tuberculosis.

DPT (Triple Vaccine):

It is a combined vaccine for protection against Dipetheria, Pertussis (whooping
cough) and Tetanus.
MMR: Mumps, Measles, Rubella vaccine gives protection against viral infections.

DT: It is a dual antigen or combined antigen.

It gives protection from Diphtheria and Tetanus.

TT (Tetanus Toxoid): Toxin of Tetanus bacteria.

TAB: Combined vaccine for typhoid, paratyphi A and paratyphi B

 12th zoo un 8

●​ The lack of immunity is known as susceptibility.

●​ Any substance capable of eliciting immune response is called an
ANTIGEN (ANTIbody GENerator)

two broad classes of immunity responses namely,

innate immunity and acquired immunity

innate immunity
1.​ Natural phenomenon of resistance to infection which an individual
possesses right from the birth.
2.​ Innate defense mechanisms are non-specific
3.​ They are effective against a wide range of potentially infectious agents.
4.​ It is otherwise known as non-specific immunity or natural immunity.

acquired immunity
1.​ individual acquires after birth is known as acquired immunity.
2.​ It is the body's resistance to a specific pathogen.

unique features of acquired immunity are

1.​ antigenic specificity,
2.​ diversity,
3.​ recognition of self and non-self
4.​ immunological memory.

Acquired immunity has two components –

cell mediated immunity (CMI)
antibody mediated immunity or humoral immunity.

cell mediated immunity (CMI)

1.​ pathogens are destroyed by cells without producing antibodies
2.​ brought about by T cells, macrophages and natural killer cells.
antibody mediated immunity or humoral immunity.
1.​ pathogens are destroyed by the production of antibodies,
2.​ This is brought about by B cells with the help of antigen presenting cells
and T helper cells.
3.​ Antibody production is the characteristic feature of vertebrates only.

Acquired immunity may be active immunity or passive immunity

Active immunity is acquired through the use of a person’s immune responses,

which lead to the development of memory cells.

Active immunity results from an infection or an immunization.

Passive immunity
1.​ Passive immunity does not require the body to produce antibodies to
antigens.
2.​ The antibodies are introduced from outside into the organism.
3.​ Thus, passive immunity is acquired without the activation of a
person’s immune response,
4.​ therefore there is no memory.

In mammals,
B cell maturation occurs in the bone marrow
T cells maturation occurs in the thymus

vaccine

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity

to a particular disease

a vaccine is often made from

1.​ weakened or attenuated
2.​ killed forms of the microbes,
3.​ their toxins,
4.​ one of its surface proteins.
The vaccines are classified as first, second and third generation vaccines.

First generation vaccine is further subdivided into

1.​ live attenuated vaccine,
2.​ killed vaccine and toxoids

Live attenuated vaccines use the weakened (attenuated), aged, less virulent
form of the virus.
E.g. MMR vaccine and the Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine,

Killed (inactivated) vaccines are killed or inactivated by heat and other

methods. E.g. Salk’s polio vaccine.

Toxoid vaccines contain a toxin or chemical secreted by the bacteria or

virus.
They make us immune to the harmful effects of the infection, instead of to the
infection itself.
E.g. DPT vaccine (Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus).

Second generation vaccine contains the pure surface antigen of the pathogen.
E.g.Hepatitis-B vaccine.

Third generation vaccine contains the purest and the highest potency
vaccines which are synthetic in generation.

The latest revolution in vaccines is the DNA vaccine or recombinant vaccine.

1.​ Dr. Edward Jenner prepared the first vaccine for smallpox in 1796.
2.​ The Polio vaccine was developed by Dr. Jonas Salk (vaccine consists of
inactivated microorganism)
3.​ Dr. Albert Sabin (live attenuated oral polio vaccine).
4.​ Louis Pasteur (1885) discovered vaccines against rabies, anthrax and
cholera.
5.​ BCG vaccine was developed by Calmette and Guerin against
tuberculosis in France in the year 1908.
 Vaccination is the process of administrating a vaccine into the body or the act of
introducing a vaccine into the body to produce immunity to a specific disease.

Immunization is the process of the body building up immunity to a particular

disease.

Colostrum provides Naturally acquired passive immunity

AIDS virus has Single stranded RNA

Cell mediated immunity is carried out by T cells

humoral immunity is mainly carried out by B cells

B Cells are activated by Antigens.

B cells that produce and release large amounts of antibody are called Plasma
cells

From various sources,

Covaxin
1.​ Covaxin is an inactivated whole virus vaccine,
2.​ containing SARS-CoV-2 particles that have been chemically deactivated.
3.​ developed by Bharat Biotech is in collaboration with ICMR

Covishield
1.​ Covishield is a brand name for the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19
vaccine,
2.​ which is a viral vector vaccine.
3.​ It is also sold under the brand name Vaxzevria.
4.​ Covishield uses a chimpanzee adenovirus
The ZyCoV-D is the world's first and India's indigenously developed DNA based
vaccine for COVID-19

the first Covid-19 vaccine to reach clinical trials in March 2020 was
mRNA-1273 from Moderna.

The first licensed Covid-19 vaccine was based upon this platform and
developed by Pfizer-BioNTech. (Comirnaty)

Incovacc: India has authorised the use of Bharat Biotech’s iNCOVACC, the
first intranasal Covid-19 vaccine in the history of the globe.

1.​ Sputnik V vaccine was created by Russian scientists

2.​ Sputnik V is the world's first registered vaccine
3.​ Based on human adenovirus vector platform

Protein-based vaccines, which use harmless fragments of proteins or protein

shells that mimic the antigenic element

mRNA vaccines
1.​ mRNA vaccines do not use the conventional model to produce an immune
response.
2.​ the mRNA vaccine carries the molecular instructions to make the
protein in the body through a synthetic RNA of the virus.

Significance of mRNA Vaccines

1.​ They are expected to be highly efficacious

2.​ The mRNA vaccines are fully synthetic and do not require a host for
growth,
3.​ they can be quickly manufactured in an inexpensive manner.
4.​ This will ensure their "availability" and "accessibility" for mass vaccination
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines

1.​ These vaccines are effective against pneumonia as well as meningitis and
sepsis.
2.​ Dependence on antibiotics that are not effective against drug resistant
bacteria can be reduced.

‘Recombinant Vector Vaccine,’

1.​ Genetic engineering is applied in the development of these vaccines.

2.​ Bacteria and viruses are used as vectors.

The BCG vaccine was created in France to combat tuberculosis.

The BCG vaccine was first introduced in India in 1948,

Diseases and their vaccines:

Hepatitis- A, B, C, D Caused by Viruses - ​

1.​ Vaccines available to prevent Hepatitis A, B and E.

2.​ There is no vaccine for Hepatitis C.

1.​ Ebola - Ebola Zaire Vaccine

2.​ Nipah - ​ The HeV-sG recombinant antigen as subunit vaccine

3.​ Malaria - ​ The only approved vaccine, as of 2021, is RTS, S, known by

the brand name Mosquirix.

4.​ Kala-Azar or Visceral leishmaniasis - ​ FML-QuilA vaccine

5.​ Gonorrhoea - ​ The MeNZB vaccine is shown to have efficacy.